Editing John Nash (architect)

{{Short description|English architect (1752–1835)}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{About|the architect|other similarly named people|John Nash (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox architect
| image = John Nash-1.jpg
| caption = Bust of Nash at All Souls, Langham Place
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1752|1|18|}}
| birth_place = [[Lambeth]], London, England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1835|5|13|1752|1|18}}
| death_place = [[East Cowes Castle]], Isle of Wight, England
| significant_buildings = {{plainlist|
*[[Marble Arch]]
*[[Buckingham Palace]]
*[[Royal Pavilion, Brighton]]
*[[Regent Street]] (with [[James Burton (property developer)|James Burton]])
*[[Carlton House Terrace]] (with [[Decimus Burton]])
}}
| practice = 
| significant_projects = 
}}
'''John Nash''' (18 January 1752 – 13 May 1835) was an English architect of the [[Georgian era|Georgian]] and [[Regency era]]s. He was responsible for the design, in the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] and [[picturesque]] styles, of many important areas of London. His designs were financed by [[George IV|the Prince Regent]] and by the era's most successful property developer, [[James Burton (property developer)|James Burton]]. Nash also collaborated extensively with Burton's son, [[Decimus Burton]].{{sfn|Great Buildings Online}}

Nash's best-known solo designs are the [[Royal Pavilion]], [[Brighton]]; [[Marble Arch]]; and [[Buckingham Palace]]. His best-known collaboration with James Burton is [[Regent Street]] and his best-known collaborations with Decimus Burton are [[Regent's Park]] and its terraces and [[Carlton House Terrace]]. The majority of his buildings, including those that the Burtons did not contribute to, were built by James Burton's company.

== Background and early career ==
Nash was born in 1752, probably in [[Lambeth]], south London.{{efn|Most historians agree on London as Nash's place of birth, although [[Howard Colvin]] caveats it as "probabl[e]" and some sources suggest [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]].{{sfn|Rees|1959}} Both of Nash's parents had strong Welsh connections{{sfn|Magill|2013|p=1012}} and John B. Hilling suggests that Nash considered himself to be Welsh.{{sfn|Hilling|2018|p=138}}}} His father was a [[millwright]] also called John (1714–1772).{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=2}} From 1766 or 1767, Nash trained with the architect Sir [[Robert Taylor (architect)|Robert Taylor]]. The apprenticeship was completed in 1775 or 1776.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=3}}
[[File:Cronkhill Villa Cropped.jpg|thumb|right|[[Cronkhill]], Shropshire - one of Nash's earlier buildings and the first "[[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] villa in England"<ref name=NHLE>{{NHLE|num=1176915|desc=Cronkhill|access-date=12 March 2017|mode=cs2}}</ref>]]
On 28 April 1775, at the now-demolished church of St Mary [[Newington, London|Newington]], Nash married his first wife Jane Elizabeth Kerr, daughter of a surgeon.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=3}} Initially, he seems to have pursued a career as a [[surveying|surveyor]], builder and carpenter. This gave him an income of around £300 a year (~£49,850 in 2020 money).{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=10}} The couple set up home at Royal Row, Lambeth.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=3}} 

He established his own architectural practice in 1777 as well as being in partnership with a timber merchant, Richard Heaviside.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=3}}{{sfn|Major|Murden|2017|p=?}}{{pn|date=October 2022}} The couple had two children, both were baptised at [[Garden Museum|St Mary-at-Lambeth]], John on 9 June 1776 and Hugh on 28 April 1778.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=3}} 

In June 1778, Nash, "by the ill conduct of his wife found it necessary to send her into Wales in order to work a reformation on her."{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=13}} The cause of this appears to have been the claim that Jane Nash, "had imposed two spurious children on him as his and her own, notwithstanding she had then never had any child", and she had contracted several debts unknown to her husband, including one for milliners' bills of £300.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=11}} The claim that Jane had faked her pregnancies and then passed babies she had acquired off as her own was brought before the [[Consistory court]] of the [[Bishop of London]].{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=4}} His wife was sent to [[Aberavon]] to lodge with Nash's cousin, Ann Morgan, but she developed a relationship with a local man, Charles Charles. In an attempt at reconciliation, Jane returned to London in June 1779, but she continued to act extravagantly so he sent her to another cousin, Thomas Edwards of [[Neath]]. She gave birth just after Christmas and acknowledged Charles Charles as the father.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=12}} In 1781, Nash instigated action against Jane for separation on grounds of [[adultery]]. The case was tried at [[Hereford]] in 1782. Charles, who was found guilty, was unable to pay the damages of £76 (~£13,200 in 2020 money) and subsequently died in prison.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=12}} The divorce was finally read 26 January 1787.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=4}}

His career was initially unsuccessful and short-lived. After inheriting £1000 (~£162,000 in 2020 money){{sfn|Davis|1966|p=16}} in 1778 from his uncle Thomas, he invested the money in his first independent works, 15–17 [[Bloomsbury Square]] and 66–71 [[Great Russell Street]] in [[Bloomsbury]]. However, the property failed to let and he was declared bankrupt on 30 September 1783.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=6}} His debts were £5000 (~£760,000 in 2020 money),{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=4}} including £2000 he had been lent by [[Robert Adam]] and his brothers.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=6}} A [[blue plaque]] commemorating Nash was placed on 66 Great Russell Street by [[English Heritage]] in 2013.{{sfn|English Heritage}}

== Wales ==
[[File:Llanerchaeron House - geograph.org.uk - 646177.jpg|thumb|right|[[Llanerchaeron]]]]
Nash left London in 1784 to live in [[Carmarthen]],{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=13}} [[Wales]], where his mother had retired (her family was from the area).{{sfn|Colvin|1995 |p=852}} In 1785, he and a local man, Samuel Simon Saxon, re-roofed the town's church for 600 [[Guinea (British coin)|guineas]].{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=13}} Nash and Saxon seem to have worked as building contractors and suppliers of building materials.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=14}} Nash's London buildings had been standard Georgian terraced houses. 

In Wales, he matured as an architect. His first major work in the area was the first of three prisons he would design, Carmarthen 1789–92.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=14}} This was planned by the penal reformer [[John Howard (prison reformer)|John Howard]] and Nash developed this into the finished building.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=27}} He went on to design the prisons at [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]] (1791–1796) and [[Hereford]] (1792–1796).{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=25}} It was at Hereford that Nash met [[Richard Payne Knight]],{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=19}} whose theories on the picturesque as applied to architecture and landscape would influence Nash. The commission for Hereford Gaol came after the death of [[William Blackburn]], who was to have designed the building. Nash's design was accepted after [[James Wyatt]] approved of the design.{{sfn|Tyack|2013|p=20}}

In 1789, [[St Davids Cathedral]] was suffering from structural problems. Its west front was leaning forward by one foot, and Nash was hired to survey the structure and develop a plan to save the building.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=22}} His solution, completed in 1791, was to demolish the upper part of the façade and rebuild it with two large but inelegant flying buttresses. In 1790, Nash met [[Uvedale Price]], of Downtown Castle, whose theories of the [[Picturesque]] would influence Nash's town planning. Price commissioned Nash to design Castle House [[Aberystwyth]] (1795). Its plan took the form of a right-angled triangle, with an octagonal tower at each corner, sited on the very edge of the sea.{{sfn|Colvin|1995|pp=687-689}}

One of Nash's most important developments were a series of medium-sized country houses that he designed in Wales, which developed the villa designs of his teacher Sir Robert Taylor.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=13}} Most of these villas consist of a roughly square plan with a small entrance hall and a staircase offset in the middle to one side, around which are placed the main rooms. There is then a less prominent [[servants' quarters]] in a wing attached to one side of the villa. The buildings are usually only two floors in height and the elevations of the main block are usually symmetrical. One of the finest of these villas is [[Llanerchaeron]], but at least a dozen villas were designed throughout south Wales. Others, in Pembrokeshire, include [[Ffynone House|Ffynone]], built for the Colby family at Boncath, near [[Manordeifi]], and Foley House, built for the lawyer Richard Foley (brother of Admiral [[Sir Thomas Foley]]) at Goat Street in [[Haverfordwest]].{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=44-45}}

[[File:Clytha Park, Monmouthshire - The Gates.jpg|thumb|right|Gates to [[Clytha Park]], Monmouthshire]]
From 1796, Nash spent most of his time working in London; this was a prelude to his return to the capital in 1797.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=27}} At this time, Nash designed the delicate [[Gothic revival]] gateway to [[Clytha Park]] near [[Abergavenny]] in [[Monmouthshire]],{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=41-42}} and also his alterations in Gothic Revival style in 1794 to [[Hafod Uchtryd]] for [[Thomas Johnes]] at [[Devil's Bridge, Ceredigion|Devil's Bridge]], [[Cardiganshire]].{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=48-49}} Also in c. 1794–95 he advised on the paving, lighting and water supply in [[Abergavenny]] and designed an elegant market building.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=49}} Other work included [[Whitson Court]], near [[Newport, Wales|Newport]]. After his return to London, Nash continued to design houses in Wales including Harpton Court in [[Radnorshire]], which was demolished, apart from the service wing, in 1956.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=122}} In 1807 he drew up plans for the re-building of [[Hawarden Castle (18th century)|Hawarden Castle]] with Gothic battlements and towers, but the plan appears to have been modified by another architect when it was carried out.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=135-136}} In about 1808, he designed Monachty, near [[Aberaeron]], and later drew up plans for work at [[Nanteos Mansion|Nanteos]].{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=122}}

He met [[Humphry Repton]] at [[Stoke Edith]] in 1792{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=82}} and formed a successful partnership with the landscape garden designer. One of their early commissions was at [[Corsham Court]] in 1795–96. The pair would collaborate to carefully place the Nash-designed building in grounds designed by Repton. The partnership ended in 1800 under recriminations,{{sfn|Stroud|1962|p=119}} Repton accusing Nash of exploiting their partnership to his own advantage. As Nash developed his architectural practice, it became necessary to employ [[Drafter|draughtsmen]]; the first in the early 1790s was [[Augustus Charles Pugin]],{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=14}} and later in 1795, [[John Adey Repton]], son of Humphry.{{sfn|Suggett|1995|p=14}}

== Return to London ==
[[File:Diamond Cottage, Blaise Hamlet-geograph.org.uk-2272594.jpg|thumb|right|Diamond Cottage, [[Blaise Hamlet]]]]
In June 1797, Nash moved into 28 [[Dover Street]], a building of his own design. He built a larger house next door at 29, into which he moved the following year.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=30}} Nash married 25-year-old Mary Anne Bradley on 17 December 1798 at [[St George's, Hanover Square]].{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=30}} In 1798, he purchased a plot of land of {{convert|30|acre|ha}} at [[East Cowes]] on which he erected 1798–1802 [[East Cowes Castle]] as his residence.{{sfn|Sherfield|1994|p=20}} It was the first of a series of [[picturesque]] Gothic castles that he would design.

Nash's final home in London was 14 Regent Street which he designed and built 1819–23. Number 16 was built at the same time for the home of Nash's cousin [[John Edwards-Vaughan|John Edwards]],{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=132}} a lawyer who handled all of Nash's legal affairs.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|pp=26-27}} Located in lower Regent Street, near Waterloo Place, both houses formed a single design around an open courtyard. Nash's drawing office was on the ground floor, and on the first floor was the finest room in the house, the {{convert|70|ft|adj=on}} long picture and sculpture gallery; it linked the drawing room at the front of the building with the dining room at the rear.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=227}} The house was sold in 1834, and the gallery interior moved to East Cowes Castle.

The finest of the dozen [[country house]]s that Nash designed as picturesque castles include the relatively small [[Luscombe Castle]] [[Devon]] (1800–04);{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=97}} [[Ravensworth Castle (Tyne and Wear)]], begun in 1807 but only finally completed in 1846, which was one of the largest houses by Nash;{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=142}} [[Caerhays Castle]] in [[Cornwall]] (1808–10);{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=149}} and [[Shanbally Castle]], [[County Tipperary]] (1818–1819), which was the last of these castles to be built.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=218}} These buildings all represented Nash's continuing development of an asymmetrical and picturesque architectural style that had begun during his years in Wales, at both Castle House Aberystwyth and his alterations to [[Hafod Uchtryd]].{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=133}}

This process would be extended by Nash in planning groups of buildings, the first example being [[Blaise Hamlet]] (1810–1811). There a group of nine asymmetrical cottages was laid out around a village green. [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] described the hamlet as "the ''[[ne plus ultra]]'' of the Picturesque movement".{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=133}} The hamlet has also been described as the first fully realized exemplar of the [[garden suburb]].{{sfn|Stern|Fishman|Tilove|2013|p=23}} Nash developed the asymmetry of his castles in his [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] villas. His first such exercise was [[Cronkhill]] (1802),{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=101}} and others included [[Sandridge Park]] (1805){{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=118}} and Southborough Place, [[Surbiton]](1808).{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=150}}

He advised on work to the [[buildings of Jesus College, Oxford]], in 1815,{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=199}} for which he required no fee but asked that the college commission a portrait of him from Sir [[Thomas Lawrence (painter)|Thomas Lawrence]] to hang in the college hall.{{sfn|Baker|1954|p=275}}

== Architect to the Prince Regent ==
[[File:Eastern block of Park Crescent, August 2021.jpg|thumb|right|[[Park Crescent, London|Park Crescent]], [[Regent's Park]]]]
Nash was a dedicated [[Whig (British political party)|Whig]]{{sfn|Davis|1966|pp=20–21}} and was a friend of [[Charles James Fox]] through whom Nash probably came to the attention of the Prince Regent (later King [[George IV]]). In 1806 Nash was appointed architect to the [[Surveyor General of Woods, Forests, Parks, and Chases]].{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=56}} From 1810 Nash would take very few private commissions and for the rest of his career he would largely work for the Prince.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=73}} His employment by the Prince Regent enabled Nash to embark upon a number of grand architectural projects.{{sfn|Caves|2004|p=480}}

His first major commissions in (1809–1826){{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=130}} from the Prince were [[Regent Street]] and the development of an area then known as [[Marylebone]] Park. With the Regent's backing, Nash created a master plan for the area, put into effect from 1818 onwards, which stretched from St James's northwards and included [[Regent Street]], [[Regent's Park]] (1809–1832){{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=158-161}} and its neighbouring streets, terraces and crescents of elegant townhouses and villas. Nash did not design all the buildings himself. In some instances, these were left in the hands of other architects such as [[James Pennethorne]] and the young [[Decimus Burton]].

Nash went on to re-landscape [[St. James's Park]] (1814–1827),{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=197}} reshaping the formal canal into the present lake, and giving the park its present form. A characteristic of Nash's plan for Regent Street was that it followed an irregular path linking [[Portland Place]] to the north with [[Carlton House, London]] (replaced by Nash's Carlton House Terrace (1827–1833){{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=296}} to the south. At the northern end of Portland Place Nash designed [[Park Crescent, London]] (1812 and 1819–1821),{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=183-184}} this opens into Nash's [[Park Square, London]] (1823–24),{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=251-252}} this only has terraces on the east and west, the north opens into Regent's Park.

The terraces that Nash designed around Regent's Park though conforming to the earlier form of appearing as a single building, as developed by [[John Wood, the Elder]], are unlike earlier examples set in gardens and are not [[Orthogonality|orthogonal]] in their placing to each other. This was part of Nash's development of planning, a most extreme example of this was found when he set out Park Village East and Park Village West (1823–34) to the north-east of Regent's Park,{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=256-262}} here, a mixture of detached villas, semi-detached houses, both symmetrical and asymmetrical in their design are set out in private gardens railed off from the street, the roads loop and the buildings are both classical and gothic in style. No two buildings were the same, and or even in line with their neighbours. The park villages can be seen as the prototype for the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] suburbs.{{sfn|Cherry|Pevsner|2002|p=382}}

[[File:Brighton - panoramio (5).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Royal Pavilion]], Brighton]]
Nash was employed by the Prince from 1815 to develop his Marine Pavilion in Brighton,{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=201}} originally designed by [[Henry Holland (architect)|Henry Holland]]. By 1822 Nash had finished his work on the Marine Pavilion, which was now transformed into the [[Royal Pavilion]]. The exterior was based on [[Mughal architecture]], giving the building its exotic form, the [[Chinoiserie]] style interiors are largely the work of [[Frederick Crace]].{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=202}}

Nash was also a director of the [[Regent's Canal]] Company set up in 1812 to provide a [[canal]] link from west London to the [[River Thames]] in the east.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=72}} Nash's master plan provided for the canal to run around the northern edge of Regent's Park; as with other projects, he left its execution to one of his assistants, in this case [[James Morgan (engineer)|James Morgan]]. The first phase of the Regent's Canal was completed in 1816 and finally completed in 1820.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=177}}

Together with [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] and Sir [[John Soane]], he became an official architect to the [[Office of Works]] in 1813{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=96}} (although the appointment ended in 1832) at a salary of £500 per annum (£57,810 in 2020 money).{{sfn|Stroud|1984|p=98}} Following the death in September of that year of [[James Wyatt]], this marked the high point in his professional life. As part of Nash's new position, he was invited to advise the Parliamentary [[Commissioners' church|Commissioners]] on the building of new churches from 1818 onwards.{{sfn|Port|2006|p=59}} Nash produced ten church designs, each estimated to cost around £10,000 (£1.2 million in 2020 money) with seating capacity for 2000 people;{{sfn|Port|2006|p=65}} the style of the buildings were both classical and gothic. In the end, Nash only built two churches for the Commission: the classical [[All Souls Church, Langham Place]] (1822–24), terminating the northern end of Regent Street, and the gothic [[St Mary, Haggerston|St. Mary's Haggerston]] (1825–27), bombed during [[The Blitz]] in 1941.{{sfn|Port|2006|p=81}}

[[File:The West Facade of Buckingham Palace, seen from The Palace Gardens.jpg|thumb|right|West front of [[Buckingham Palace]]]]
Nash was involved in the design of two of London's theatres, both in [[Haymarket (London)|Haymarket]]. The King's Opera House (now rebuilt as [[Her Majesty's Theatre]]) (1816–1818) where he and George Repton remodelled the theatre, with arcades and shops around three sides of the building, the fourth being the still surviving Royal Opera Arcade.{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=206-207}} The other theatre was the [[Theatre Royal Haymarket]] (1821), with its fine hexastyle [[Corinthian order]] [[portico]], which still survives, facing down [[Charles II Street]] to [[St. James's Square]], Nash's interior no longer survives (the interior now dates from 1904).{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|pp=230-231}} 

In 1820 a scandal broke, when a cartoon was published{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=151}} showing a half-dressed King George IV embracing Nash's wife with a speech bubble coming from the King's mouth containing the words "I have great pleasure in visiting this part of my dominions". Whether this was based on just a rumour put about by people who resented Nash's success or if there is substance behind is not known. Further London commissions for Nash followed, including the remodelling of Buckingham House to create [[Buckingham Palace]] (1825–1830),{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=274}}
and for the [[Royal Mews]] (1822–24){{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=244}} and [[Marble Arch]] (1828).{{sfn|Mansbridge|1991|p=300}} The arch was originally designed as a [[triumphal arch]] to stand at the entrance to Buckingham Palace. It was moved when the east wing of the palace designed by [[Edward Blore]] was built, at the request of [[Queen Victoria]] whose growing family required additional domestic space.  Marble Arch became the entrance to [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] and the [[Great Exhibition]].

== Work with James and Decimus Burton ==
[[File:St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg|thumb|right|Lake in [[St James's Park]]]]
The parents of John Nash, and Nash himself during his childhood, lived in [[Southwark]],{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=13}} where [[James Burton (property developer)|James Burton]] worked as an 'Architect and Builder' and developed a positive reputation for prescient speculative building between 1785 and 1792.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=135}} Burton built the [[Blackfriars Rotunda]] in Great Surrey Street (now [[Blackfriars Road]]) to house the [[Leverian Museum]],{{sfn|ODNB 2004}} for land agent and museum proprietor [[James Parkinson (1730–1813)|James Parkinson]].{{sfn|Torrens}} However, whereas Burton was vigorously industrious, and quickly became 'most gratifyingly rich',{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=19}} Nash's early years in private practice, and his first speculative developments, which failed either to sell or let, were unsuccessful, and his consequent financial shortage was exacerbated by the 'crazily extravagant' wife whom he had married before he had completed his training, until he was declared bankrupt in 1783.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=14}}

To repair his finances, Nash cultivated the acquaintance of James Burton, who consented to patronize him.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=16}} James Burton responsible for the social and financial patronage of the majority of Nash's London designs,{{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=11-12}} in addition to for their construction.{{sfn|ODNB a}} Architectural scholar Guy Williams has written, "John Nash relied on James Burton for moral and financial support in his great enterprises. Decimus had showed precocious talent as a draughtsman and as an exponent of the classical style... John Nash needed the son's aid, as well as the father's".{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=11}}

Subsequent to the [[Crown Estate]]'s refusal to finance them, James Burton agreed to personally finance the construction projects of Nash at [[Regent's Park]], which he had already been commissioned to construct.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}}{{sfn|ODNB a}} Consequently, in 1816, Burton purchased many of the leases of the proposed terraces around, and proposed villas within, Regent's Park and, in 1817, Burton purchased the leases of five of the largest blocks on Regent Street.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}} The first property to be constructed in or around Regent's Park by Burton was his own mansion: [[The Holme]], which was designed by his son, [[Decimus Burton]], and completed in 1818.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}} Burton's extensive financial involvement 'effectively guaranteed the success of the project'.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}} In return, Nash agreed to promote the career of Decimus Burton.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}}

[[File:Royal Society 20040420.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carlton House Terrace]]]]
Nash was a vehement advocate of the neoclassical revival endorsed by [[John Soane]], although he had lost interest in the plain stone edifices typical of the Georgian style, and instead advocated the use of stucco.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=28}} Decimus Burton entered the office of Nash in 1815,{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=30}} where he worked alongside [[Augustus Charles Pugin]], who detested the neoclassical style.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=21}} Burton established his own architectural practice in 1821.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=136}} In 1821, Nash invited Decimus Burton to design [[Cornwall Terrace]] in Regent's Park, and he was also invited by [[George Bellas Greenough]], a close friend of the Prince Regent, [[Humphry Davy]], and Nash, to design [[Nuffield Lodge|Grove House]] in Regent's Park.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=38}}

Greenough's invitation to Decimus Burton was 'virtually a family affair', for Greenough had dined frequently with Decimus' parents and brothers, including [[Henry Burton (physician)|the physician Henry Burton]]. Greenough and Decimus finalized their designs during numerous meetings at the opera.{{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=38-39}} The design, when the villa had been completed, was described in ''The Proceedings of the Royal Society'' as, "one of the most elegant and successful adaptations of the Grecian style to purposes of modern domestic architecture to be found in this or any country."{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=40}}

Subsequently, Nash invited Decimus to design [[Clarence Terrace]], Regent's Park.{{sfn|Williams|1990|p=40}} Such were Decimus Burton's contributions to the Regent's Park project that the Commissioners of Woods described Burton, not Nash, as 'the architect of Regent's Park'.{{sfn|Arnold|2005|p=58}} Contrary to popular belief, the dominant architectural influence in many of the Regent's Park projects - including [[Cornwall Terrace]], [[York Terrace]], [[Chester Terrace]], Clarence Terrace, and the villas of the Inner Circle, including [[The Holme]] and the [[London Colosseum]] attraction (the latter to [[Thomas Hornor (surveyor)|Thomas Hornor's]] specifications){{sfn|ODNB a}}{{sfn|Dictionary of Scottish Architects}} all of which were constructed by James Burton's company{{sfn|ODNB 2004}} - was Decimus Burton, not John Nash, who was appointed architectural 'overseer' for Burton Jr.'s projects.{{sfn|Arnold|2005|p=58}}

Decimus Burton, to Nash's chagrin, developed the Terraces according to his own style to the extent that Nash sought, unsuccessfully, to demolish and completely rebuild Chester Terrace.{{sfn|ODNB 2004}}{{sfn|ODNB a}}{{sfn|Curl|1999|p=133}} Decimus subsequently eclipsed his master and emerged as the dominant force in the design of [[Carlton House Terrace]],{{sfn|ODNB a}} where he exclusively designed No. 3 and No. 4.{{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}} He also designed some of the villas of the Inner Circle: his villa for the Marquess of Hertford has been described as, 'decorated simplicity, such as the hand of taste, aided by the purse of wealth can alone execute'.{{sfn|Jones|2017|p=209}}

== Retirement and death ==
Nash's career effectively ended with the death of George IV in 1830. The King's notorious extravagance had generated much resentment, and Nash was now without a protector.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=177}} The [[HM Treasury|Treasury]] started to look closely at the cost of Buckingham Palace. Nash's original estimate of the building's cost had been £252,690, but this had risen to £496,169 in 1829;{{sfn|Harris|de Bellaigue|Miller|1969|p=30}} the actual cost was £613,269 (~£69.5 million in 2020 money), and the building was still unfinished. This controversy ensured that Nash would not receive any more official commissions, nor would he be awarded the [[knight]]hood that other contemporary architects such as [[Jeffry Wyattville]], [[John Soane]] and [[Robert Smirke (architect)|Robert Smirke]] received. Nash retired to the Isle of Wight to his home, [[East Cowes Castle]].{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=185}}

[[Image:St James's Church, Church Path, East Cowes (May 2016) (Tomb of John Nash) (2).JPG|thumb|right|upright|Nash's tomb at [[St James's Church, East Cowes]]]]
On 28 March 1835 Nash was described as "very poorly and faint".{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=187}} This was the beginning of the end. On 1 May Nash's solicitor John Wittet Lyon was summonsed to East Cowes Castle{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=187}} to finalise his will. By 6 May he was described as 'very ill indeed all day',{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=180}} he died at his home on 13 May 1835. His funeral took place at [[St. James's Church, East Cowes]] on 20 May, where he was buried in the churchyard with a monument in the form of a stone [[sarcophagus]].{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=188}} His widow acted to clear Nash's debts (some £15,000; £1.97 million in 2020 money),{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=188}} she held a sale of the Castle's contents, including three paintings by [[J. M. W. Turner]] painted on the Isle of Wight, four by [[Benjamin West]] and several copies of old master paintings by [[Richard Evans (portrait painter)|Richard Evans]]. These artworks were sold at [[Christie's]] on 11 July 1835 for £1,061 (~£139,500 in 2020 money).{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=188}} His books, medals, drawings and engravings were bought by a bookseller named Evans for £1,423 on 15 July (~£187,078 in 2020 money). The Castle itself was sold for a reported figure of £20,000 (~£2.63 million in 2020 money) to [[Henry Boyle, 3rd Earl of Shannon]], within the year.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=188}} Nash's widow retired to a property Nash had bequeathed to her in [[Hampstead]] where she lived until her death in 1851; she was buried with her husband on the Isle of Wight.{{sfn|Summerson|1980|p=189}}

==Assistants and pupils==
Nash had many pupils and assistants, including [[Decimus Burton]]; [[Humphry Repton]]'s sons, [[John Adey Repton]] and [[George Stanley Repton]]; [[Anthony Salvin]]; John Foulon (1772–1842); [[Augustus Charles Pugin]]; F.H. Greenway; [[James Morgan (engineer)|James Morgan]]; [[James Pennethorne]]; and the brothers Henry, [[James Pain|James]], and [[George Richard Pain|George Pain]].{{sfn|Colvin|1978|pp=580-581}}

==Works==
===Works in London===
[[File:Haymarket Theatre - DSC04238.JPG|thumb|right|[[Haymarket Theatre]]]]
Works in London include:{{efn|The lists of works are based on: ''John Nash: A complete catalogue'' by, Michael Mansbridge}}

*[[Park Crescent, London]] (1806, 1819–21)
*[[Carlton House]], alterations, demolished
*Southborough House, 14 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, [[Surbiton]] (1808)
*Southborough Lodge, 16 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, [[Surbiton]] (1808)
*18 Ashcombe Avenue, Southborough, [[Surbiton]] (1808) Southborough House's summer house
*[[Regent Street]] (1809–26) rebuilt
*[[Regent's Canal]] (1811–20)
*[[Royal Lodge]] (1811–20) subsequently remodelled by Sir [[Jeffry Wyattville]]
*[[Carlton House, London]] remodelled several interiors, (1812–14) demolished 1825 to make way for Nash's Carlton House Terraces
*[[Trafalgar Square]] (1813–30) completely redesigned by Sir [[Charles Barry]]
*The [[Rotunda (Woolwich)|Rotunda]], [[Woolwich]] (1814; re-erected 1820)
[[File:Marble.arch.london.arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Marble Arch]]]]
*The King's Opera House, Haymarket, on the site of [[Her Majesty's Theatre]]. The Royal Opera Arcade is the only part presently standing (1816–18).
*[[Waterloo Place]] (1816) rebuilt
*The County Fire Office (1819) rebuilt
*[[Piccadilly Circus]] (1820) rebuilt
*Suffolk Place, Haymarket (1820)
*[[Haymarket Theatre]] (1820–21)
*14–16 Regent Street (Nash's own house) (1820–21)
*[[York Gate, London|York Gate]] (1821){{sfn|Historic England|1066044}}
*The Church of [[All Souls, Langham Place]] (1822–25)
*[[Hanover Terrace]] (1822)
*[[Royal Mews]] (1822–24)
[[File:Hanover Terrace - Regent's Park, NW1 - geograph.org.uk - 952733.jpg|thumb|right|Hanover Terrace]]
*[[Sussex Place]] (1822–23)
*Albany Terrace, London (1823)
*[[Park Square, London]] (1823–24)
*Park Village East and West (1823–34)
*[[Cambridge Terrace]] (1824)
*Landscaping of [[King's Road]] (1824)
*Ulster Terrace (1824)
*[[Buckingham Palace]]. The state rooms and western front (1825–30), since much extended by [[James Pennethorne]], [[Edward Blore]], and [[Aston Webb]]
*[[Clarence House]] (1825–27)
*[[Cumberland Terrace]] (1826)
*Former United Services Club [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]] now [[Institute of Directors]] (1826–28)
[[File:Clarence house.jpg|thumb|right|[[Clarence House]]]]
*[[Gloucester Terrace]] (1827)
*[[Marble Arch]] (1828)
*430–449 [[Strand, London|Strand]] (1830)

====With Decimus Burton====
*[[Regent's Park]] (1809–32){{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}}
*[[York Terrace]] (1822){{sfn|ODNB a}}{{sfn|Historic England|1066044}}
*[[Chester Terrace]] (1825){{sfn|ODNB a}}
*[[Cornwall Terrace]]{{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}}
*[[Clarence Terrace]]{{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}}
*[[Carlton House Terrace]] (1827–33){{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}}
*[[St. James's Park]] (1814–27){{sfn|Williams|1990|pp=135-157}}

The changes made by John Nash to the streetscape of London are documented in the film ''John Nash and London'', featuring [[Edmund N. Bacon]] and based on sections of his 1967 book ''[[Design of Cities]].''

===Work in England outside London===
[[File:Brighton Banqueting Room Nash edited.jpg|thumb|right|Banqueting Room, The Royal Pavilion Brighton]]
*[[Blaise Castle]], additions, including the conservatory and various buildings in the grounds, dairy, gatehouses etc. (1795–c.1806)
*[[Kentchurch Court]], [[Pontrilas]] (c.1795)
*[[Hereford]] Gaol (1796)
*Hereford Lunatic Asylum (c. 1796),{{sfn|Griffith|2019}} no longer standing
*[[Corsham Court]], remodelling work (1796–1813). Only his east front survives of the main house, but many of his garden buildings, including the [[Bath House at Corsham Court|bathhouse]] originally designed by [[Capability Brown]] and remodelled by Nash, are extant.{{sfn|Historic England|1182390}}
*[[Grovelands Park]], [[Enfield, England|Enfield]], [[Middlesex]] (1797)
*[[Atcham]], several houses in the village (1797)
*[[Attingham Park]], new picture gallery and staircase, with further interiors, and entrance lodges (c.1797–1808)
[[File:Grovelands House, The Bourne, Southgate, N14.jpg|thumb|right|Grovelands Park]]
*[[East Cowes Castle]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] (1798–1802) – his home until his death in 1835, demolished 1960
*Sundridge Park, [[Sundridge, London]], (1799)
*[[Chalfont Park]], [[Chalfont St Peter]], remodelled (1799–1800)
*[[Helmingham Hall]], modernisation work (1800–03)
*[[Luscombe Castle]] (1800–04)
*[[Cronkhill]], near [[Shrewsbury]], [[Shropshire]]. The first Italianate villa in Britain (1802)
*[[Longner Hall]], [[Atcham]], remodelling and extension (1803)
*[[Nunwell House]], Nunwell Isle of Wight (1805–07)
[[File:Longner Hall - geograph.org.uk - 425841.jpg|thumb|right|Longner Hall]]
*[[Sandridge Park]] (1805)
*[[Witley Court]] (1805–06)
*Market House [[Chichester]] (1807)
*[[Ravensworth Castle (Tyne and Wear)|Ravensworth Castle]] (1808)
*[[Caerhays Castle]], Cornwall (1808){{sfn|Pevsner|Radcliffe|1970|p=192}}
*[[Ingestre Hall]] (1808–13) rebuilt later in the 19th century
*[[Knepp Castle]], Sussex, c.1809
*[[Blaise Hamlet]], [[Bristol]] (1810–11)
*[[Newport Guildhall, Isle of Wight]] (1814)
*Rebuilding of the [[Royal Pavilion]] at [[Brighton]] (1815–22)

===Work in Wales===
[[File:St Non's Church, Llanerchaeron.jpg|thumb|right|St. Non's Church Llanerchaeron]]
Work in Wales include:{{sfn|Suggett|1995|pp=107-128}} 
*The stable block at [[Plas Llanstephan]] (1788)
*[[Golden Grove, Carmarthenshire|Golden Grove]], [[Llanfihangel Aberbythych]] (1788)
*Priory House, Carmarthen (1788–89)
*[[Carmarthen]] Gaol, (1789–92)
*[[St Davids Cathedral]], new west front (1789–91) completely remodelled by Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]] (1862)
*Glanusk Villa, [[Cadoxton-juxta-Neath]] (1790)
*Llanfechan house, Llanwenog, Cardiganshire c. 1790 attributed on stylistic grounds
*[[Meidrim]] Poor House (1791)
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] Bridge (1791–92) abandoned before completion
*[[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]] Gaol, (1791–97)
*[[Ffynone House|Ffynone]], [[Boncath]] (1792–96)
*Sion House, [[Tenby]] (1792)
*South Sion Lodge, [[Tenby]] (1792)
*Emlyn Cottage, [[Newcastle Emlyn]] (1792–94) demolished 1881
*[[Dolaucothi Estate|Dolaucothi House]], [[Cynwyl Gaeo]] (1792–96) demolished (c. 1954)
[[File:Ffynone House - geograph.org.uk - 1281751.jpg|thumb|right|Ffynone House, wings added later not by Nash]]
*[[Tregaron]] Bridge (1793)
*[[Abergavenny]] Market Place (1794–46)
*Foley House, [[Haverfordwest]], [[Pembrokeshire]] (1794)
*[[Hafod Uchtryd]], remodelling including octagonal library (1794) demolished 1958.
*Herman Hill House, [[Haverfordwest]] (c. 1794)
*[[Llanerchaeron]], [[Ciliau Aeron]], [[Ceredigion]] (c. 1794)
*Llysnewydd, [[Henllan, Ceredigion]] (1795)
*[[Whitson|Whitson Court]], near [[Newport, Wales|Newport]] (1795)
*Glanwysc Villa, [[Llangattock (Crickhowell)]] (c. 1795)
*Llysnwydd house, [[Llangeler]] (c. 1795) attributed on stylistic grounds demolished 1971.
*[[Temple Druid]] House, [[Maenclochog]] (1795)
*Castle House, later replaced by [[Old College, Aberystwyth|Old College]], [[Aberystwyth University]], (1795)
*The Priory [[Cardigan, Ceredigion]] (1795)
*[[Clytha Park]] gates, (1797)
*[[Llanerchaeron]], St Non's Church (1798) attributed on stylistic grounds
*[[Harpton Court]], [[Old Radnor]], remodelled (1805) demolished 1956 apart from the service range
*[[Hawarden Castle (18th century)|Hawarden Castle]], enlargement (1807)
*[[Nanteos Mansion]], planned replanning and new dairy and lodges (1814) not executed
*[[Rheola House]], [[Resolven]] (1814–18) 
*[[Picton Monument, Carmarthen|Picton Memorial]], Carmarthen (1827–28) demolished 1846
*Extension block of Plas Gelli, [[Talsarn]], [[Ceredigion]]

===Work in Ireland===
[[File:Kilcommon, The Swiss Cottage - geograph.org.uk - 1432260.jpg|thumb|right|Swiss Cottage, Cahir]]
* House for Countess Shannon, County Cork (1796). Unbuilt.
* [[Ballindoon]] House (c. 1800) Kingsborough, Derry, County Sligo for Stafford-King-Harmon family. House and stable block.
* [[Killymoon Castle]], near [[Cookstown]], County Tyrone (1801–1807). Castle originally built in 1671. Rebuilt in Norman style by Nash for Col. William Stewart at an alleged cost of £80,000. Now well maintained as home of the Coulter family. The parkland is now used as a golf course.
* Lissan Rectory, [[County Tyrone]] (1807). Italianate Villa.
* Kilwaughter Castle, in [[Kilwaughter]], near [[Larne]], [[County Antrim]] (1807).{{sfn|Dictionary of Ulster Biography}} New castillated mansion built for E. J. Agnew incorporating an earlier house (ruined 1951).
* [[Caledon House]], [[County Tyrone]] (1808–1810), for the [[Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon]]. Enlargement and embellishment of an earlier house (1779) by [[Thomas Cooley (architect)|Thomas Cooley]] with two single storey domed wings connected by a colonnade of coupled Ionic columns; Nash redecorated the oval drawing room.
* Vice-Regal Lodge, [[Phoenix Park]], [[Dublin]] (present-day [[Áras an Uachtaráin]], public residence of the [[President of Ireland]]; 1808, entrance lodges only).
* St. John's Church of Ireland church Valentia Island (1815).
* St John's Church Caledon, Count Tyrone (1808). Alterations including timber spire. Spire replaced in stone to same design 1830.
[[File:Gate entrance near Drumnolan - geograph.org.uk - 628271.jpg|thumb|right|Gatehouse at [[Castle Leslie]]]]
* St. Paul's Church of Ireland church in [[Cahir]], [[County Tipperary]] (1816–1818). Cruciform plan.
* Rockingham House, [[Boyle, County Roscommon]] (1810). Originally two-storey with curved central bow, fronted by a semi-circular Ionic colonnade, and surmounted by a dome. Built for the King Harmon family. Extra floor added by others. Burnt in fire 1957; subsequently demolished. Parkland now a public park and amenity.
* Rockingham lakeside gazebo.
* Rockingham Gothic Chapel. Roofless.
* Rockingham Castle. Nash may have contributed to picturesque [[island castle]] ruin.
* [[Swiss cottage, Cahir]] County Tipperary (1810–1814) [[Cottage ornée]].
* City Gaol, [[Limerick]], [[County Limerick]] (1811–1814).
* [[Lough Cutra Castle]], [[Gort, County Galway]] (1811–1817). Built for [[Charles Vereker, 2nd Viscount Gort|Charles Vereker]], subsequently [[Viscount Gort]].
* [[Shane's Castle]] in [[Randalstown]], [[County Antrim]] (1812–1816). Alterations to 17th century castle for [[Charles O'Neill, 1st Earl O'Neill]], consisting of lakeside terrace, and battlemented conservatory with round headed windows, watch-tower and look-out. Burnt down in 1816 before Nash's plans were completed.
* Burne Lodge. Crawfordsburn Park, [[County Down]] (1812). 2-storey gate lodge with octagonal room at first floor level.
[[File:Shanbally Castle.jpg|thumb|right|[[Shanbally Castle]]]]
* [[Shanbally Castle]], near [[Clogheen, County Tipperary]] (1818–1819). Built for [[Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1st Viscount Lismore]]; largest of Nash's Irish Castles; demolished and dynamited 1960.
* Gracefield Lodge, [[County Laois]], for a Mrs Kavanagh (1817).
* Erasmus Smith School, [[Cahir|Cahir, County Tipperary]] (1818).
* [[Tynan Abbey]], [[Tynan]], [[County Armagh]] (1820). Remodelled in Tudor Gothic style for Sir James [[Stronge baronets|Stronge]]; gutted by fire 1980. Drawings destroyed after being photographed.
* St. Luran's Church of Ireland, [[Derryloran]] parish, [[Cookstown]] (1822). Cost £2,769.4s.71/2d. Early English style. Rebuilt 1859–61, apart from tower.
* Woodpark Lodge, Co. Armagh. Alterations (1830s).
* St. Beaidh church, [[Ardcarn]], [[County Roscommon]]. Alterations including tower which was an eyecatcher to Rockingham House.
* [[Somerset House, Coleraine]] for a Mr Richardson. Date unknown. Unexecuted.
* Mountain Lodge, County Tipperary for Viscount Lismore. Date unknown. Now in a state of disrepair.
* [[Castle Leslie]], [[County Monaghan]]. Date unknown. Gateways and gate lodge.
* 80–82 Chapel Street, Cookstown, County Tyrone. Dower house to Killymoon. Date unknown.
* Finaghy House, [[Belfast]]. Date unknown.

===Work in Scotland===
Nash's only known work in Scotland is:
*St. Mary's Isle, [[Kirkcudbright]], an enclosure around family graves (1796)

==See also==
*[[Buildings and architecture of Brighton and Hove]]

==Notes==
{{notes}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==Sources==
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* {{cite ODNB|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/50182?rskey=dTXFr9&result=1|title="James Burton [Haliburton]", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/50182|year=2004| ref={{harvid|ODNB 2004}}}}
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* {{cite book|last=Port|first=M.H.|year=2006|title=Six Hundred New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818–1856|edition=2|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-1-904965-08-4}}
* {{cite web|url=https://biography.wales/article/s-NASH-JOH-1752|last1=Rees|first1=T. M.|date=1959|title=John Nash (1752-1835)|publisher=Dictionary of Welsh Biography|access-date=12 October 2022}}
* {{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sherfield|title=East Cowes Castle The Seat of John Nash Esq. A Pictorial History|publisher=Canon Press|year=1994|isbn=}}
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* {{cite book|first=Dorothy|last=Stroud|author-link=Dorothy Stroud|title=Humphry Repton|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1171866|year=1962|publisher=Country Life|location=London}}
* {{cite book|first=Dorothy|last=Stroud|author-link=Dorothy Stroud|title=Sir John Soane, architect|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/185359969|year=1984|publisher=Faber & Faber|location=London|isbn=978-0-571-13050-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Suggett|first=Richard|year=1995|title=John Nash Architect in Wales|publisher=[[Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales]]|isbn=1-871184-16-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Summerson|first=John|author-link=John Summerson|title=The Life and Work of John Nash, Architect|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeworkofjohnna0000summ/page/n7/mode/2up|year=1980|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0-262-19190-3|url-access=registration}}
* {{ODNBweb|id=21370|title=Parkinson, James (bap. 1730, d. 1813), land agent and museum proprietor|first=H. S.|last=Torrens}}
* {{cite book|last=Tyack|first=Geoffrey|year=2013|title=John Nash Architect of the Picturesque|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/830024856|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|isbn=978-1-84802-102-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Guy |title=Augustus Pugin Versus Decimus Burton: A Victorian Architectural Duel|url=https://archive.org/details/augustuspuginver0000will|url-access=registration| year=1990|publisher=Cassell Publishers Ltd.|location=London|isbn=978-0-304-31561-1}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|John Nash}}
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Nash, John|short=x}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nash, John}}
[[Category:1752 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:Architects from London]]
[[Category:Georgian architecture]]
[[Category:Historicist architects]]
[[Category:Regency architecture in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:18th-century British architects]]
[[Category:Burials in the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:19th-century English architects]]