Editing John Nelson Darby

{{Short description|British theologian (1800–1882)}}
{{Redirect|J. N. Darby|the American author and naturalist who sometimes used this as a pen-name|Mary Q. Steele|the juvenile fiction writer who also used this pen-name |Christine N. Govan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name               = John Nelson Darby
| image              = John Nelson Darby à Genève 1840.jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Darby in 1840
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = {{birth date|df=yes|1800|11|18}}
| birth_place        = [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], London, England
| death_date         = {{death date|df=yes|1882|04|29|1800|11|18}} (aged 81)
| death_place        = Sundridge House, [[Bournemouth]], England
| nationality        = British
| other_names        = 
| occupation         = Writer, translator, educator, clergyman
| years_active       = 
| known_for          = 
| notable_works      = 
| honorific_prefix   = The Reverend
| background     = #F3E5AB
| religion       = [[Christianity]]
| denomination = [[Exclusive Brethren]]
}}

'''John Nelson Darby''' (18 November 1800 – 29 April 1882) was an [[Anglo-Irish]] Bible teacher, one of the influential figures among the original [[Plymouth Brethren]] and the founder of the [[Exclusive Brethren]]. He is considered to be the father of modern [[dispensationalism]] and [[Futurism (Christianity)|futurism]]. [[Pre-tribulation]] [[rapture]] theology was popularized extensively in the 1830s by John Nelson Darby and the [[Plymouth Brethren]],<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Blaising | first1 = Craig A. |author-link1= Craig A. Blaising |last2= Bock |first2= Darrell L. |author-link2= Darrell Bock | title = Progressive Dispensationalism | location = Wheaton, IL |date= November 1993 | publisher = [[Baker Publishing Group|Bridgepoint Books]] | isbn = 9781441205124}}</ref> and further popularized in the United States in the early 20th century by the wide circulation of the [[Scofield Reference Bible]].<ref>''The Scofield Bible: Its History and Impact on the Evangelical Church'', Magnum & Sweetnam. Pages 188-195, 218.</ref>

He produced translations of the Bible in German, the "Elberfelder Bibel", in French, the "Pau" Bible, the Dutch New Testament, and the famous and influential English translation (finished posthumously) based on the Hebrew and Greek texts called ''[[Darby Bible|The Holy Scriptures: A New Translation from the Original Languages by J. N. Darby]]''. It has furthermore been translated into other languages in whole or part.

==Biography==

===Early years===
John Nelson Darby was born in [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], London, and christened at [[St. Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's]] on 3 March 1801. He was the youngest of the six sons of John Darby and Anne Vaughan. The Darbys were an Anglo-Irish landowning family seated at [[Leap Castle]], [[King's County, Ireland]], (present-day [[County Offaly]]). He was a nephew of [[Henry D'Esterre Darby|Admiral Henry D'Esterre Darby]] who served with [[Lord Nelson]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]], and it was in recognition of this family connection that John was given his middle name.

Darby was educated at [[Westminster School]] and [[Trinity College Dublin]] where he graduated Classical Gold Medallist in 1819.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Dublin University Calendar|page=50|location=Dublin|publisher=Curry, Jun. and co.|year=1838|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuQNAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA50}}</ref> Darby embraced Christianity during his studies, although there is no evidence that he formally studied [[theology]]. He joined an [[inn of court]], but felt that being a lawyer was inconsistent with his religious belief. The future Bishop of Meath and evangelical [[Joseph Singer (bishop)|Joseph Singer]] tutored him at Trinity. He, therefore, chose ordination as an [[Anglican]] clergyman in [[Ireland]], "lest he should sell his talents to defeat justice". In 1825, Darby was ordained [[deacon]] of the [[Established church|established]] [[Church of Ireland]] and the following year as priest.

===Middle years===
Darby became a curate in the Church of Ireland parish of [[Delgany]], [[County Wicklow]], and distinguished himself by persuading Roman Catholic peasants in the Calary district within this parish to abandon the Catholic Church. The well-known gospel tract "How the Lost Sheep was Saved"<ref>{{cite web|title=How the Lost Sheep was Saved
|author=J. N. Darby
|url=http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/darby/New7_96/KERRY.html}}</ref> gives his personal account of a visit he paid to a dying shepherd boy in this area, painting a vivid picture of what his work among the poor people involved. He later claimed to have won hundreds of converts to the [[Church of Ireland]]. However, the conversions ended when [[William Magee (archbishop of Dublin)|William Magee]], the Anglican [[Archbishop of Dublin (Church of Ireland)|Archbishop of Dublin]], ruled that converts were obliged to swear allegiance to [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George IV]] as the rightful king of [[Ireland]].

Darby resigned his curacy in protest. Soon afterwards, in October 1827, he fell from a horse and was seriously injured. He later stated that it was during this time that he began to believe that the "kingdom" described in the [[Book of Isaiah]] and elsewhere in the [[Old Testament]] was entirely different from the [[Christian church]].

Over the next five years, he developed the principles of his mature theology – most notably his conviction that the very notion of a clergyman was a sin against the Holy Spirit, because it limited the recognition that the Holy Spirit could speak through any member of the Church. During this time (1827–28) he joined an interdenominational meeting of believers (including [[Anthony Norris Groves]], [[Edward Cronin (homeopath)|Edward Cronin]], [[J. G. Bellett]], and [[Francis Hutchinson (Plymouth Brethren)|Francis Hutchinson]]) who met to "[[Eucharist|break bread]]" together in Dublin as a symbol of their unity in Christ. By 1832, this group had grown and began to identify themselves as a distinct Christian assembly. As they travelled and began new assemblies in Ireland and England, they formed the movement now known as the [[Plymouth Brethren]].

It is believed that John Nelson Darby left the Church of Ireland around 1831.<ref><sup>The year in which Darby left the Church of Ireland, a branch of the Anglican Church, is not certain but a consensus of opinion is that it was possibly around 1831. Searches for formal documentation of his resignation have been made in the Church of Ireland archives, but nothing has been found. </sup></ref> He participated in the 1831–33 [[Powerscourt Conference]], an annual meeting of Bible students organized by his friend,<ref><sup>It is widely believed that Darby and Lady Powerscourt were romantically attached but friends persuaded him that any marriage may prove a distraction.</sup></ref> the wealthy widow [[Theodosia Wingfield|Lady Powerscourt]]. At the conference, Darby publicly described his ecclesiological and eschatological views, including the pre-tribulation rapture.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Dictionary of Premillennial Theology | publisher = Kregel Publications | location = Grand Rapids, MI | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-8254-2351-1 }} p. 82</ref> For about 40 years [[William Kelly (Guernsey and Blackheath)|William Kelly]] (1821–1906) was his chief interpreter and continued to be a staunch supporter until his own death. Kelly in his work ''John Nelson Darby as I knew him'' stated that "a saint more true to Christ's name and word I never knew or heard of".

Darby defended [[Calvinist]] doctrines when they came under attack from within the Church in which he once served.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marsden |first=George M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9swPktfLJigC |title=Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870-1925 |date=1982 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-503083-9 |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> His biographer Goddard states, "Darby indicates his approval of the doctrine of the [[Anglican Church]] as expressed in Article XVII of the [[Thirty-Nine Articles]]" on the subject of election and [[predestination]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goddard |first=John Howard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oydLNAEACAAJ |title=The Contribution of John Nelson Darby to Soteriology, Ecclesiology, and Eschatology |date=1948 |publisher=Dallas Theological Seminary |pages=86 |language=en}}</ref> Darby said:

{{blockquote|"For my own part, I soberly think Article XVII to be as wise, perhaps I might say the wisest and best condensed human statement of the view it contains that I am acquainted with. I am fully content to take it in its literal and grammatical sense. I believe that predestination to life is the eternal purpose of God, by which, before the foundations of the world were laid, He firmly decreed, by His counsel secret to us, to deliver from curse and destruction those whom He had chosen in Christ out of the human race, and to bring them, through Christ, as vessels made to honour, to eternal salvation."<ref>J. N. Darby, [http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/darby/DOCTRINE/03001E.html "The Doctrine of the Church of England at the Time of the Reformation"]</ref>}}

===Later years===
[[File:JohnNelsonDarby.jpg|250px|thumb|left|John Nelson Darby around 1870.]]

Darby travelled widely in Europe and Britain in the 1830s and 1840s, and established many Brethren assemblies. He gave 11 significant lectures in [[Geneva]] in 1840 on the hope of the church (''L'attente actuelle de l'église''). These established his reputation as a leading interpreter of biblical prophecy. America did not embrace Darby's ecclesiology as it did his eschatology, which is still being propagated (in various forms) at such places as [[Dallas Theological Seminary]], and by authors and preachers such as [[Hal Lindsey]] and [[John Hagee]].

In 1848, Darby became involved in a complex dispute over the proper method for maintaining shared standards of discipline in different assemblies that resulted in a split between [[Open Brethren]], which maintained a congregational form of government and [[Exclusive Brethren]]. After that time, he was recognized as the dominant figure among the Exclusives, who also came to be known as "Darbyite" Brethren. He made at least 5 missionary journeys to North America between 1862 and 1877. He worked mostly in [[New England]], Ontario, and the [[Great Lakes]] region, but took one extended journey from Toronto to Sydney by way of San Francisco, Hawaii, and New Zealand. A Geographical Index of his letters is currently available and lists where he travelled.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.presenttruthpublishers.com/pdf/Precepts-1996.pdf
|title=''Thy Precepts'' (magazine), Jan/Feb 1996, Vol. 11, # 1
|quote=''The Correspondents of John Nelson Darby, with Geographical Index and Chart of Travels''. For the three volumes of Letters of J. N. Darby, it gives the page #, the language it was written in, recipient, place written, and date written; also contains a geographical index and a chart of his travels.
}}
</ref> He used his classical skills to translate the Bible from Hebrew and Greek texts into several languages. In English, he wrote a Synopsis of the Bible and many other scholarly religious articles. He wrote hymns and poems, the most famous being, "The Man of Sorrows", (not to be confused with "Man of Sorrows, What a name" by Philip Bliss (1838-1876)).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.plymouthbrethren.com/jndms.htm|title=The Man of Sorrows|website=plymouthbrethren.com}}</ref> He was also a Bible commentator. His writings were collected in his lifetime and published from January 1866 as "The Collected Writings of J. N. Darby"; there were 32 volumes published – two per year 1866–81 and two more soon after.<ref>Dates of J.N.Darby's Collected Writings, Published by Bible and Gospel Trust 2013</ref> He translated the Bible with the help of various brethren in different countries into German, French and English.<ref>Dates of J. N. Darby's Collected Writings, page 4 & 5, Published by Bible and Gospel Trust 2013</ref> He declined, however, to contribute to the compilation of the [[Revised Version]] of the [[Authorized King James Version|King James]] Bible even though the revisers consulted Darby's work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumstuff.com/learn/topics/John_Nelson_Darby::sub::Biography|title=John Nelson Darby : Biography|website=museumstuff.com}}</ref>

He died in 1882 at Sundridge House, [[Bournemouth]] and is buried in Bournemouth, [[Dorset]], England.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3609/m1/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf
|title=John Nelson Darby: His Contributions to Contemporary Theological Higher Education (Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy)
|author=Winston Terrance Sutherland, B.S., Th.M.
|publisher=[[University of North Texas]]
|pages=20–21
|date=May 2007
|quote=John Nelson Darby died in Bournemouth, on April 29, 1882 of protracted illness (Pickering, 1986; Turner, 1986). In John Nelson Darby: A Memorial, is outlined the funeral service of the revered theologian. Therein is documented that he "was brought to Bournemouth some weeks before his death, to the house of Mr. Hammond, an ex Clergyman of the Church of England." A large following attended the burial, "from eight to ten hundred" participating in prayers, singing hymns (some written by Darby), and reading, with comment, the Scriptures. "There has been a large plain stone to mark the resting place of the richly-gifted servant of the Lord" displaying the caption: JOHN NELSON DARBY "AS UNKNOWN AND WELL KNOWN". DEPARTED TO BE WITH CHRIST, 29TH APRIL 1882. AGED 81 2 COR. V. 21. Lord let me wait for thee alone, My life be only this, To serve Thee here on earth unknown, Then share Thy heavenly bliss. J. N. D
}}</ref>

[[File:Grab von John Nelson Darby.jpg|200px|thumb|Gravestone of John Nelson Darby in Wimborne Road Cemetery, in [[Bournemouth]], England.]]

Darby is noted in the theological world as the father of "[[dispensationalism]]", whose eschatology was adopted and later made popular in the United States by [[Cyrus Scofield]]'s [[Scofield Reference Bible]].

[[Charles Henry Mackintosh]], 1820–1896, with his popular style spread Darby's teachings to humbler elements in society and may be regarded as the journalist of the Brethren Movement. Mackintosh popularised Darby<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/mackintosh/Bk2/ASSEMBLY.html
|title=The Assembly of God; or, The All-sufficiency of the Name of Jesus
|author=Charles Henry Mackintosh
|author-link=Charles Henry Mackintosh
|quote=The termini of the church's earthly history are Pentecost (Acts 2), and the rapture. (1 Thess, 4: 16, 17)]
}}</ref> more than any other Brethren author. In the early twentieth century, the Brethren's teachings, through [[Margaret E. Barber]], greatly influenced the [[Local churches (affiliation)|Little Flock]] or [[Church Assembly Hall (Chinese christian denomination)|Church Assembly Hall]] of [[Watchman Nee]] and [[Witness Lee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=towns_books
|title=The Ten Greatest Revivals Ever: from Pentecost to the Present
|author=Elmer L. Towns
|date=1 January 2000
|access-date=2011-03-13
|publisher=[[Liberty University]]
|quote=Years later, Nee To-sheng, better known outside of China as Watchman Nee, was influenced by a single British missionary, Margaret E. Barber. In 1909, Barber had submitted to believer’s baptism and left her Anglican mission to become an independent faith worker. She conducted "breaking of bread" meetings similar to those of the Christian Brethren. Nee To-sheng organized the Little Flock, a Brethren-style indigenous Chinese denomination. The True Jesus Church and Little Flock soon had more adherents than all other mission-sponsored churches combined.
}}</ref>

Darby has been credited with originating the ''pre-tribulational rapture theory'' wherein Christ will suddenly remove His bride, the Church, from this world to its heavenly destiny before the judgments of the tribulation. Thus the prophetic program resumes with Israel's earthly destiny. Dispensationalist beliefs about the fate of the Jews and the re-establishment of the Kingdom of Israel put dispensationalists at the forefront of [[Christian Zionism]], because "God is able to graft them in again,"<ref>[[s:Bible (King James)/Romans#11:23|Romans 11:23]]</ref> and they believe that in His grace he will do so according to their understanding of Old Testament prophecy. They believe that, while the ways of God may change, His purposes to bless Israel will never be forgotten, just as He has shown unmerited favour to the Church, He will do so to a remnant of Israel to fulfil all the promises made to the genetic seed of Abraham.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Criticism==
[[Charles Haddon Spurgeon]], Pastor of the [[Metropolitan Tabernacle]] and contemporary of Darby, published criticism of Darby and Brethrenism.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Mr. Grant on "The Darby Brethren"|author=Charles Spurgeon|work=Sword and Trowel|url=http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/dbreth.php|access-date=17 March 2013|date=June 1869|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220121642/http://www.spurgeon.org/s_and_t/dbreth.php|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> His main criticism was that Darby and the Plymouth Brethren rejected the vicarious purpose of Christ's obedience as well as [[imputed righteousness]]. He viewed these of such importance and so central to the Gospel that it led him to publish this statement about the rest of their belief in the Sword and Trowel.<ref>{{cite book|last=Spurgeon|first=Charles Haddon|title=Darbysm and its new Bible|year=1874|publisher=Macintosh|location=London|pages=22|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Darbyism_and_its_new_Bible}}</ref>

[[James Grant (newspaper editor)|James Grant]] wrote: "With the deadly heresies entertained and taught by the Plymouth Brethren, in relation to some of the most momentous of all the doctrines of the Gospel, and to which I have adverted at some length, I feel assured that my readers will not be surprised at any other views, however unscriptural and pernicious they may be, which the Darbyites have embraced and zealously seek to propagate"<ref>{{cite book|last=Grant|first=James|title=The Plymouth Brethren: Their History and Heresies|year=1875|publisher=William Macintosh|location=London|pages=60|url=https://archive.org/stream/plymouthbrethre00grangoog#page/n67/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''The Holy Bible a new translation by J.N. Darby, a parallel edition'', Bible Truth Publishers: Addison, Illinois.
* [http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/darby/ The Writings of J. N. Darby] courtesy of [http://www.stempublishing.com/ Stem Publishing]
* [http://www.stempublishing.com/bible-darby/ The Holy Scriptures (A New Translation from the Original Languages by J. N. Darby)] courtesy of [http://www.stempublishing.com/ Stem Publishing]
* [http://www.inthebeloved.org/letterfreewill.htm A Letter on Free Will by J.N. Darby, Elberfeld, 23 October 1861]
* [http://www.plymouthbrethren.org/article/10884 The Collected Writings Of J. N. Darby, Ecclesiastical No. 1, Volume 1: The Character Of Office In The Present Dispensation]
* ''The Watching Servant'', Words of Truth: Belfast, Northern Ireland

==See also==
* [[Benjamin Wills Newton]], former friend of Darby who clashed with Darby on doctrine and practice, which led to the [[Exclusive Brethren]] – [[Open Brethren]] division
* [[Cyrus I. Scofield]]
* [[Darby Bible]]
* [[Dispensationalism]]
* [[Eschatology]]
* [[Rapture]]
* [[Exclusive Brethren]]
* [[Fundamentalist Christianity]]
* [[List of people educated at Westminster School]]
* [[Miles J. Stanford]]
* [[Plymouth Brethren]]
* [[Robert Anderson (Scotland Yard)]] (1841–1918), [[Dispensationalism|Dispensational]] author, lawyer, British intelligence officer and London CID chief, in charge during [[Jack the Ripper]] murders.
* [[Watchman Nee]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book
 | last = Akenson | first = Donald H.
 | date = 2018
 | title = Exporting the Rapture: John Nelson Darby and the Victorian Conquest of North-American Evangelicalism
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = New-York
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=G3BoDwAAQBAJ
 | isbn = 978-0190882709
}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Burnham | first = Jonathan 
 | date = 2006
 | title = A Story of Conflict: the controversial relationship between Benjamin Wills Newton and John Nelson Darby
 | publisher = Wipf and Stock
 | location = Eugene
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wKNLAwAAQBAJ
 | isbn = 1597527599
}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Gribben | first = Crawford
 | date = 2024
 | title = J.N. Darby and the Roots of Dispensationalism
 | publisher = Oxford University Press
 | location = New York (N.Y.)
 | isbn     = 978-0190932343
}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Groves | first = Henry
 | date = 1866
 | title = [[s:Darbyism: Its Rise and Development|Darbyism: Its Rise and Development and a Review of the "Bethesda Question"]]
 | publisher = Houlston & Wright
 | location = London
}}
* {{cite book|last=Hummel|first=Daniel G.|title=The Rise and Fall of Dispensationalism: How the Evangelical Battle over the End Times Shaped a Nation|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2023|location=Grand Rapids, MI|ISBN=978-0-802-87922-6}}
* Kelly, William. [http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/kelly/7subjcts/jnd_knew.html ''John Nelson Darby – as I knew him'']. Words of Truth: Belfast, Northern Ireland.
* {{cite book
 | last = Neatby | first = William B.
 | date = 1901
 | title = [[s:A history of the Plymouth Brethren]]
 | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton
 | location = London
}}
* {{cite journal|first=George T.|last=Stokes|author-link=George Thomas Stokes|title=John Nelson Darby|date=Oct 1885|pages=537–552|journal=The Contemporary Review|url=https://archive.org/stream/contemporaryrev27unkngoog#page/n546/mode/2up}}
* {{cite ODNB|first=Timothy|last=Stunt|title=John Nelson Darby|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7141|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7141|url-access=subscription |access-date=2013-12-18}}
* {{cite book
 | first     = William G.
 | last      = Turner
 | title     = Unknown and Well Known : a biography of John Nelson Darby
 | publisher = Chapter Two
 | year      = 2021
 | orig-date = 1901
 | location  = London
 | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2CGzgEACAAJ
 | isbn      = 1-85307-230-3
}}
* {{cite book
 | first     = Max S.
 | last      = Weremchuk
 | title     = John Nelson Darby: A Biography: Updated and Expanded
 | publisher = Southern California Seminary Press
 | year      = 2021
 | location  = El Cajon, CA
 | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2CGzgEACAAJ
 | isbn      = 9780-986444265
}}

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212210328/http://www.mybrethren.org/bios/framjnd.htm My Brethren], a biography of J. N. Darby
* [http://www.stempublishing.com/authors/darby/ The writings of John Nelson Darby]
* [http://www.plymouthbrethren.org/byauthor/5/john_nelson_darby Darby & Other Resources]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Nelson Darby |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=5648}}
* [[s:fr:L’Attente actuelle de l’Église|L’Attente actuelle de l’église et prophéties qui établissent la vérité du retour personnel du sauveur, exposées en onze soirées à Genève]], (1840)
* [http://kingdomjc.com/Bible_EN.htm Bible translated by John Nelson Darby]
* [http://www.pre-trib.org/article-view.php?id=104 J.N. Darby's Early Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081228002720/http://www.pre-trib.org/article-view.php?id=104 |date=28 December 2008 }}
* [https://archive.org/details/theclaimsofthech00kelluoft Correspondence between Darby and Rev. James Kelly of the Church of England – 5 megabytes]
* [https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/manchesteruniversity/data/gb133-jnd Papers of John Nelson Darby] – Archive of Darby's personal papers at the University of Manchester Library, Manchester, England
* [http://www.biblecounsel.homestead.com Writings by J. N. Darby and his contemporaries]
* [http://www.presenttruthpublishers.com Roy A. Huebner: Historian regarding J. N. Darby, early Brethren, their theology, and dispensationalism]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/cmt/darby/index.htm Synopsis of the Books of the Bible by John Nelson Darby]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Darby, John Nelson}}
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