Editing John IV of Portugal

{{Short description|King of Portugal from 1640 to 1656}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = John IV
| image        = Portrait of John, Duke of Braganza c.&nbsp;1630 (The Royal Castle in Warsaw).png
| alt          =
| caption      = Portrait by [[Peter Paul Rubens]], {{circa|1628}}
| succession   = [[King of Portugal]]
| moretext     = ([[Style of the Portuguese sovereign|more...]])
| reign        = 1 December 1640 – 6 November 1656
| coronation   = 15 December 1640
| predecessor  = [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]]
| successor    = [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1604|03|19|df=y}}
| birth_place  = [[Ducal Palace of Vila Viçosa]], [[Vila Viçosa]], Portugal
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1656|11|6|1604|03|19|df=y}}
| death_place  = [[Ribeira Palace]], [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| burial_date  =
| burial_place = [[Pantheon of the House of Braganza|Pantheon of the Braganzas]]
| spouse       = [[Luisa de Guzmán]] ({{abbr|m.|married}} 1633)
| issue        = [[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil]] <br>[[Joana, Princess of Beira]]<br>[[Catherine of Braganza|Catherine, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland]]<br>[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI, King of Portugal]] <br> [[Peter II of Portugal|Peter II, King of Portugal]]
| issue-link   = #Marriages and descendants
| house        = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<ref name="Torgal 1981">{{cite book |last=Torgal |first=Luís Reis |year=1981 |chapter=A Restauração – Sua Dinâmica Sócio-política |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WIKrsgWG91gC&pg=PA69 |title=Ideologia Política e Teoria do Estado na Restauração |location=[[Coimbra]] |publisher=[[University of Coimbra General Library|Biblioteca Geral da Universidade de Coimbra]] |language=pt |volume=I |pages=69–85 |hdl=10316/665 |isbn=9789726160823}}</ref>
| father       = [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza]]
| mother       = [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]]
| religion     = [[Catholic Church in Portugal|Roman Catholicism]]
| signature    = Assinatura D. João IV.svg
}}

''[[Dom (honorific)|Dom]]'' '''John IV''' ({{lang|pt|João|italic = no}};<ref>Also rendered as Joam in Archaic Portuguese</ref><ref>{{IPA|pt|ʒuˈɐ̃w|pron}}</ref> 19 March 1604 – 6 November 1656), also known by the Portuguese as '''John the Restorer''' ({{lang|pt|João, o Restaurador}}), was the [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] from 1640 until his death in 1656. He [[Portuguese Restoration War|restored the independence of Portugal]] from [[Habsburg Spain|Habsburg Spanish]] rule<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> by terminating the 60-year-old [[Iberian Union]] in which Portugal and Spain [[personal union|shared the same monarch]], and by establishing the [[House of Braganza]] on the Portuguese throne.

Before becoming king, he was '''John II''', the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]]. He was the grandson of [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]],<ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Portugal#History|display=Portugal § History|volume=22|page=148|first=Kingsley Garland|last=Jayne}}</ref> a claimant to the crown during the [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]. On the eve of his death in 1656, the [[Portuguese Empire]] was at its territorial zenith, spanning the globe.<ref name="Brading1993">{{cite book|author=[[David Brading|D.A. Brading]]|title=The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots and the Liberal State 1492–1866|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vQdyHIKrqJYC&pg=PA213|date= 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-44796-6|page=213}}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Pedro Américo - Retrato de Dom João IV, infante, duque de Bragança.jpg|thumb|140px|left|John as an infant; [[Pedro Américo]], 1879.]]
John IV was born at [[Vila Viçosa]] and succeeded his father [[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]] as [[Duke of Braganza]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Dyer|first=Thomas Henry|title=1593–1721|year=1877|page=340|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-vPSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA340}}</ref> when the latter died insane in 1630. He married [[Luisa de Guzmán]] (1613–66), the eldest daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia]], in 1633. John was described as having blonde hair and an average height.{{sfn |Sousa 1741, Vol VII|p= 238}}

== Reign ==
=== Accession ===
[[File:JoaoIV Google Arts Project.jpg|thumb|left|upright|John as king of Portugal by [[José de Avelar Rebelo]], {{circa|1640s}}.]]
When [[Philip II of Portugal]] (III of Spain) died, he was succeeded by his son [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]] (IV of Spain), who had a different approach to Portuguese issues. Taxes on the Portuguese merchants were raised, the Portuguese nobility began to lose its influence, and government posts in Portugal were increasingly occupied by Spaniards. Ultimately, Philip III tried to make Portugal a Spanish province, meaning Portuguese nobles stood to lose all of their power.

This situation culminated in a revolution organized by the nobility and the ''[[bourgeoisie]]'',<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> executed on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the accession of [[Philip II of Spain]] to the throne of Portugal. A plot was planned by several associates, known as the [[Forty Conspirators]], who killed the [[Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)|Secretary of State]], [[Miguel de Vasconcelos]], and imprisoned the king's cousin, [[Margaret of Savoy, Vicereine of Portugal|Margaret of Savoy]], the [[Vicereine]] of Portugal, governing the country in the King's name. Philip's troops were at the time fighting the [[Thirty Years' War]] and also dealing with a [[Reapers' War|revolution in Catalonia]], which severely hampered Spain's ability to quash the rebellion.

Within a matter of hours and with popular support, John, then the 8th [[Duke of Braganza]], was acclaimed as King John IV of Portugal<ref name="Torgal 1981"/> (as the legend goes, with the persuasion of [[Luisa de Guzman|his wife]]), claiming legitimate succession through his grandmother [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Davenport|first=Frances Gardiner|title=European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648|year=2004|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=978-1584774228|page=324|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mDPF4ILESaUC&q=john+iv+King+philip+iv&pg=PA324}}</ref> The ensuing conflict with Spain brought Portugal into the Thirty Years' War as, at least, a peripheral player. From 1641 to 1668, the period during which the two nations were at war, Spain sought to isolate Portugal militarily and diplomatically, and Portugal tried to find the resources to maintain its independence through political alliances and maintenance of its colonial income.

=== Restoration War ===
{{main|Portuguese Restoration War}}
His accession led to a protracted war with neighbouring [[Spain]], a conflict known as the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which ended with the recognition of Portuguese independence in a subsequent reign (1668).<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=John IV. of Portugal|display=John IV.|volume=15|page=444}}</ref>  Portugal signed lengthy alliances with [[France]] (1 June 1641) and [[Sweden]] (August 1641) but by necessity its only contributions in the [[Thirty Years' War]] were in the field against Spain and against [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] encroachments on the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonies]].

The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare, much of it occasioned by Spanish and Portuguese entanglements with non-Iberian powers. Spain was involved in the [[Thirty Years' War]] until 1648 and the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]] until 1659, while Portugal was involved in the [[Dutch–Portuguese War]] until 1663. In Spain, a Portuguese invasion force defeated the Spanish at [[Battle of Montijo|Montijo]], near [[Badajoz]], in 1644.

=== Imperial Recovery ===
Abroad, the Dutch took [[Portuguese Malacca]] (January 1641), and the [[List of rulers of Oman#List of imams (1406–1749)|Imam of Oman]] captured [[Muscat]] (1650). Nevertheless, the Portuguese, despite having to divide their forces among Europe, Brazil, and Africa, managed to [[Recapture of Angola|retake Luanda]], in [[Portuguese Angola]], from the Dutch in 1648 and, by 1654, had recovered [[Dutch Brazil|northern Brazil]], which effectively ceased to be a Dutch colony. This was countered by the loss of [[Portuguese Ceylon]] (present day [[Sri Lanka]]) to the Dutch, who took [[Colombo]] in 1656.

==Death and legacy==
King John IV died in 1656 and was succeeded by his son [[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]. His daughter, [[Catherine of Braganza]], married King [[Charles II of England]].<ref name="EB1911"/> Bombay in India was given as dowry to the English.

John was a patron of music and the arts, and a considerably sophisticated writer on music; in addition to this, he was a composer. During his reign he collected one of the largest libraries in the world, but it was destroyed in the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|Lisbon earthquake of 1755]]. Among his writings are a defense of [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], and a ''Defense of Modern Music'' (Lisbon, 1649).<ref>{{cite book |last= John IV |first= King of Portugal |author-link= John IV of Portugal |editor-last= Ribeiro |editor-first= Mário de Sampayo |year= 1965 |orig-year= 1649 |title= Defensa de la musica moderna contra la errada opinion del Obispo Cyrilo Franco |language= Spanish |trans-title= Defense of modern music against the mistaken opinion of Bishop [[Bernardino Cirillo|Cyrilo Franco]] |edition= reprint |series= Acta Universitatis Conimbrigensis |publisher= [[University of Coimbra]] |location= [[Portugal]] |isbn= 9789726160564 |oclc= 258290532 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2gQLAAAAMAAJ}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=-TN0Vf9GwSMC 'View digitized copy of originai 1649 book']</ref> One famous composition attributed to him is a setting of the ''[[Crux fidelis]]'', a work that remains highly popular during [[Holy Week]] amongst church choirs. However, no known manuscript of the work exists, and it was first published only in 1869, in [[France]]. On stylistic grounds, it is generally recognized that the work was written in the 19th century.<ref>Grove Dictionary of Music: ''Doubtful: Crux fidelis, 4vv, D-Dlb; ed. G. Schmitt, Anthologie universelle de musique sacrée (Paris, 1869); ed. J. Santos, A polifonia clássica portuguesa (Lisbon, 1937)''</ref>

In 1646, John IV proclaimed Mary, in her conception as the Immaculate Conception (the 'Immaculata'), the [[Patronages of the Immaculate Conception|Patroness of Portugal by royal decree of the House of Braganza]]. The doctrine had appeared in the Middle Ages and had been fiercely debated in the 15th and 16th centuries, but a bull issued in 1616 by Pope Paul V finally "[forbade] anyone to teach or preach a contrary opinion."<ref>Bartomomé Estebán Murillo and Nancy Coe Wixom, "The Immaculate Conception", ''The Bulletin of the Cleveland Museum of Art'', Vol. 47, No. 7 (Sept, 1960), p. 163.</ref> Three years later, in 1649, the iconography of the Immaculata was established by Francisco Pacheco (1564–1654), a Spanish artistic advisor to the Inquisition, based on ''Revelation XII:1''.<ref>Anna Jameson, ''Legends of the Madonna'', Boston & New York, 1895, p. 14.</ref>

==Marriages and descendants==
John married [[Luisa de Guzmán]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bourn|first=Thomas|title=A Concise Gazetteer of the Most Remarkable Places in the World; with brief notices of the principal historical events ... connected with them, etc.|year=1815|page=413|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MrdCAAAAcAAJ&q=john+iv+of+portugal+married+louisa&pg=PA413}}</ref> daughter of [[Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán, 8th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Juan Manuel Pérez de Guzmán]], 8th [[Duke of Medina-Sidonia]]. From that marriage several children were born. Because some of John's children were born and died before their father became king they are not considered [[infante]]s or infantas (heirs to the throne) of Portugal.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes
|-
|colspan=4|'''By [[Luisa de Guzmán]]''' (13 October 1613 –  27 February 1666; married on 12 January 1633)
|-
|[[Teodósio, Prince of Brazil|Infante Teodósio]]|| 8 February 1634|| 13 May 1653||[[Prince of Brazil]] and 9th [[Duke of Braganza]]. Died young.
|-
|Ana de Bragança|| 21 January 1635|| 21 January 1635||&nbsp;
|-
|[[Joana, Princess of Beira|Infanta Joana]] (Joan)|| 18 September 1635|| 17 November 1653||&nbsp;
|-
|[[Catherine of Braganza|Infanta Catherine]] (Catarina)|| 25 November 1638|| 31 December 1705||Commonly known as Catherine of Braganza. [[Queen consort]] through marriage to [[Charles II of England]].
|-
|Manuel de Bragança|| 6 September 1640|| 6 September 1640||&nbsp;
|-
|[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Infante Afonso]]|| 21 August 1643|| 12 September 1683||Prince of Brazil and 10th Duke of Braganza. Succeeded him as Afonso VI, [[King of Portugal]].
|-
| [[Peter II of Portugal|Infante Peter]] (Pedro)|| 26 April 1648|| 9 December 1706||Duke of Beja, Constable of the Kingdom, Lord of the [[Casa do Infantado]] and Regent of the Kingdom before succeeding his brother Afonso as Peter II, [[King of Portugal]].
|-
|colspan=4|'''Illegitimate offspring'''
|-
|[[Maria de Bragança]]|| 30 April 1644|| 7 February 1693||Natural daughter.
|}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''John IV of Portugal'''
|2= 2. [[Teodósio, 7th Duke of Braganza]]
|3= 3. [[Ana de Velasco y Girón]]
|4= 4. [[João, 6th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903">{{cite book |last=Stephens |first=Henry Morse |title=The story of Portugal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwMqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA139 |access-date=11 July 2018 |year=1903 |publisher=G.P. Putnam's Sons |pages=125, 279, 303|isbn=9780722224731 }}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Catarina of Portugal, Duchess of Braganza|Catherine of Portugal]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|6= 6. [[Juan Fernández de Velasco y Tovar, 5th Duke of Frías|Juan, 5th Duke of Frías]]
|7= 7. [[María Téllez-Girón y Guzmán]]
|8= 8. [[Teodósio, 5th Duke of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|9= 9. [[Isabel of Lencastre]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|10= 10. [[Duarte, Duke of Guimarães (1515–1540)|Edward, Duke of Guimarães]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|11= 11. [[Isabel of Braganza, Duchess of Guimarães|Isabel of Braganza]]<ref name="Stephens1903"/>
|12= 12. [[Íñigo Fernández de Velasco y Girón, 4th Duke of Frías|Íñigo, 4th Duke of Frías]]
|13= 13. Ana de Guzmán y Aragón
|14= 14. [[Pedro Téllez-Girón y de la Cueva, 1st Duke of Osuna|Pedro, 1st Duke of Osuna]]
|15= 15. Leonor de Guzmán y Aragón
}}

== References ==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book
  | last = Sousa
  | first = António Caetano de
  | year =
  | language = Portuguese
  | title = História genealógica da Casa Real portuguesa
  | volume = VII
  | publisher = Silviana
  | location = Lisbon
  | isbn =
  | ref = {{sfnRef|Sousa 1741, Vol VII}}
  }}{{ISBN?}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John IV of Portugal}}
* {{ChoralWiki|John IV of Portugal}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DxEU3VXiAqY ''Crux fidelis''] Recording of John IV's best-known choral work

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Braganza]]|19 March|1604|6 November|1656|[[House of Aviz]]}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]]}}
{{s-ttl|title={{nowrap|[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal and the Algarves]]}}|years=1640–1656}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Afonso VI of Portugal|Afonso VI]]}}
{{s-reg|pt}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza|Teodósio II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Barcelos]]|years=1630–1640}}
{{S-non|reason=Merged with the Crown}}
{{s-end}}

{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
{{Dukes of Braganza}}
{{House of Braganza}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 04 Of Portugal}}
[[Category:1604 births]]
[[Category:1656 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese classical composers]]
[[Category:17th-century Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:Burials at the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora]]
[[Category:Constables of Portugal]]
[[Category:Dukes of Barcelos]]
[[Category:Dukes of Braganza]]
[[Category:Dukes of Guimarães]]
[[Category:House of Braganza]]
[[Category:Portuguese male classical composers]]
[[Category:People from Vila Viçosa]]
[[Category:Portuguese Baroque composers]]
[[Category:Portuguese infantes]]
[[Category:Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:Portuguese Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Rebel princes]]
[[Category:Royal reburials]]