Editing John II of Aragon

{{Short description|King of Aragon from 1458 to 1479}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = John II
| image        = SOAOTO - Folio 067R (cropped).jpg
| caption      = John as a [[Knight of the Golden Fleece]]<br />Miniature from the southern Netherlands, 1473
| alt          = Depiction of King John II in his seventy-fifth year
| succession   = [[King of Aragon]]
| moretext     = ([[#External links|more]]...)
| reign        = 27 June 1458 – {{nowrap|20 January 1479}}
| predecessor  = [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]]
| successor    = [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]]
| succession1  = [[King of Sicily]]
| reign1       = 27 June 1458 – 1468
| predecessor1 = Alfonso V
| successor1   = Ferdinand II
| succession2  = [[King of Navarre]]
| reign2       = 8 September 1425 – {{nowrap|20 January 1479}}
| predecessor2 = [[Charles III of Navarre|Charles III]]
| successor2   = [[Eleanor of Navarre|Eleanor]]
| reg-type2 = Co-ruler
| regent2  = [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]] (until 1441)
| regent3 = [[Charles IV of Navarre|Charles IV]] (1441–1461)<br>[[Blanche II of Navarre|Blanche II]] (1461–1464)
| reg-type3 = Contenders
| spouses      = {{Plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Blanche I of Navarre]]|1420|1441|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Juana Enríquez]]|1447|1468|end=died}}
}}
| issue        = {{plainlist}}
*[[Charles IV, King of Navarre]]
*[[Blanche II, Queen of Navarre]]
*[[Eleanor, Queen of Navarre]]
*[[Ferdinand II, King of Aragon]]
*[[Joanna of Aragon, Queen of Naples|Joanna, Queen of Naples]]
*Illegitimate:<br> [[Alfonso de Aragón y Escobar|Alfonso, Duke of Villahermosa]]
*[[Juan de Aragón (archbishop)|John, Archbishop of Zaragoza]]
{{endplainlist}}
| issue-link   = #Marriages and issue
| house        = [[House of Trastámara|Trastámara]]
| father       = [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]
| mother       = [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]
| birth_date   = 29 June 1398
| birth_place  = [[Medina del Campo]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=yes|1479|1|20|1398|6|29}}
| death_place  = [[Barcelona]]
| burial_place = [[Poblet Monastery]]
}}
'''John II''' ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Juan II'', [[Catalan language|Catalan]]: ''Joan II'', [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]: ''Chuan II'' and {{langx|eu|Joanes II}}; 29 June 1398 – 20 January 1479), called '''the Great''' (''el Gran'') or '''the Faithless''' (''el Sense Fe''),{{sfn|Ruiz|2007|p=?}} was [[King of Aragon]] from 1458 until his death in 1479. As the husband of Queen [[Blanche I of Navarre]], he was [[King of Navarre]] from 1425 to 1479. John was also [[King of Sicily]] from 1458 to 1468.

== Biography ==
[[File:Carlino Giovanni II.jpg|thumb|right|A Sicilian–Athenian–Neopatrian ''[[carlino]]'' of John II.]]
John was born at [[Medina del Campo]] (in the [[Crown of Castile]]), the son of King [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]{{sfn|Woodacre|2013|p=91}} and [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]].{{sfn|Earenfight|2015|p=143}} In his youth he was one of the ''infantes'' (princes) of Aragon who took part in the dissensions of Castile during the minority and reign of [[John II of Castile]]. Until middle life he was also lieutenant-general in Aragon for his brother and predecessor [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso V]], whose reign was mainly spent in [[Italy]].{{sfn|Scofield|1923|p=235}} In his old age he was preoccupied by incessant conflicts with his Aragonese and Catalan subjects, with [[Louis XI of France]], and in preparing the way for the marriage of his son Ferdinand with [[Isabella I of Castile]] which brought about the union of the crowns of Aragon and Castile and which was to create the [[Habsburg Spain|Monarchy of Spain]]. His troubles with his subjects were closely connected with tragic dissensions within his own family.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

John was first married to [[Blanche I of Navarre]] of the [[House of Évreux]].{{sfn|Scofield|1923|p=235}} In 1432, John II appointed [[Juan Vélaz de Medrano IV|Juan Vélaz de Medrano]], Lord of Igúzquiza and Learza, as his royal [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]], a position he had previously held under Blanche's late father, [[Charles III of Navarre]]. By right of Blanche he became [[king of Navarre]], and on her death in 1441 he was left in possession of the kingdom for his lifetime. But one son, [[Charles of Viana|Charles]], given the title "Prince of Viana" as heir of Navarre, had been born of the marriage. John quickly came to regard this son with jealousy. After his second marriage, to [[Juana Enríquez]], it grew into absolute hatred, being encouraged by Juana. John tried to deprive his son of his constitutional right to act as lieutenant-general of Aragon during his father's absence. Charles's cause was taken up by the Aragonese, however, and the king's attempt to make his second wife lieutenant-general was set aside.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

There followed the long [[Navarrese Civil War (1451–1455)|Navarrese Civil War]], with alternations of success and defeat, ending only with the death of the prince of Viana, possibly by poison administered by his father in 1461.{{sfn|Livermore|1966|p=120}} The institutions of the [[Principality of Catalonia]], who had adopted the cause of Charles and who had grievances of their own, called in a succession of foreign pretenders in the ten years' [[Catalan Civil War]]. John spent his last years contending with them. He was forced to pawn [[Roussillon]], his Catalan possession on the north-east of the Pyrenees, to King [[Louis XI of France]], who refused to part with it.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

In his old age John was blinded by [[cataract]]s, but recovered his eyesight with an operation ([[Couching (ophthalmology)|couching]]) conducted by his physician [[Abiathar Crescas]], a [[Jew]]. The Catalan revolt was pacified in 1472, but until his death in 1479 John carried on a war, in which he was generally unfortunate, with his neighbor the French king. He was succeeded by [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]], his son by his second marriage, who was already married to [[Isabella I of Castile]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} With his death and son's accession to the throne of Aragon, the unification of the realms of Spain under one royal house began in earnest.

== Marriages and issue==
From his first marriage to [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche of Navarre]], John had the following children:
*[[Charles, Prince of Viana]] (1421–1461),{{sfn|Scofield|1923|p=235}} married [[Agnes of Cleves]] (1422–1448), no legitimate issue.
*Joanna of Navarre (1423{{spaced ndash}}22 August 1425)
*[[Blanche II of Navarre]] (1424–1464), married [[Henry IV of Castile|Henry, Prince of Asturias]], no issue.
*[[Eleanor of Navarre]]{{sfn|Merriman|1918|p=61}} (1426-1479),{{sfn|Scofield|1923|p=235}} married [[Gaston IV, Count of Foix]] (1422–1472), had issue.

[[File:Ducado aragonés Juan II de Aragón (1453).jpg|thumb|A ''[[ducat]]'' with John II's effigy]]
From his second marriage to [[Juana Enríquez]], John had the following children:
*[[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]{{sfn|Merriman|1918|p=61}} (1452-1516). Married [[Isabella I of Castile]].
*[[Joanna of Aragon, Queen consort of Naples|Joanna of Aragon]] (1455–1517). Married [[Ferdinand I of Naples]].

Illegitimate children:
* [[Alfonso de Aragón y de Escobar]] (1417-1495), [[Duke of Villahermosa]]
* [[Juan de Aragón (archbishop)|Juan de Aragón]] (1440–1475), [[Archbishop of Zaragoza]]
* Felipe de Carrayos del Radona (Phillipe del Radona){{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

== Ancestors ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name="DeSousa2">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/historiagenealog02sous#page/496/mode/2up |title=Historia genealogica da casa real portugueza |trans-title=Genealogical History of the Royal House of Portugal |volume=2 |language=pt |last=de Sousa |first=Antonio Caetano |publisher=Lisboa Occidental |year=1735 |page=497}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''John II of Aragon'''
|2= 2. [[Ferdinand I of Aragon]]
|3= 3. [[Eleanor of Alburquerque]]
|4= 4. [[John I of Castile]]
|5= 5. [[Eleanor of Aragon, Queen of Castile|Eleanor of Aragon]]
|6= 6. [[Sancho Alfonso]]
|7= 7. [[Beatrice of Portugal (died 1381)|Beatrice of Portugal]]
|8= 8. [[Henry II of Castile]]
|9= 9. [[Juana Manuel]]
|10= 10. [[Peter IV of Aragon]]
|11= 11. [[Eleanor of Sicily]]
|12= 12. [[Alfonso XI of Castile]]
|13= 13. [[Leonor de Guzmán]]
|14= 14. [[Peter I of Portugal]]
|15= 15. [[Inês de Castro]]
}}

== See also ==

* [[Castilian Civil War of 1437–1445]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{Commons category}}
*{{cite book |chapter=Trastamara Kings, Queens, and the Gender Dynamics of Monarchy |first=Theresa |last=Earenfight |pages=141–160 |title=The Emergence of León-Castile c.1065-1500: Essays Presented to J.F. O'Callaghan |editor-first=James |editor-last=Todesca  |publisher=Ashgate |year=2015 }}
*{{cite book |title=A New History of Portugal |first=H. V. |last=Livermore |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1966  }}120
*{{cite book |author-link=Roger Bigelow Merriman |first=Roger Bigelow |last=Merriman |title=The Rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old and in the New |volume=2 |publisher=The Macmillan Company |year=1918 }}
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u7TTGgts6e8C&pg=PA222 |title=Spain's centuries of crisis: 1300–1474 |first=Teófilo F. |last=Ruiz |publisher= Wiley-Blackwell |year=2007|isbn=978-1-4051-2789-9 }}
*{{cite book |title=The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth, King of England and of France, and Ireland |volume=1 |first=Cora Louise |last=Scofield |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |year=1923  }}
*{{cite book |first=Elena |last=Woodacre |title=The Queens Regnant of Navarre: Succession, Politics, and Partnership, 1274–1512 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2013 }}
*Rivadeneyra. "Cronicas de los reyes de Castilla," ''Biblioteca de autores espanoles'', vols. Ixvi, Ixviii. Madrid, 1845.
*[[Gerónimo Zurita|Zurita, G.]] ''Anales de Aragon''. Saragossa, 1610.{{title incomplete|date=April 2017}}{{volume needed|date=April 2017}}
*Prescott W. H. ''History of the Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella''. 1854.
*{{EB1911|wstitle=John II of Aragon|display=John II.|volume=15|page=440}}

==External links==

{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Trastámara]]|29 June|1397|20 January|1479}}
{{S-reg}}
{{s-bef
| rows = 2
| before = [[Alfonso V of Aragon|Alfonso the Magnanimous]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[King of Aragon]], [[King of Valencia|Valencia]], [[King of Majorca|Majorca]],<br />[[King of Sicily|Sicily]], [[King of Sardinia and Corsica|Sardinia and Corsica]];<br />[[Count of Barcelona]]
| years = 1458–1479
1458-1468 (Sicily)
}}
{{s-aft
| rows = 1
| after = [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand the Catholic]]
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|-
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Count of Roussillon]] and [[Count of Cerdagne|Cerdagne]]
| years = 1458–1462
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{{s-aft
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| after = [[Louis XI of France|Louis the Prudent]]
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|-
{{s-bef
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| before = [[Charles III of Navarre|Charles III]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[List of Navarrese monarchs|King of Navarre]] ([[jure uxoris]])
| regent1 = [[Blanche I of Navarre|Blanche I]]
| years = 1425–1441
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Charles of Viana|Charles IV]]<br>''de jure''
}}
|-
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Kings of Navarre|King of Navarre]] ''de facto''<br /><small>withholding the crown from<br />[[Charles of Viana|Charles IV]] and [[Blanche II of Navarre|Blanche II]]</small>
| years = 1441–1479
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Eleanor of Navarre|Eleanor]]
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|-
{{S-reg|es}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Martin of Aragon]]}}
{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Montblanc]]
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{{S-aft
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| after = [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
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{{s-bef
| before = [[James II of Urgell]]
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{{s-ttl
| title = [[Lord of Balaguer]]
| years = 1418–1458
}}
|-
{{S-bef
| before = [[Hugo I, Duke of Gandia|Hugh of Cardona]]
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{{S-ttl
| title = [[Duke of Gandia]]
| years = 1433–1439
}}
{{S-aft
| after = [[Charles, Prince of Viana|Charles of Viana]]
}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Infantes of Aragon}}
{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Navarrese monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of Sicily}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:John 02 Of Aragon}}
[[Category:1398 births]]
[[Category:1479 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:15th-century kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:15th-century Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Medina del Campo]]
[[Category:House of Trastámara]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Majorca]]
[[Category:Valencian monarchs]]
[[Category:Remarried jure uxoris kings]]
[[Category:Jure uxoris kings]]
[[Category:Navarrese monarchs]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:Dukes of Montblanc]]
[[Category:Dukes of Gandía]]
[[Category:Burials at the Poblet Monastery]]
[[Category:Counts of Malta]]