Editing John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute

{{Short description|British statesman (1713–1792)}}
{{redirect|Lord Bute|other holders of the title|Earl of Bute}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Earl of Bute
| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KG|PC|FSAs}}
| image               = John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, by Joshua Reynolds.jpg
| caption             = Portrait by [[Joshua Reynolds]], 1773
| office              = 5th [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]]
| term_start          = 26 May 1762
| term_end            = 8 April 1763
| monarch             = [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]
| predecessor         = [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|The Duke of Newcastle]]
| successor           = [[George Grenville]]
| constituency        = 
| majority            = 
| order1              = [[Leader of the House of Lords]]
| term_start1         = 26 May 1762
| term_end1           = 8 April 1763
| monarch1            = George III
| primeminister1      = Himself
| predecessor1        = The Duke of Newcastle
| successor1          = ''Unknown''
| order2              = [[Secretary of State for the Northern Department]]
| term_start2         = 25 March 1761
| term_end2           = 27 May 1762
| monarch2            = George III
| primeminister2      = The Duke of Newcastle
| predecessor2        = [[Robert Darcy, 4th Earl of Holdernesse|The Earl of Holdernesse]]
| successor2          = George Grenville
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1713|5|25|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1792|3|10|1713|5|25|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Westminster]], England
| restingplace        = St Mary's Chapel, [[Rothesay, Bute|Rothesay]], [[Isle of Bute]], Scotland
| birthname           = John Stuart
| nationality         = {{hlist|Scottish|British}}
| party               = [[Tory (political party)|Tory]]
| father             = [[James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute]]
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Mary Stuart, Countess of Bute|Mary Wortley Montagu]]|24 August 1736}}
| relations           = 
| children            = 11; including {{enum
| [[John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute|John]]
| [[James Archibald Stuart|James]]
| [[Charles Stuart (1753–1801)|Charles]]
| [[William Stuart (bishop)|William]]
| [[Lady Louisa Stuart|Louisa]]}}
| alma_mater          = {{ubl|[[Leiden University]]|[[University of Groningen]]|[[Eton College]]}}
| signature           = Signature of John Stuart, Earl of Bute.svg
}}
{{Toryism |expanded=people}}
'''John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute''' ({{IPAc-en|b|j|uː|t}}; 25 May 1713 – 10 March 1792), styled '''Lord Mount Stuart''' between 1713 and 1723, was a British [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] statesman who served as the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of Great Britain]] from 1762 to 1763 under [[George III]]. He became the first Tory to hold the position and was arguably the last important royal [[favourite]] in British politics. He was the first prime minister from Scotland following the [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] in 1707. He was also elected as the first president of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] when it was founded in 1780.

==Early life ==
=== Family ===
He was born in Parliament Close, near to [[St Giles Cathedral]] on the [[Royal Mile]] in [[Edinburgh]] on 25 May 1713, the son of [[James Stuart, 2nd Earl of Bute]], and his wife, Lady Anne Campbell.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116140212/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> He attended [[Eton College]] from 1724 to 1730.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute: Patron & Collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|publisher=Merrion Press|year=2004|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=3}}</ref> He went on to study [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] at the Universities of [[University of Groningen|Groningen]] (1730–1732) and [[Leiden University|Leiden]] (1732–1734) in the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=5–6|oclc=56640554}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Schotse oud-student werd premier van Engeland|website=Groninger Gezinsbode|date=15 November 2012|language=nl|url=https://gezinsbode.nl/artikel/953498/schotse-oud-student-werd-premier-van-engeland.html|access-date=29 June 2019}}</ref> graduating from the latter with a degree in civil law.<ref>{{cite thesis|last=Gillan|first=Caroline|date=2018|title=Lord Bute and eighteenth-century science and patronage|journal=NUI Galway: PhD Theses|page=44|url=https://aran.library.nuigalway.ie/handle/10379/10036|access-date=29 June 2019|quote=He left Eton College in 1730, and subsequently travelled to the Netherlands where he too pursued civil law, first attending Groningen University, before moving to Leiden University in 1732. After spending two years in Leiden, Bute left in March 1734 with a degree in civil law.|publisher=NUI Galway|type=Thesis}}</ref>

A close relative of the [[Clan Campbell]] (his mother was a daughter of the [[Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll|1st Duke of Argyll]]), Bute succeeded to the [[Marquess of Bute|Earldom of Bute]] (named after the [[Isle of Bute]]) upon the death of his father in 1723. He was brought up thereafter by his maternal uncles, the [[John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll|2nd Duke of Argyll]] and Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll, 1st and only Earl of Ilay. In August 1735, he eloped with [[Mary Stuart, Countess of Bute|Mary Wortley Montagu]], whose parents [[Sir Edward Wortley Montagu|Sir Edward]] and [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]] were slow to consent to the marriage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=7|oclc=56640554}}</ref>

== Political career ==
===Rise to prominence===
In 1737, he was elected a [[Scottish representative peer]]; despite being in London in December of that year, he did not participate in deliberations in the [[House of Lords]].<ref name=":0" /> Because of his support for Argyll against [[Horace Walpole|Walpole]], he was not re-elected in 1741.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|page=8|oclc=56640554}}</ref> For the next several years he retired to his estates in Scotland to manage his affairs and indulge his interest in [[botany]]. 
[[File:John Stuart, Earl of Bute.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Bute (1770)]]
In 1745, Bute moved to Twickenham, Middlesex where his family rented a house for forty-five pounds per annum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|page=16|oclc=56640554}}</ref> He met [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]], in 1747 at the [[Egham]] Races and became a close friend.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|page=17|oclc=56640554}}</ref>

After the Prince's death in 1751, Bute was appointed tutor to [[George III of the United Kingdom|Prince George, the new Prince of Wales]] (later George III).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://history.blog.gov.uk/2015/01/28/john-stuart-3rd-earl-of-bute-whig-1762-1763/|title=John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (Whig 1762-1763) - History of government|website=history.blog.gov.uk|date=28 January 2015 |language=en|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref>

Bute arranged for the Prince and his brother [[Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany|Prince Edward]] to follow a course of lectures on [[natural philosophy]] by the itinerant lecturer [[Stephen Demainbray]]. This led to an interest in natural philosophy on the part of the young prince and may have led to George III's collection of natural philosophical instruments.

Bute furthermore became close to Prince Frederick's widow, [[Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]], the [[Dowager]] [[Princess of Wales]], and it was rumoured that the couple were having an affair. Indeed, one of the Prince of Wales's associates, [[John Horne Tooke]], published a scandalous pamphlet alluding to the liaison, but the rumours were almost certainly untrue, since Bute held sincere religious beliefs against adultery and, by all indications, appeared happily married.

In 1780, Bute was elected as the first President of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Smellie|first=William|date=1792|title=An Historical Account of the Society of the Antiquaries of Scotland|url=https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/arch_scot_vol_001/01_prelims.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland|volume=1|page=iii}}</ref>

==Prime Minister (1760-1763)<span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span><!-- linked from redirects [[Premiership of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]] -->==
=== Appointment ===
{{further|Bute ministry}}
{{see also|Great Britain in the Seven Years' War}}
[[File:Coat of arms of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, KG, PC.png|thumb|right|Coat of arms of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, KG]]
Because of the influence he had over his pupil, Bute expected to rise quickly to political power following George's accession to the throne in 1760, but his plans were premature. It would first be necessary to remove both the incumbent prime minister (the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]]) and arguably the even more powerful Secretary of State for the Southern Department ([[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt the Elder]]).{{sfn|Browning|1975|page=271}} The Government of the day, buoyed by recent successes in the [[Seven Years' War]], was popular, however, and did well at the general election which, as was customary at the time, took place on the accession of the new monarch.{{sfn|Browning|1975|pp=272-274}}

Supported by the King, Bute manoeuvred himself into power by first allying himself with Newcastle against Pitt over the latter's desire to declare war on Spain. Once thwarted in his designs against Spain by Bute and Newcastle, Pitt resigned his post as Secretary of State for the Southern Department. Next, Bute forced Newcastle's resignation as prime minister when he found himself in a small minority within the government over the level of funding and direction of the Seven Years' War.{{sfn|Browning|1975|pp=275-288}} Re-elected as a Scottish representative peer in 1760, Bute was appointed the ''de facto'' prime minister after the resignations of Pitt and Newcastle, thus ending a long period of [[British Whig Party|Whig]] dominance. {{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

The [[Anglo-Prussian Alliance (1756)|Anglo-Prussian Alliance]], which was established in 1756 was dissolved in 1762. [[Frederick the Great]] accused Bute of a plot to destroy the Prussian monarchy.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dorn |first=Walter L. |date=1929 |title=Frederic the Great and Lord Bute |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871099 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=529–560 |doi=10.1086/235519 |jstor=1871099 |issn=0022-2801}}</ref>

Bute's premiership was notable for the negotiation of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]] which concluded the Seven Years' War. In so doing, Bute had to soften his previous stance in relation to concessions given to France in that he agreed that the important fisheries in Newfoundland be returned to France without Britain's possession of Guadeloupe in return.{{sfn|Schweizer|1988|pages=27-29}}

After peace was concluded, Bute and the King decided that Britain's military expenditure should not exceed its prewar levels, but they thought a large presence was necessary in America to deal with the French and Spanish threat. They therefore charged the colonists for the increased military levels, thus catalysing the resistance to taxes which led to the [[American Revolution]].{{sfn|Schweizer|1988|pp=17-35}} Bute also introduced a [[cider tax]] of four shillings per hogshead in 1763 to help finance the Seven Years' War.<ref name="auto1"/>

The journalist [[John Wilkes]] published a newspaper, ''[[The North Briton]]'', in which both Bute and the Dowager Princess of Wales were savagely satirised. Bute resigned as prime minister shortly afterwards, although he remained in the House of Lords as a Scottish representative peer until 1780.

==Post-premiership==
For the remainder of his life, Bute remained at his estate in [[Hampshire]], where he built himself a mansion called High Cliff near [[Christchurch, Dorset|Christchurch]].<ref name="ButeODNB">{{harvp|Schweizer|2009}}</ref> From there he continued his pursuit of [[botany]] and became a major literary and artistic patron. Among his beneficiaries were [[Samuel Johnson]], [[Tobias Smollett]], [[Robert Adam]], [[William Robertson (historian)|William Robertson]] and [[John Hill (author)|John Hill]]. He also gave considerably to the Scottish universities.

He financed [[Alberto Fortis]]'s travels into [[Dalmatia]]. His botanical work culminated in the publication of ''Botanical Tables Containing the Families of British Plants'' in 1785. Even after his retirement, Bute was accused by many Americans in the years leading up to the [[American Revolutionary War]] as having an undue corrupting influence over the British government.<ref name=Bailyn>{{cite book |author=Bailyn, Bernard |title=The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-674-44302-0}}</ref>

He died at his home in South Audley Street, [[Grosvenor Square]], [[Westminster]], from complications of a fall suffered while staying at [[Highcliffe]], and was buried at [[Rothesay, Argyll and Bute|Rothesay]] on the [[Isle of Bute]].<ref name="ButeODNB"/>

==Legacy==
The [[flowering plant]] genera ''[[Butea]]'' and ''[[Stewartia]]'' are named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=m440|title=Stewartia pseudocamellia - Plant Finder|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org|access-date=10 October 2019}}</ref>

In 1761, Bute was appointed Ranger of [[Richmond Park]] by King George III, a post he held until his death; Bute Avenue in [[Petersham, London|Petersham]] near the park is named after him.<ref>{{cite book |author=Michael Baxter Brown |year= 1985 |title=Richmond Park: The History of a Royal Deer Park |page=80 |publisher=[[Robert Hale (publishers)|Robert Hale]] |location=London |lccn=85177278 |ol=2613329M |isbn=978-0709021636}}</ref>

According to historian John Naish, the 18th-century expression "Jack Boot" meaning a stupid person originated as disparagement of Stuart's performance as prime minister.<ref name=naish>{{cite book |author=Naish, John |title=The Interwoven Lives of George Vancouver, Archibald Menzies, Joseph Whidbey and Peter Puget: The Vancouver Voyage of 1791–1795 |publisher=The Edward Mellen Press, Ltd. |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-7734-8857-1}}</ref>

[[Stuart Island (British Columbia)]] is named for Stuart.

==Luton Hoo==
[[File:Luton Hoo mansion-3375179309.jpg|thumb|Luton Hoo mansion in 2009]]Bute purchased [[Luton Hoo]], or Luton Park, from Francis Herne MP in 1763 for the sum of £94,700.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|page=155|oclc=56640554}}</ref>  Recognising that the existing buildings were unsuitable, Bute commissioned the [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] architect [[Robert Adam]] to oversee the redesign of the estate house.<ref name="Russell 2004 156–157">{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=156–157|oclc=56640554}}</ref>

Initial designs were unsatisfactory and, coupled with the sale of Bute House, Adams submitted new designs for a larger complex, which Bute further adjusted to include five book rooms and seven water closets.<ref name="Russell 2004 156–157"/> The building also housed an extensive art collection, particularly paintings of the Dutch and Flemish schools. A fire in March 1771 "did considerable damage" according to contemporary reports.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=164|oclc=56640554}}</ref> The project was completed by 1773 but not according to the full plan, the second phase of which was abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book|title=John, 3rd Earl of Bute : patron & collector|last=Russell|first=Francis|date=2004|publisher=Merrion Press|isbn=0951259512|location=London|pages=163–165|oclc=56640554}}</ref>

==Death==

He died on 10 March 1792, from a fall he had a year and a half prior. He fell {{convert|30|feet}} down cliffs in [[Hampshire]] while collecting plants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marjie |first1=Bloy |title=John Stuart, third Earl of Bute (1713--92) |url=https://victorianweb.org/history/pms/bute.html |website=victorianweb |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref> He died in his mansion on South Audley Street off [[Grosvenor Square]].<ref name="auto"/>

== Family==
In 1736 he married Mary Wortley Montagu, daughter of [[Edward Wortley Montagu (diplomat)|Edward]] and [[Lady Mary Wortley Montagu]], daughter of [[Evelyn Pierrepont, 1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull|1st Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull]].       They had at least eleven children:

# Lady Mary Stuart ({{circa|1741}} – 5 April 1824), married [[James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale|James Lowther]], later created [[Earl of Lonsdale]], on 7 September 1761
# [[John Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute|John Stuart, Lord Mount Stuart]] (30 June 1744 &ndash; 16 November 1814), politician who succeeded as 4th Earl of Bute and was later created Marquess of Bute
# [[Anne Stuart Percy, Lady Warkworth|Lady Anne Stuart]] (born {{circa|1745}}), married [[Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland|Hugh Percy, Lord Warkworth]], later the 2nd [[Duke of Northumberland]], on 2 July 1764
# [[James Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie|The Hon. James Archibald Stuart]] (21 September 1747 &ndash; 1 March 1818),<ref>''The Register of Births & Baptisms in the Parish of St James within the Liberty of Westminster Vol. IV. 1741-1760''. 12 October 1747.  The entry in the register has the name as John Archibald, which is patently a mistake given that John was the name of James's older brother.</ref> politician and author, ancestor of [[Bear Grylls]].
# Lady Augusta Stuart ({{circa|1748}} &ndash; 12 February 1778), married Andrew Corbett
# Lady Jane Stuart ({{circa|1748}} &ndash; 28 February 1828), married [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]], later created Earl Macartney, on 1 February 1768
# [[Frederick Stuart (British politician)|The Hon. Frederick Stuart]] (1751–1802), politician
# [[Charles Stuart (1753–1801)|The Hon. Charles Stuart]] (January 1753 &ndash; 25 May 1801), soldier and politician
# [[William Stuart (bishop)|The Hon. William Stuart]] (March 1755 &ndash; 6 March 1822), Anglican prelate who served as [[Archbishop of Armagh (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Armagh]] 
# Lady Caroline Stuart (before 1763 &ndash; 20 January 1813), married [[John Dawson, 1st Earl of Portarlington|The Hon John Dawson]], later the 1st [[Earl of Portarlington]], on 1 January 1778
# [[Lady Louisa Stuart]] (12 August 1757 &ndash; 4 August 1851), writer, who died unmarried<ref>{{cite ODNB |last=Miller |first=Karl |title=Stuart, Lady Louisa (1757–1851) |id=42015 |orig-year=2004 |date=January 2006 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Luton Hoo North and South edited.jpg|The north and south fronts of Luton Hoo as designed by [[Robert Adam]]
File:3SonsOfEarlOfBute.jpg|''[[The Three Sons of the Earl of Bute]]'' by [[Johann Zoffany]], 1764
File:3DaughtersOfTheEarlOfBute.jpg|The three daughters of the Earl of Bute
</gallery>

==References==
*{{botanist|Stuart|Stuart, John, Earl of Bute|refs=<ref name="ButeODNB">{{harvp|Schweizer|2009}}.</ref>}}
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite EB9 |mode=cs2|last=Arnold |first=F.  |wstitle=John Stuart, third Earl of Bute |volume=4 |ref={{harvid|''EB''|1878}} |pages=581–582 }}
* Borus, György. "Lord Bute, the Royal Favourite." ''Hungarian Journal of English and American Studies'' (HJEAS) 3.2 (1997): 241–246. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41273968 online]
* Brewer, John. "The Misfortunes of Lord Bute: a case-study in eighteenth-century political argument and public opinion." ''Historical Journal'' 16.1 (1973): 3-43. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2637914 online]
* {{cite EB1911 |mode=cs2 |wstitle=Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of |volume=4 |pages=877–878 }}
* Bullion, John L. "The prince's mentor: a new perspective on the friendship between George III and Lord Bute during the 1750s." ''Albion'' 21.1 (1989): 34–55. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4049865 online]
* Dorn, Walter L. "Frederic the Great and Lord Bute." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1.4 (1929): 529–560. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1871099 online]
* Lovat-Fraser, James Alexander. ''John Stuart Earl of Bute'' (Cambridge UP, 2016).
* {{cite ODNB|first=Karl Wolfgang |last=Schweizer |id=26716|title=Stuart, John, third earl of Bute |date=October 2009 |orig-year=2004}}.
* Schweizer, Karl W. ed. ''Lord Bute: essays in re-interpretation'' (Leicester University, 1988).
* Schweizer, Karl W. "Lord Bute, Newcastle, Prussia, and the Hague Overtures: A Re-Examination" ''Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies'' 9#1 (1977), pp.&nbsp;72–97 DOI: 10.2307/4048220 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4048220 online]
* Schweizer, Karl W. "Lord Bute and William Pitt's resignation in 1761." ''Canadian Journal of History'' 8.2 (1973): 111–126.
* Schweizer, Karl W. "English Xenophobia in the 18th Century: the Case of Lord Bute." ''International Review of Scottish Studies'' 22 (1997). [https://www.irss.uoguelph.ca/index.php/irss/article/download/814/1237 online]
* Sedgwick, Romney, ed. ''Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756-1766'' (1939), primary source [https://archive.org/details/lettersfromgeorg0000geor online]
*{{cite book|last1=Browning|first1=Reed|title=The Duke of Newcastle|url=https://archive.org/details/dukeofnewcastle0000brow|url-access=registration|via=archive.org|date=1975|publisher=Yale University Press Ltd|location=London|isbn=978-0300017465}}
*{{cite book |last1=Schweizer |first1=Karl |title=Lord Bute – Essays in Reinterpretation |date=1988 |publisher=Leicester University Press |location=Great Britain |isbn=978-0718512613 |pages=27–29 }}

== External links ==

*[http://www.historyhome.co.uk/c-eight/ministry/butemin.htm The Age of George III: The ministry of John Stuart, third Earl of Bute]

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