Editing John I of France

{{Short description|King of France and Navarre in 1316}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = John I
| image        = JeanIposthume.JPG
| caption      = Tomb effigy of John the Posthumous
| reign        = 15&nbsp;– 19 November 1316
| succession   = [[King of France]] and [[King of Navarre|Navarre]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the French sovereign|more...]])
| predecessor  = [[Louis X and I]]
| successor    = [[Philip V and II]]
| regent       = [[Philip V and II|Philip, Count of Poitiers]]
| reg-type     = [[List of regents#France|Regent]]
| house = [[House of Capet|Capet]]
| father       = [[Louis X of France]]
| mother       = [[Clementia of Hungary]]
| birth_date   = 15 November 1316
| birth_place  = Paris, France
| death_date   = 19 November 1316 (aged 4 days)
| death_place  = Paris, France
| burial_place = [[Saint Denis Basilica]]
}}

'''John I''' (15&nbsp;– 19 November 1316),{{notetag|These are the dates given by the continuator of [[Guillaume de Nangis]].<ref>Hercule Géraud (1843) ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545870g/f570.item Chronique latine de Guillaume de Nangis, de 1113 à 1300, avec les continuations de cette chronique, de 1300 à 1368, tome 1]''. pp. 430–431.</ref> The ''Chronique Parisienne Anonyme de 1316 à 1339'' gives 13 and 18 November. His burial took place on Sunday 20 according to the same source,<ref>Amedée Hellot (1884). ''[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5438578z/f31.item.texteImage Chronique parisienne anonyme du XIVe siècle]''. p. 26.</ref> although the 20th was actually a Saturday.<ref>[https://core2.gsfc.nasa.gov/time/julian.html Julian Day and Civil Date Calculator].</ref>}} called '''the Posthumous''' ({{Langx|fr|Jean I le Posthume}}, {{langx|oc|Joan I lo Postume}}), was the [[King of France]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarre]], as the posthumous son and successor of [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], for the four days he lived in 1316. He is the youngest person to be king of France, the only one to have been king from birth, and the only one to hold the title for his entire life. His reign is the shortest of any undisputed French king. Although considered as a king today, his status was not recognized until chroniclers and historians in later centuries began numbering [[John II of France|John II]], thereby acknowledging John I's brief reign.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giesey|first=Ralph E.|year=2007|title=Le rôle méconnu de la Loi Salique: La succession royale, XIV<sup>e</sup>-XVI<sup>e</sup> siècles|publisher=Les Belles Lettres|place=Paris}}</ref>

John reigned for four days under the [[regency]] of his uncle, [[Philip V of France]], until his death on 19 November 1316. His death ended the three centuries of father-to-son succession to the French throne. The infant king was buried in the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]]. He was succeeded by his uncle, Philip, whose contested legitimacy led to the re-affirmation of the [[Salic law]], which excluded women from the line of succession to the French throne.

==Consequences==
[[File:Jean Ier Bier.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Funerary convoy of John I]]
The [[child mortality]] rate was very high in medieval Europe and John may have died from any number of causes, but rumours of poisoning spread immediately after his death (including one which said that he had been murdered with a pin by his aunt),<ref>''Magnificent Monarchs'' (Fact Attack series) p. 23 by Ian Locke; published by Macmillan in 1999; {{ISBN|978-0330-374965}}</ref> as many people benefited from it, and as John's father had also died in strange circumstances. The cause of his death is still not known today.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.histoire-et-secrets.com/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=101|title=Histoire et Secrets – découvrir l'histoire de France et du monde – Jean Ier : un règne de quatre jours|work=histoire-et-secrets.com|language=fr|access-date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925100226/http://www.histoire-et-secrets.com/articles.php?lng=fr&pg=101|archive-date=25 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The premature death of John brought the first issue of succession of the [[Capetian dynasty]]. When [[Louis X of France|Louis X]], his father, died without a son to succeed him, it was the first time since [[Hugh Capet]] that the succession from father to son of the kings of France was interrupted. It was then decided to wait until his pregnant widow, [[Clementia of Hungary]], delivered the child. The king's brother, [[Philip V of France|Philip the Tall]], was in charge of the regency of the kingdom against his uncle [[Charles, Count of Valois|Charles of Valois]]. The birth of a male child was expected to give France its king.  The problem of succession returned when John died four days after birth.  Philip ascended the throne at the expense of John's four-year-old half-sister, [[Joan II of Navarre|Joan]], daughter of [[Louis X of France|Louis X]] and [[Margaret of Burgundy, Queen of France|Margaret of Burgundy]].

==Supposed survival==
Various legends circulated about this royal child. First, it was claimed that his uncle, [[Philip V of France|Philip the Tall]], had him poisoned. Then, a strange story a few decades later started the rumor that the little King John was not dead. During the captivity of [[John II of France|John the Good]] (1356{{ndash}}1360), a man named Giannino Baglioni claimed to be John I and thus the heir to the throne. He tried to assert his rights, but was captured in [[Provence]] and died in captivity in 1363.<ref name="Falconieri">{{cite book |title=The Man Who Believed He Was King of France |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226145259 |url-access=registration |quote=The Man Who Believed He Was King of France. |first=Tommaso di |last=Carpegna Falconieri |date=19 September 2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226145259/page/n239 224] |isbn=978-0-226-14525-9 |others=Translated by William McCuaig}}</ref>

In ''The Man Who Believed He Was King of France'', Tommaso di Carpegna Falconieri suggests that [[Cola di Rienzo]] manufactured false evidence that Baglioni was John the Posthumous in order to strengthen his own power in [[Rome]] by placing Baglioni on the French throne. Shortly after they met in 1354, di Rienzo was assassinated, and Baglioni waited two years to report his claims. He went to the Hungarian court where [[Louis I of Hungary]], nephew of [[Clementia of Hungary]], allegedly recognized him as the son of Louis and Clementia. In 1360, Baglioni went to [[Avignon]], but [[Pope Innocent VI]] refused to receive him. After several attempts to gain recognition, he was arrested and imprisoned in [[Naples]], where he died in 1363.<ref name="Falconieri"/>

[[Maurice Druon]]'s [[historical novel]] series ''[[Les Rois maudits]]'' dramatises this theory and develops it as a major plotline throughout the series. In ''[[La Loi des mâles]]'' (1957), the infant John is temporarily switched with the child of Guccio Baglioni and Marie de Cressay as a [[decoy]] by [[Hugues de Bouville]], former chamberlain to [[Philip IV of France|Philip IV]] and protector of the child, and his wife. This child, mistaken for John, is subsequently poisoned by [[Mahaut, Countess of Artois]], in order to place John's uncle (and Mahaut's son-in-law), [[Philip V of France|Philippe, Count of Poitiers]], on the throne. Marie is coerced into secretly raising John as her own son, named Giannino Baglioni. An adult Giannino was portrayed by Jean-Gérard Sandoz in the 1972 [[Les Rois maudits (miniseries)|French miniseries adaptation]] of the series, and by Lorand Stoica in the 2005 adaptation.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

==See also==
* [[List of shortest-reigning monarchs]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Scottish Review |chapter=Summaries of Foreign Reviews: ''Natura ed Arte'' – Giannino Baglioni |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MVEcAQAAIAAJ&q=Cola+di+Rienzo+giannino+baglioni&pg=PA160 |pages=160–61 |date=July 1896 |volume=28 }}
==External links==
{{Commons}}

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{{s-vac|last=[[Louis X of France|Louis the Quarreler]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of French monarchs|King of France]] and [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Navarre]]|years=15 November{{spaced ndash}}19 November 1316}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Philip V of France|Philip the Tall]]}}
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{{Monarchs of France}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 01 of France}}
[[Category:1316 births]]
[[Category:1316 deaths]]
[[Category:14th-century kings of France]]
[[Category:14th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Nobility from Paris]]
[[Category:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis]]
[[Category:House of Capet]]
[[Category:Monarchs who died as children]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:French royalty who died as children]]