Editing John I of Portugal

{{Short description|King of Portugal from 1385 to 1433}}
{{Redirect|João I|the king of Kongo|João I of Kongo}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = John I
| more         = portugal
| image        = Anoniem - Koning Johan I van Portugal (1450-1500) - Lissabon Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga 19-10-2010 16-12-61.jpg
| caption      = Portrait, {{circa|1435}}
| succession   = [[King of Portugal]]
| moretext     = [[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|(more...)]]
| reign        = 6 April 1385 – 14 August 1433
| cor-type     = Acclamation
| coronation   = 6 April 1385
| predecessor  = [[Beatrice of Portugal|Beatrice]] ''(disputed)'' or [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]]
| successor    = [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward]]
| birth_date   = 11 April 1357
| birth_place  = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| death_date   = 14 August 1433 (aged 76)
| death_place  = Lisbon, Portugal
| burial_date  =
| burial_place = [[Batalha Monastery]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Philippa of Lancaster]]|11 February 1387|19 July 1415|end=d}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
* [[Edward, King of Portugal]]
* [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra]]
* [[Henry, Duke of Viseu]]
* [[Isabella, Duchess of Burgundy]]
* [[John, Constable of Portugal]]
* [[Ferdinand the Holy Prince|Ferdinand, Master of Aviz]]
* Illegitimate:<br>[[Afonso I, Duke of Braganza]]
* [[Beatrice, Countess of Arundel]]
}}
| issue-link   = #Marriage and descendants
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| house        = [[House of Aviz|Aviz]]
| father       = [[Peter I of Portugal]]
| mother       = [[Teresa Lourenço]]
| signature    = Assinatura D. João I.svg
}}

'''John I''' ({{langx|pt|'''João'''}}<ref>Rendered as ''Joam'' or ''Joham'' in Archaic Portuguese</ref> [[WP:IPA for Portuguese|[ʒuˈɐ̃w̃]]]; 11 April 1357 – 14 August 1433), also called '''John of Aviz''', was [[King of Portugal]] from 1385 until his death in 1433. He is recognized chiefly for his role in Portugal's victory in [[1383–85 crisis|a succession war]] with [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], preserving his country's independence and establishing the [[House of Aviz|Aviz (or Joanine) dynasty]] on the Portuguese throne. His long reign of 48 years, the most extensive of all Portuguese monarchs, saw the beginning of Portugal's overseas expansion.<ref>{{cite web |last=Livermore |date=1998-07-20 |first=H. |title=John I, king of Portugal |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-I-king-of-Portugal |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |author-link=:de:Harold Livermore }}</ref> John's well-remembered reign in his country earned him the epithet '''of Fond Memory''' (''de Boa Memória''); he was also referred to as "the Good" (''o Bom''), sometimes "the Great" (''o Grande''), and more rarely, especially in [[Spain]], as "the Bastard" (''Bastardo'').

== Early life ==
John was born in [[Lisbon]] as the [[Royal bastard|natural son]] of King [[Peter I of Portugal]] by a woman named Teresa, who, according to the royal chronicler [[Fernão Lopes]] in the [[Chronicle of the King D. Pedro I]], was a noble [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galician]]. In the 18th century, António Caetano de Sousa found a 16th-century document in the archives of the [[Torre do Tombo]] in which she was named as Teresa Lourenço. In 1364, by request of Nuno Freire de Andrade, a Galician Grand Master of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]], he was created Grand Master of the [[Order of Aviz]].

When John's half-brother [[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]] died in October 1383 without a male heir, strenuous efforts were made to secure the succession for [[Beatrice of Portugal|Beatrice]], Ferdinand's only daughter and [[heir presumptive]]. Beatrice had married King [[John I of Castile]], but popular sentiment was against an arrangement in which Portugal would have been virtually annexed by Castile.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The [[1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum]] followed, a period of political anarchy, when no monarch ruled the country.

== Acclamation ==
[[File:Casamento João I e Filipa Lencastre.JPG|thumb|upright=1.10|The wedding of João I of Portugal, 2 February 1387 with [[Philippa of Lancaster]], by 15th-century painter and [[manuscript illuminator]] [[Master of Wavrin]], from around [[Lille]], now in France]]

On 6 April 1385, the Council of the Kingdom (the [[Portuguese Cortes]]) met in [[Coimbra]] and declared John, then Master of Aviz, to be king of Portugal.<ref name=Adam>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NdgCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA560 ''Spain and Portugal'', Graeme Mercer Adam ed., J. D. Morris, 1906]</ref> This was followed by the liberation of almost all of the [[Entre-Douro-e-Minho Province|Minho]] in the course of two months as part of a war against Castile in opposition to its claims to the Portuguese throne. Soon after, the king of Castile again invaded Portugal with the purpose of conquering [[Lisbon]] and removing John I from the throne. [[John I of Castile]] was accompanied by French allied cavalry while English troops and generals took the side of John of Aviz (see [[Hundred Years' War]]). John and [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]], his [[constable]] and talented supporter, repelled the attack in the decisive [[Battle of Aljubarrota]] on 14 August 1385.<ref name=Prestage>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12297a.htm Prestage, Edgar. "Portugal." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 27 Jul. 2014]</ref> John I of Castile then retreated. The Castilian forces abandoned [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], [[Torres Vedras]] and [[Torres Novas]], and many other towns were delivered to John I by Portuguese nobles from the Castilian side. As a result, the stability of the Portuguese throne was permanently secured.

On 2 February 1387, John I married [[Philippa of Lancaster]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt]],<ref name=Adam/> who had proved to be a worthy ally. The marriage consolidated an [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] that endures to the present day.

== Reign ==
{{see also|Conquest of Ceuta}}

[[File:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster dining with the King of Portugal - Chronique d' Angleterre (Volume III) (late 15th C), f.244v - BL Royal MS 14 E IV.png|thumb|left|John I of Portugal (center of table) dines with [[John of Gaunt]] (left side of table) during negotiations for the latter's invasion of Castile to enforce his claim as King. The negotiations resulted in the [[Treaty of Windsor (1386)|Treaty of Windsor]] which confirmed the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] and resulted in the marriage of the Portuguese King to John of Gaunt's daughter, [[Philippa of Lancaster]].]]

John I of Castile died in 1390 without issue from his wife Beatrice, which meant that a competing legitimate bloodline with a claim to the throne of Portugal died out. John I of Portugal was then able to rule in peace and concentrate on the economic development and territorial expansion of his realm. The most significant military actions were the [[Conquest of Ceuta|siege and conquest of the city of Ceuta]] by Portugal in 1415, and the successful [[Siege of Ceuta (1419)|defence of Ceuta]] from a Moroccan counterattack in 1419. These measure were intended to help seize control of navigation off the African coast and trade routes from the interior of Africa.

The raids and attacks of the [[Reconquista]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] created captives on both sides who were either ransomed or sold as slaves. The Portuguese crown extended this practice to North Africa. After the attack on Ceuta, the king sought papal recognition of the military action as a [[Crusade]]. Such a ruling would have enabled those captured to be legitimately sold as slaves.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hql01eFrdjUC&pg=PA162 |last=Metcalf |first=Alida C. |title=Go-betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600 |page=168 |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=2005 |isbn=0-292-71276-6 }}</ref> In response to John's request, Pope Martin V issued the [[Papal bull]] ''Sane charissimus'' of 4 April 1418,<ref name=Beasley>{{cite journal |last=Beasley |year=1910 |first=C. Raymond |title=Prince Henry of Portugal and the African Crusade of the Fifteenth Century |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 [p. 14] |doi=10.2307/1834305 |jstor=1834305 |author-link=Raymond Beazley |url=https://archive.org/stream/jstor-1834305/1834305#page/n3/mode/2up }}</ref> which confirmed to the king all of the lands he might win from the Moors. Under the auspices of Prince [[Henry the Navigator]], voyages were organized to explore the African coast. These led to the discovery of the uninhabited islands of [[Madeira]] in 1417 and the [[Azores]] in 1427; all were claimed by the Portuguese crown.

Contemporaneous writers describe John as a man of wit who was very keen on concentrating power on himself, but at the same time possessed a benevolent and kind demeanor. His youthful education as master of a religious order made him an unusually learned king for the Middle Ages. His love for knowledge and culture was passed on to his sons, who are often referred to collectively by Portuguese historians as the "[[Illustrious Generation (Portugal)|illustrious generation]]" (''Ínclita Geração''): [[Edward, King of Portugal|Edward]], the future king, was a poet and a writer; [[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Peter]], the Duke of Coimbra, was one of the most learned princes of his time; and Prince Henry the Navigator, the duke of Viseu, invested heavily in science and the development of nautical pursuits. In 1430, John's only surviving daughter, [[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Isabella]], married [[Philip the Good]], Duke of Burgundy, and enjoyed an extremely refined court culture in his lands; she was the mother of [[Charles the Bold]].
{{Clear}}

==Marriage and descendants==
{{main article|Illustrious Generation}}
On 2 February 1387, John I married [[Philippa of Lancaster]], daughter of [[John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster]], in [[Porto]].{{sfn|Goodman|1998|p=136}} From that marriage were born several famous princes and princesses of Portugal ''([[infante]]s)'' that became known as the "illustrious generation".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|'''By [[Philippa of Lancaster]]''' (31 March 1360 – 19 July 1415; married on 2 February 1387)
|-
|Infanta Blanche{{sfn|Coleman|2007|p=138}}|| 13 July 1388|| 6 March 1389||&nbsp;
|-
|Infante Afonso{{sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|loc=table 88}}|| 30 July 1390|| 22 December 1400||&nbsp;
|-
|[[Edward, King of Portugal|King Edward]]{{sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|loc=table 88}}|| 31 October 1391|| 13 September 1438||Who succeeded him as [[King of Portugal]].
|-
|[[Peter, Duke of Coimbra|Infante Peter]]{{sfn|Coleman|2007|p=138}}|| 9 December 1392|| 20 May 1449||[[Duke of Coimbra]]. Died in the [[Battle of Alfarrobeira]].
|-
|[[Prince Henry the Navigator|Infante Henry]]{{sfn|Ward|Prothero|Leathes|1934|loc=table 88}}|| 4 March 1394|| 13 November 1460||Known as Henry the Navigator. [[Duke of Viseu]] and Grand Master of the [[Order of Christ (Portugal)|Order of Christ]].
|-
|[[Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy|Infanta Isabella]]{{sfn|Coleman|2007|p=138}}|| 21 February 1397|| 11 December 1471||Duchess consort of Burgundy by marriage to [[Philip III, Duke of Burgundy]].
|-
|[[John, Constable of Portugal|Infante John]]{{sfn|Coleman|2007|p=138}}|| 13 January 1400|| 18 October 1442||Constable of the Kingdom and grandfather of [[Isabella I of Castile]].
|-
|[[Ferdinand the Holy Prince|Infante Ferdinand]]{{sfn|Coleman|2007|p=138}}|| 29 September 1402|| 5 June 1443||Grand Master of the [[Order of Aviz]]. Died in captivity in [[Fes]], Morocco.
|-
|colspan=4|By {{ill|Inês Pires|pt}} ({{circa|1350}}–1400?)
|-
|[[Afonso I, Duke of Braganza|Afonso]]<ref name=Oliveira>{{cite book|last=Rodrigues Oliveira|first=Ana|title=Rainhas medievais de Portugal.|year=2010 |page=412}}</ref>|| 10 August 1377|| 15 December 1461||Natural son and 1st [[Duke of Braganza]].
|-
|[[Beatrice, Countess of Arundel|Beatrice]]<ref name=Oliveira/>||{{circa|1380}}|| November 1439||Natural daughter. Countess of Arundel by marriage to [[Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel]]. Countess of Huntingdon by marriage to [[John Holland, 2nd Earl of Huntingdon]], later [[Duke of Exeter]].
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel|1. '''John I of Portugal'''|2. [[Peter I of Portugal]]<ref name="EB-John I">{{Britannica|304662|John I, King of Portugal}}</ref>|3. [[Teresa Lourenço]]<ref name="EB-John I"/>|4. [[Afonso IV of Portugal]]<ref name="EB-Peter I">{{Britannica|453638|Peter I, King of Portugal}}</ref>|5. [[Beatrice of Castile (1293–1359)|Beatrice of Castile]]<ref name="EB-Peter I"/>|6. Lourenço Martins<ref name="DeSousa1">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/4/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |pages=4}}</ref>|7. Sancha Martins<ref name="DeSousa1"/>|8. [[Denis of Portugal]]|9. [[Elizabeth of Aragon]]|10. [[Sancho IV of Castile]]|11. [[María de Molina]]|collapsed=yes|align=center|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |chapter=Philippa of Lancaster, Queen of Portugal--and Patron of the Gower Translations? |first=Joyce |last=Coleman |pages=135{{endash}}166 |title=England and Iberia in the Middle Ages, 12th-15th Century: Cultural, Literary, and Political Exchanges |editor-first=María |editor-last=Bullón-Fernández |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2007 }}
* {{EB1911|wstitle=John I. of Portugal|display=John I.|volume=15||pages=443–444}}
* Williamson, D. 1988. ''Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe''
* Ana Echevarría Arsuaga: ''Catalina de Lancaster'',  edit. Nerea, 2002. {{ISBN|84-89569-79-7}}).
* {{cite book |title=Chivalry and Exploration, 1298-1630 |first=Jennifer R. |last=Goodman |publisher=The Boydell Press |year=1998 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Cambridge Modern History |volume=XIII |editor-first1=A.W. |editor-last1=Ward |editor-first2=G.W. |editor-last2=Prothero |editor-first3=Stanley |editor-last3=Leathes |publisher=Cambridge at the University Press |year=1934 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Aviz]]|11 April|1357|14 August|1433|[[Portuguese House of Burgundy|House of Burgundy]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|last=[[Ferdinand I of Portugal|Ferdinand I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[King of Portugal]]|years=1385–1433}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Edward I of Portugal|Edward]]}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Martim Martins de Avelar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Order of Aviz|Grand Master of the Order of Aviz]]|years=1364–1387}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fernando Rodrigues de Siqueira]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
{{House of Aviz}}
{{House of Burgundy-Portugal}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 01 Of Portugal}}
[[Category:1357 births]]
[[Category:1433 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:House of Aviz]]
[[Category:Illegitimate children of Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Nobility from Lisbon]]
[[Category:People of the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum]]
[[Category:Sons of kings]]
[[Category:Children of Peter I of Portugal]]