Editing John Newton

{{Short description|Anglican cleric, hymn-writer, and abolitionist (1725–1807)}}
{{other people|John Newton}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2013}}

{{Infobox Christian leader
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name        = John Newton <!-- No recorded middle name. See for example The Oxford Companion to English Literature, The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, The Oxford Companion to Black British History -->
| image       = JohnNewtonColour.jpg
| caption     = Contemporary portrait of Newton
| occupation  = British sailor, slaver, [[Anglican cleric]] and prominent [[slavery abolitionist]]
| birth_date  = {{OldStyleDate|4 August|1725|24 July}}{{sfn|Hatfield|1884}}
| birth_place = [[Wapping]], London, England
| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=y|1807|12|21|1725|8|4}}
| death_place = [[London]], England
| spouse = {{marriage|Mary Catlett|1750|1790|reason=d.}}
}}
'''John Newton''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|nj|uː|t|ən}}; {{OldStyleDate|4 August|1725|24 July}} – 21 December 1807) was an English [[evangelical]] [[Anglican cleric]] and slavery [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]]. He had previously been a captain of slave ships and an investor in the slave trade. He served as a sailor in the [[Royal Navy]] (after forced recruitment) and was himself enslaved for a time in West Africa. He is noted for being author of the hymns ''[[Amazing Grace]]'' and ''[[Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken]]''.

Newton went to sea at a young age and worked on slave ships in the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] for several years. In 1745, he himself became a slave of Princess Peye, a woman of the [[Sherbro people]] in what is now [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Life of a Song: ''Amazing Grace'' |first=Ian |last=McCann |date= 18 July 2016 |access-date=2 August 2022 |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/e31e9e0e-48e4-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/e31e9e0e-48e4-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> He was rescued, returned to sea and the trade, becoming Captain of several slave ships. After retiring from active sea-faring, he continued to invest in the slave trade. Some years after experiencing a [[conversion to Christianity]] during his rescue, Newton later renounced his trade and became a prominent supporter of [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionism]]. Now an evangelical, he was ordained as a [[Church of England]] cleric and served as [[parish priest]] at [[Olney, Buckinghamshire]], for two decades and wrote hymns.

Newton lived to see the British Empire's [[Slave Trade Act 1807|abolition of the African slave trade]] in 1807, just months before his death.

==Early life==
John Newton was born in [[Wapping]], London, in 1725, the son of John Newton the Elder, a [[skipper (boating)|shipmaster]] in the [[Mediterranean]] service, and Elizabeth (née Scatliff). Elizabeth was the only daughter of Simon Scatliff, an instrument maker from London.{{efn|name=register}} Elizabeth was brought up as a [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformist]].{{sfn|Aitken|2007|loc=Sources and Biographical Notes}} She died of [[tuberculosis]] (then called consumption) in July 1732, about two weeks before her son's seventh birthday.{{sfn|Aitken|2007|pp=29–30}} Newton spent two years at a [[boarding school]], before going to live at [[Aveley]] in [[Essex]], the home of his father's new wife.{{sfn |Lewis|1976|p= 51}}

At age eleven he first went to sea with his father. Newton sailed six voyages before his father retired in 1742. At that time, Newton's father made plans for him to work at a [[sugarcane]] [[Sugar plantations in the Caribbean|plantation]] in Jamaica. Instead, Newton signed on with a merchant ship sailing to the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

===Impressment into naval service===
In 1743, while going to visit friends, Newton was [[Impressment|pressed]] into the [[Royal Navy]]. He became a [[midshipman]] aboard [[HMS Harwich (1743)|HMS ''Harwich'']]. At one point Newton tried to desert and was punished in front of the crew. Stripped to the waist and tied to the grating, he received a [[flogging]] and was reduced to the rank of a common [[Seaman (rank)|seaman]].{{sfn |Dunn|1994|p= 7}}

Following that disgrace and humiliation, Newton initially contemplated murdering the captain and committing suicide by throwing himself overboard.{{sfn|Dunn|1994 | p =8}}  He recovered, both physically and mentally. Later, while ''Harwich'' was en route to India, he transferred to ''Pegasus'', a [[slave ship]] bound for [[West Africa]]. The ship carried goods to Africa and traded them for slaves to be shipped to the colonies in the Caribbean and North America.

===Enslavement and rescue===
Newton did not get along with the crew of ''Pegasus''. In 1745, they left him in West Africa with Amos Clowe, a slave dealer.{{sfn|Bennett|1894}}  Clowe took Newton to the coast and gave him to his wife, Princess Peye of the [[Sherbro people]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}} According to Newton, she abused and mistreated him just as much as she did her other slaves. Newton later recounted this period as the time he was "once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in West Africa."{{efn|name=MemEpi}}

Early in 1748, he was rescued by a sea captain who had been asked by Newton's father to search for him, and returned to England on the merchant ship ''Greyhound'', which was carrying [[beeswax]] and dyer's wood, now referred to as [[camwood]].{{sfn|Tackett|2017}}

==Christian conversion==
[[file:Gc366day330.png|thumb|Statue of Newton in [[County Donegal]], on a wintry day]]
In 1748, during his return voyage to England aboard the ship ''Greyhound'', Newton had a Christian conversion. He awoke to find the ship caught in a severe storm off the coast of [[County Donegal]], Ireland and about to sink. In response, Newton began praying for God's mercy, after which the storm began to die down. After four weeks at sea, the ''Greyhound'' made it to port in [[Lough Swilly]] (Ireland). This experience marked the beginning of his conversion to Christianity.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Newton (1725 – 1807) |url=https://www.cowperandnewtonmuseum.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/thoughtsuponafri00newt.pdf |website=Cowper and Newton Museum |access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Thoughts_upon_the_African_Slave_Trade | title=Thoughts upon the African Slave Trade }}</ref>

He began to read the [[Bible]] and other Christian literature. By the time he reached Great Britain, he had accepted the doctrines of [[evangelical Christianity]]. The date was 21 March 1748,{{sfn|Aitken|2007|p=19}} an anniversary he marked for the rest of his life. From that point on, he avoided profanity, gambling and drinking. Although he continued to work in the slave trade, he had gained sympathy for the slaves during his time in Africa. He later said that his true conversion did not happen until some time later: he wrote in 1764 "I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}}

== Slave trading ==
Newton returned in 1748 to [[Liverpool]], a major port for the [[Triangular Trade]]. Partly due to the influence of his father's friend Joseph Manesty, he obtained a position as [[first mate]] aboard the slave ship ''Brownlow,'' bound for the [[West Indies]] via the coast of Guinea. After his return to England in 1750, he made three voyages as captain of the slave ships ''Duke of Argyle'' (1750) and ''African'' (1752–53 and 1753–54). After suffering a severe stroke in 1754, he gave up seafaring, while continuing to invest in Manesty's slaving operations.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005 | p = 77}}

After Newton moved to the [[City of London]] as rector of [[St Mary Woolnoth|St Mary Woolnoth Church]], he contributed to the work of the [[Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade|Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade]], formed in 1787. During this time he wrote ''Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade''. In it he states, "So much light has been thrown upon the subject, by many able pens; and so many respectable persons have already engaged to use their utmost influence, for the suppression of a traffic, which contradicts the feelings of humanity; that it is hoped, this stain of our National character will soon be wiped out."{{sfn|Newton|1788}}

==Marriage and family==
On 12 February 1750, Newton married his childhood sweetheart, Mary Catlett, at [[St. Margaret's Church, Rochester]].{{sfn|Parish of Rochester|2014}}

Newton adopted his two orphaned nieces, Elizabeth Cunningham and Eliza Catlett, both from the Catlett side of the family.{{Sfn|Hindmarsh|2004}} Newton's niece Alys Newton later married Mehul, a prince from India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.preachershelp.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/berridgelife-and-works.pdf|title=The Works of John Berridge, A.M.|date=2019-02-05|website=Preachers Help|access-date=2019-02-05}}</ref>

==Anglican priest==
[[File:Spire of Olney church.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The parish church of St Peter and St Paul, Olney, where Newton became curate in 1764.]]
[[File:St Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street, London EC3 - geograph.org.uk - 1203000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|[[St Mary Woolnoth]] in the City of London, where Newton was rector from 1779.]]
In 1755, Newton was appointed as tide surveyor (a tax collector) of the [[Port of Liverpool]], again through the influence of Manesty. In his spare time, he studied Greek, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and [[Syriac language|Syriac]], preparing for serious religious study. He became well known as an evangelical lay minister. In 1757, he applied to be [[ordination|ordained]] as a priest in the [[Church of England]], but it was more than seven years before he was eventually accepted.

During this period, he also applied to the [[Independent (religion)|Independents]] and [[Presbyterians]]. He mailed applications directly to the [[Bishop of Chester|Bishops of Chester]] and [[Bishop of Lincoln|Lincoln]] and the Archbishops of [[Archbishop of Canterbury|Canterbury]] and [[Archbishop of York|York]].

Eventually, in 1764, he was introduced by [[Thomas Haweis]] to [[William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth|The 2nd Earl of Dartmouth]], who was influential in recommending Newton to [[William Markham (bishop)|William Markham]], Bishop of Chester. Haweis suggested Newton for the [[Benefice|living]] of [[Olney, Buckinghamshire|Olney]], [[Buckinghamshire]]. On 29 April 1764 Newton received deacon's orders, and finally was ordained as a priest on 17 June.

As curate of Olney, Newton was partly sponsored by [[John Thornton (philanthropist)|John Thornton]], a wealthy merchant and evangelical philanthropist. He supplemented Newton's stipend of £60 a year with £200 a year "for hospitality and to help the poor". Newton soon became well known for his pastoral care, as much as for his beliefs. His friendship with [[English Dissenters|Dissenters]] and evangelical clergy led to his being respected by Anglicans and [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]] alike. He spent sixteen years at Olney. His preaching was so popular that the congregation added a gallery to the church to accommodate the many persons who flocked to hear him.

Some five years later, in 1772, [[Thomas Scott (commentator)|Thomas Scott]] took up the curacy of the neighbouring parishes of [[Stoke Goldington]] and [[Weston Underwood, Milton Keynes|Weston Underwood]]. Newton was instrumental in converting Scott from a cynical 'career priest' to a true believer, a conversion which Scott related in his spiritual autobiography ''The Force of Truth'' (1779). Later Scott became a biblical commentator and co-founder of the [[Church Missionary Society]].

In 1779, Newton was invited by John Thornton to become Rector of [[St Mary Woolnoth]], [[Lombard Street, London|Lombard Street]], London, where he officiated until his death. The church had been built by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]] in 1727 in the fashionable [[Baroque style]]. Newton was one of only two evangelical Anglican priests in the capital, and he soon found himself gaining in popularity amongst the growing evangelical party. He was a strong supporter of evangelicalism in the Church of England. He remained a friend of Dissenters (such as Methodists post-Wesley, and Baptists) as well as Anglicans.

Young churchmen and people struggling with faith sought his advice, including such well-known social figures as the writer and philanthropist [[Hannah More]], and the young [[William Wilberforce]], a [[member of parliament]] (MP) who had recently suffered a crisis of conscience and religious conversion while contemplating leaving politics. The younger man consulted with Newton, who encouraged Wilberforce to stay in [[Parliament of Great Britain|Parliament]] and "serve God where he was".{{sfn|Pollock|1977|p=38}}{{sfn|Brown|2006|p=383}}

In 1792, Newton was presented with the degree of [[Doctor of Divinity]] by the [[Princeton University|College of New Jersey]] (now Princeton University).

==Writer and hymnist==
{{see also|Category:Hymns by John Newton}}
[[File:Olney vicarage.jpg|thumb|left|The vicarage in Olney,<ref>{{NHLE |num=1158059 |desc=The vicarage including attached coach-house, Church Street, Olney, Milton Keybes}}</ref> where Newton wrote the hymn that would become "[[Amazing Grace]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Martin |first=Bernard |year=1950 |title=John Newton: A Biography |publisher=William Heineman, Ltd |oclc=1542483}} (illustration between pages 222 and 223).</ref>]]
In 1767, [[William Cowper]], the poet, moved to Olney. He worshipped in Newton's church, and collaborated with the priest on a volume of hymns; it was published as ''[[Olney Hymns]]'' in 1779. This work had a great influence on English hymnology. The volume included Newton's well-known hymns: "[[Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken]]", "[[How Sweet the Name of Jesus Sounds!]]", and "Faith's Review and Expectation", which has come to be known by its opening phrase, "[[Amazing Grace]]".

[[File:JohnNewtonStMaryWoolnoth.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial plaque to Newton and his wife at [[St Mary Woolnoth]] in the [[City of London]]]]
Many of Newton's (as well as Cowper's) hymns are preserved in the ''[[Sacred Harp]],'' a hymnal used in the American South during the [[Second Great Awakening]]. Hymns were scored according to the tonal scale for [[shape note singing]]. Easily learnt and incorporating singers into four-part harmony, shape note music was widely used by evangelical preachers to reach new congregants.

In 1776, Newton contributed a preface to an annotated version of [[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[The Pilgrim's Progress]]''.{{sfn|Newton|2018}}

Newton also contributed to the [[Cheap Repository Tracts]]. He wrote an autobiography entitled ''An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable And Interesting Particulars in the Life of ------ Communicated, in a Series of Letters, to the Reverend T. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle, And by him, at the request of friends, now made public'', which he published anonymously in 1764 with a Preface by Haweis. It was later described as "written in an easy style, distinguished by great natural shrewdness, and sanctified by the Lord God and prayer".{{sfn|Thomson|1884|loc=preface}}

==Abolitionist==
[[File:Newton j.jpg|thumb|upright|Painting of John Newton published in 1807]]
In 1788, 34 years after he had retired from the slave trade, Newton broke a long silence on the subject with the publication of a forceful pamphlet ''Thoughts Upon the Slave Trade'', in which he described the horrific conditions of the slave ships during the [[Middle Passage]]. He apologised for "a confession, which&nbsp;... comes too late&nbsp;... It will always be a subject of humiliating reflection to me, that I was once an active instrument in a business at which my heart now shudders."  He had copies sent to every MP, and the pamphlet sold so well that it swiftly required reprinting.{{sfn|Hochschild|2005|pp=130–132}}

Newton became an ally of William Wilberforce, leader of the Parliamentary campaign to abolish the African slave trade. He lived to see the British passage of the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]], which enacted this event.

Newton came to believe that during the first five of his nine years as a slave trader he had not been a Christian in the full sense of the term. In 1763 he wrote: "I was greatly deficient in many respects&nbsp;... I cannot consider myself to have been a believer in the full sense of the word, until a considerable time afterwards."{{sfn|Newton|2003|p=84}}

==Final years==
Newton's wife Mary Catlett died in 1790, after which he published ''Letters to a Wife'' (1793), in which he expressed his grief.{{sfn|Newton|1793}}  Plagued by ill health and failing eyesight, Newton died on 21 December 1807 in London. He was buried beside his wife in St. Mary Woolnoth in London. Both were reinterred at the [[Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Olney]] in 1893.<ref name="Tomb">{{NHLE|desc=Tomb of John and Mary Newton |num=1392852}}</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Grave stone of John Newton.JPG|thumb|upright=1.1|Newton's tomb at [[Olney, Buckinghamshire]],<ref name="Tomb" /> bearing his self-penned epitaph.]]
[[File:Stained-Glass Image of John Newton - Amazing Grace Writer - St. Peter and Paul Church - Olney - Buckinghamshire - England - 02 (27656254594).jpg|thumb|upright=1.07|Stained-glass image of John Newton at St Peter and Paul Church in [[Olney, Buckinghamshire]], where Newton served as parish priest.]]

* When he was initially interred in London, a memorial plaque to Newton, containing his self-penned epitaph, was installed on the wall of [[St Mary Woolnoth]]. At the bottom of the plaque are the words: "The above Epitaph was written by the Deceased who directed it to be inscribed on a plain Marble Tablet. He died on Dec. the 21st, 1807. Aged 82 Years, and his mortal Remains are deposited in the Vault beneath this Church."{{sfn|Rouse|2014}}
* Newton is memorialised with his self-penned epitaph on the side of his tomb at Olney: JOHN NEWTON. Clerk. Once an infidel and libertine a servant of slaves in Africa was by the rich mercy of our LORD and SAVIOUR JESUS CHRIST preserved, restored, pardoned and appointed to preach the faith he had long laboured to destroy. Near 16 years as Curate of this parish and 28 years as Rector of St. Mary Woolnoth.<ref name="Tomb" />
*The town of [[Newton, Sierra Leone|Newton]] in [[Sierra Leone]] is named after him. To this day his former town of Olney provides philanthropy for the African town.{{sfn|Howe|2017}}
*In 1982, Newton was recognised for his influential hymns by the [[Gospel Music Association]] when he was inducted into the [[Gospel Music Hall of Fame]].{{sfn|The Gospel Music Association|2015}}
*A memorial to him was erected in [[Buncrana]] in [[Inishowen]], [[County Donegal]], in [[Ulster]] in 2013. Buncrana is located on the shores of [[Lough Swilly]].

==Portrayals in media==

===Film===
* The film ''[[Amazing Grace (2006 film)|Amazing Grace]]'' (2006) highlights Newton's influence on [[William Wilberforce]]. [[Albert Finney]] portrays Newton, [[Ioan Gruffudd]] is Wilberforce, and the film was directed by [[Michael Apted]]. The film portrays Newton as a penitent haunted by the ghosts of 20,000 slaves.
* The Nigerian film ''[[The Amazing Grace]]'' (2006), the creation of Nigerian director/writer/producer Jeta Amata, provides an African perspective on the slave trade. Nigerian actors [[Joke Silva]], Mbong Odungide, and [[Fred Amata]] (brother of the director) portray Africans who are captured and taken away from their homeland by slave traders. Newton is played by [[Nick Moran]].
* The 2014 film ''[[Freedom (2014 film)|Freedom]]'' tells the story of an American slave (Samuel Woodward, played by [[Cuba Gooding, Jr.]]) escaping to freedom via the [[Underground Railroad]]. A parallel earlier story depicts John Newton (played by Bernhard Forcher) as the captain of a slave ship bound for America carrying Samuel's grandfather. Newton's conversion is explored as well.
* The film ''[[Newton's Grace]]'' (2017) depicts Newton's life including his early years and time as a slave himself.

===Stage productions===
*''African Snow'' (2007), a play by Murray Watts, takes place in the mind of John Newton. It was first produced at the [[York Theatre Royal]] as a co-production with [[Riding Lights Theatre Company]], transferring to the [[Trafalgar Studios]] in London's West End and a National Tour. Newton was played by [[Roger Alborough]] and [[Olaudah Equiano]] by Israel Oyelumade.{{sfn|Hickling|2007}}
*The musical [[Amazing Grace (musical)|''Amazing Grace'']] is a dramatisation of Newton's life. The 2014 pre-Broadway and 2015 Broadway productions starred [[Josh Young]] as Newton.<ref name=Theatreland />{{sfn|Ku|2017}}
<!-- Productions listed here must have citations giving evidence of notability, such as a review in a major newspaper or magazine. The production company's own website is not acceptable. See also WP:CS:EMBED -->

===Television===
*Newton is portrayed by actor [[John Castle]] in the British television miniseries, ''The Fight Against Slavery'' (1975).<ref>{{Citation |title=The Fight Against Slavery (TV Mini Series 1975) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0215412/fullcredits |access-date=2024-03-23}}</ref>

===Novels===
*[[Caryl Phillips]]' novel, ''[[Crossing the River]]'' (1993), includes nearly verbatim excerpts of Newton's logs from his ''Journal of a Slave Trader''.{{sfn|McInnis|2015}}
* In the chapter 'Blind, But Now I See' of the novel [[Jerusalem (Moore novel)|''Jerusalem'']] by [[Alan Moore]] (2016), an African-American whose favourite hymn is "Amazing Grace" visits Olney where a local churchman relates the facts of Newton's life to him. He is disturbed by Newton's involvement in the slave trade. Newton's life and circumstances, and the lyrics of "Amazing Grace" are described in detail.

==See also==
* The [[Cowper and Newton Museum]] in Olney, Buckinghamshire

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=register|The marriage register records her maiden name as Seatcliff.}}

{{efn|name=MemEpi|Memorial epitaph, St Mary Woolnoth Church, Lombard Street, London.}}

}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Theatreland>{{Citation
  | title = Why see Amazing Grace?
  | date = 2014
  | website = chicago-theatre.com
  | url = http://www.chicago-theater.com/theaters/bank-of-america-theater/amazing-grace-cast-creative.php
  | access-date = 6 May 2017
  | archive-date = 4 March 2016
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125741/http://www.chicago-theater.com/theaters/bank-of-america-theater/amazing-grace-cast-creative.php
  | url-status = dead
  }}</ref>

}}

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  | place = New York
  | publisher = St. Martin's Press
  | isbn = 978-0-09-460780-4
  | oclc = 3738175
  | url-access = registration
  | url = https://archive.org/details/wilberforce0000unse
  }}
* {{Citation
  | editor-last = Rouse
  | editor-first = Marylynn
  | title = Newton's death
  | date = 2 January 2014
  | url = http://www.johnnewton.org/Groups/69918/The_John_Newton/archive/About_John_Newton/Newtons_death/Newtons_death.aspx
  | access-date = 5 May 2017
  | archive-date = 28 February 2024
  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240228134401/https://www.johnnewton.org/Groups/69918/The_John_Newton/archive/About_John_Newton/Newtons_death/Newtons_death.aspx
  | url-status = dead
  }}
* {{Citation
  | last = Tackett
  | first = James
  | title = John Newton (1725–1807)
  | date = 2017
  | website = The Paperless Hymnal
  | url = http://www.paperlesshymnal.com/tph/stories/johnnewton/index.htm
  | access-date = 4 May 2017
  }}
* {{Citation
  | last = Thomson
  | first = Andrew
  | title = Samuel Rutherford
  | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton
  | place = London
  | year = 1884
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Armstrong
  | first = Chris
  | title = The Amazingly Graced Life of John Newton
  | date = 2004
  | work = Christianity Today
  | volume = 81
  | url = http://www.christianitytoday.com/ch/2004/issue81/3.16.html?start=7
  | access-date = 6 May 2017
  | url-access = subscription
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last1 = Bruner
  | first1 = Kurt
  | last2 = Ware
  | first2 = Jim
  | title = Finding GOD in the Story of AMAZING GRACE
  | publisher = Tyndale
  | year = 2007
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Davidson
  | first = Noel
  | title = How Sweet the Sound: the Absorbing Story of John Newton and William Cowper
  | publisher = Ambassador Publications
  | place = Belfast
  | year = 1997
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Foss
  | first = Cassie
  | title = Faith-based film to shoot scenes in Southeastern N.C.
  | url = http://www.starnewsonline.com/article/20130709/ARTICLES/130709635?p=1&tc=pg
  | work = Wilmington Morning Star
  | date = 9 July 2013
  | access-date = 14 August 2014
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Nemetz
  | first = Andrea
  | title = Hector Replica Takes Centre Stage
  | url = http://thechronicleherald.ca/artslife/1132622-hector-replica-takes-centre-stage
  | work = Halifax Chronicle-Herald
  | date = 31 May 2013
  | access-date = 14 August 2014
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Newton
  | first = John
  | title = An Authentic Narrative of Some Remarkable and Interesting Particulars in the Life of John Newton. Communicated in a Series of Letters to the Rev. Mr. Haweis, Rector of Aldwinckle. And by him, at the request of friends, now made public
  | date = 1764
  | publisher = J. Johnson
  | location = London
}}.  Preface by Haweis
* {{Citation
  | last = Rediker
  | first = Marcus
  | title = The Slave Ship: A Human History
  | publisher = Viking
  | year = 2007
  | ref = none
}}
* {{Citation
  | last = Turner
  | first = Steve
  | title = Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song
  | publisher = Ecco/HarperCollins
  | place = New York
  | year = 2002
  | ref = none
}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* Newton, John (1788). [https://archive.org/details/thoughtsuponafri00newt ''Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade''] (Internet Archive with funding by Associates of the Boston Public Library ed.). London: J. Buckland & J. Johnson. Retrieved 24 May 2019.  (Facsimile of original book at [[Archive.org]]. For more legible (and machine-readable) transcription, see [[#Sources|Sources (above)]].) <!-- Can't seem to use {{cite book}} here as it creates a duplicate Harvard reference Newton1788, even though it is outside a {{reflist}}/{{refend}} range??? -->
* [http://www.JohnNewton.org: The John Newton Project]
* [http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/history/newton/iss_history_newton_intro.asp Biography & Articles on Newton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208150932/http://www.churchsociety.org/issues_new/history/newton/iss_history_newton_intro.asp |date=8 February 2012 }}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Newton}}
* [http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/CollectionsA-Z/jnp_search.html John Newton Papers Collection from the Digital Library of Georgia]
* [https://www.poeticous.com/john-newton John Newton on Poeticous]
* {{Librivox author |id=8571}}

{{Authority control}}

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