Editing John Hunter (surgeon)

{{Short description|British surgeon (1752–1802)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2014}}

{{Infobox medical person
|name                    = John Hunter
|box_width               =
|image                   = John Hunter by John Jackson.jpg
|caption                 = Painted by [[John Jackson (painter)|John Jackson]], 1813, after Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]], 1786
|birth_date              = {{birth date|df=yes|1728|2|13}}
|birth_place             = Long Calderwood near<!--now part of--> [[East Kilbride]], Scotland
|death_date              = {{death date and age|df=yes|1793|10|16|1728|2|13}}
|death_place             = [[London]], England
|profession              = [[Surgeon]]
|specialism              =
|research_field          = [[Dentistry]], [[gunshot wounds]], [[venereal diseases]], [[digestion]], [[child development]], [[foetal development]], [[lymphatic system]]
|known_for               = Scientific method in medicine<br>Many discoveries in surgery and medicine
|education               = [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
|work_institutions       = [[St George's Hospital]]
|prizes                  = [[Copley Medal]] (1787)
|relations               =
|spouse                  = {{marriage|[[Anne Hunter|Anne Home]]|1771}}
}}
[[File:Statue of Dr John Hunter, Scottish National Portrait Gallery.jpg|thumb|upright|A statue of John Hunter, [[Scottish National Portrait Gallery]]]]
[[File:Plaster cast medallion of Dr John Hunter, Science Museum, London.jpg|thumb|upright|A plaster cast medallion of John Hunter, Science Museum, London]]
'''Sir John Hunter''' {{Post-nominals|post-noms=[[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]]}} (13 February 1728 – 16 October 1793) was a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[surgery|surgeon]], one of the most distinguished scientists and surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of careful observation and scientific methods in medicine. He was a teacher of, and collaborator with, [[Edward Jenner]], pioneer of the [[smallpox]] vaccine. He paid for the stolen body of [[Charles Byrne (giant)|Charles Byrne]], and proceeded to study and exhibit it against the deceased's explicit wishes. His wife, [[Anne Hunter]] ({{nee|Home}}), was a poet, some of whose poems were set to music by [[Joseph Haydn]].

He learned anatomy by assisting his elder brother [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William]] with dissections in William's anatomy school in Central London, starting in 1748, and quickly became an expert in anatomy. He spent some years as an Army surgeon, worked with the dentist James Spence conducting [[tooth transplant]]s, and in 1764 set up his own anatomy school in London. He built up a collection of living animals whose skeletons and other organs he prepared as anatomical specimens, eventually amassing nearly 14,000 preparations demonstrating the anatomy of humans and other [[vertebrates]], including 3,000+ animals.

Hunter became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1767. He was elected to the [[American Philosophical Society]] in 1787.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Hunter|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=John+Hunter|access-date=14 December 2020|website=American Philosophical Society Member History|publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> In 1808, Hunter served as sergeant-surgeon to [[King]] [[George III]], and was knighted in 1813.[[George III|The]] [[Hunterian Society]] of London was named in his honour, and the [[Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons]] preserves his name and his collection of anatomical specimens. It still contains the illegally procured body of [[Charles Byrne (giant)|Charles Byrne]], despite ongoing protests. It is currently no longer on display, but is still held by the Royal College of Surgeons (2024).

== Early life ==
Hunter was born at [[Calderwood, East Kilbride|Long Calderwood]] to Agnes Paul (c.1685–1751) and John Hunter (1662/3–1741), the youngest of their ten children.<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB|title=The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|date=23 September 2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14220|pages=ref:odnb/14220|editor-last=Matthew|editor-first=H. C. G.|place=Oxford|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14220|access-date=11 July 2021|editor2-last=Harrison|editor2-first=B.}}</ref><ref>Moore, p. 43</ref> Three of Hunter's siblings (one of whom had also been named John) died of illness before he was born. An elder brother was [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William Hunter]], the [[anatomist]]. As a youth, he showed little talent, and helped his brother-in-law as a [[cabinet-maker]].<ref name=":0" />

== Education and training ==
When nearly 21 years old, he visited William in London, where his brother had become an admired teacher of anatomy. Hunter started as his assistant in dissections (1748), and was soon running the practical classes on his own.<ref>Brook C. 1945. ''Battling surgeon''. Strickland, Glasgow. pp. 15–17</ref> It has recently been alleged that Hunter's brother [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William]], and his brother's former tutor [[William Smellie (obstetrician)|William Smellie]], were responsible for the deaths of many women whose corpses were used for their studies on pregnancy.<ref>Shelton, Don 2010. The Emperor's new clothes. ''J. Royal Society of Medicine'', February.</ref><ref>Shelton, Don. ''The real Mr Frankenstein: Sir Anthony Carlisle, medical murders, and the social genesis of Frankenstein''. [http://therealmrfrankenstein.blogspot.com/]</ref> Hunter is alleged to have been connected to these deaths since at the time he was acting as his brother's assistant.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/feb/07/british-obstetrics-founders-murders-claim Founders of British obstetrics 'were callous murderers'], Denis Campbell, 7 February 2010, ''[[The Observer]]'', accessed May 2010</ref>

However, persons who have studied life in [[Georgian England|Georgian]] London agree that the number of [[pregnant]] women who died in London during the years of Hunter's and Smellie's work was not particularly high for that locality and time; the prevalence of [[pre-eclampsia]] – a common condition affecting 10% of all pregnancies, and one which is easily treated today, but for which no treatment was known in Hunter's time – would more than suffice to explain a mortality rate that seems suspiciously high to 21st-century readers.<ref>Inglis, Lucy. [http://www.georgianlondon.com/burking-and-body-snatching-the-deadly-side-of "Burking and Body-Snatching: The Deadly Side of Medicine in Georgian London".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009150529/http://www.georgianlondon.com/burking-and-body-snatching-the-deadly-side-of |date= 9 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Loudon |first1=Irvine |title=Deaths in childbed from the eighteenth century to 1935 |journal=Medical History |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=1–41 |year=1986 |pmid=3511335 |pmc=1139579 |doi=10.1017/s0025727300045014}}</ref> In ''The Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Figures'', published in 1774, Hunter provides case histories for at least four of the subjects illustrated.

Hunter heavily researched blood while [[bloodletting]] patients with various diseases. This helped him develop his theory that inflammation was a bodily response to disease, and was not itself pathological.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century|last=Bynum|first=W. F.|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-27205-6|pages=14–15}}</ref>

Hunter studied under [[William Cheselden]] at [[Chelsea Hospital]] and [[Percival Pott]] at [[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]. Hunter also studied with [[Marie Marguerite Bihéron]], a famous anatomist and wax modeller teaching in London; some of the illustrations in his text were likely hers.<ref name="burton">June K. Burton (2007), ''Napoleon and the Woman Question: Discourses of the Other Sex in French Education, Medicine, and Medical Law, 1799–1815'', Texas Tech University Press (2007), pp.81–82.</ref> After qualifying, he worked at [[St George's Hospital]] as an assistant surgeon from 1756, then as a surgeon from 1768.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

Hunter was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and was a staff surgeon on an expedition to the French island of [[Belle Île]] in 1761, then served in 1762 with the British Army.<ref>Moore, p.&nbsp;188, quoting Hunter's ''The Works'', vol 3 p. 549</ref>

== Post-Army career ==
Hunter left the Army in 1763, and spent at least five years working in partnership with James Spence, a well-known London dentist.<ref>Moore, pp.&nbsp;223–224.</ref>

Hunter set up his own anatomy school in London in 1764 and started in private surgical practice.<ref>Moore, pp.&nbsp;291–292, citing Laszlo Magyar's ''John Hunter and John Dolittle''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Goddard |first = Jonathan |title = The Knife Man: the Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=98 |issue=7 |year=2005 |page = 335 |pmc=1168927 |doi = 10.1177/014107680509800718 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/27/how-species-save-our-lives/?hp |title = How Species Save Our Lives |newspaper = The New York Times|last = Conniff |first = Richard |year=2012 | access-date=9 March 2012 }}</ref>

=== Self-experimentation ===

Hunter was elected as a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] in 1767. At this time he was considered the leading authority on [[venereal disease]]s, and believed that [[gonorrhoea]] and [[syphilis]] were caused by a single pathogen. Living in an age when physicians frequently experimented on themselves, he was the subject of an often-repeated legend claiming that he had inoculated himself with gonorrhea, using a needle that was unknowingly contaminated with syphilis. When he contracted both syphilis and gonorrhoea, he claimed it proved his erroneous theory that they were the same underlying venereal disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last = Gladstein |first = Jay |title = Hunter's chancre: did the surgeon give himself syphilis? |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages = 128; author reply 128–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15937780 |doi=10.1086/430834 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The experiment, reported in Hunter's ''A Treatise on the Venereal Diseases'' (part 6 section 2, 1786), does not indicate self-experimentation; this experiment was most likely performed on a third party. Hunter championed the treatment of gonorrhoea and syphilis with mercury and cauterization. Because of Hunter's reputation, knowledge concerning the true nature of gonorrhoea and syphilis was set back, and his theory was not proved to be wrong until 51 years later through research by French physician [[Philippe Ricord]].<ref>[http://www.marshall.edu/library/speccoll/virtual_museum/hoffman/hunter_john.asp Dr. Charles "Carl" Hoffman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608094628/http://www.marshall.edu/library/speccoll/virtual_museum/hoffman/hunter_john.asp |date=8 June 2010 }}, Library of the History of Medical Sciences, Marshall University</ref><ref>Moore, p. 268, citing Deborah Hayden's ''Pox: Genius, Madness and the Mysteries of Syphilis'' (2003) and Diane Beyer Perett's ''Ethics and Error: the dispute between Ricord and Auzias-Turenne over syphilization 1845–70'' (1977)</ref>

=== Late career ===

In 1768, Hunter was appointed as surgeon to [[St George's Hospital]]. Later, he became a member of the [[Company of Surgeons]]. In 1776, he was appointed surgeon to King [[George III]].

In 1783, Hunter moved to a large house in [[Leicester Square]]. The space allowed him to arrange his collection of nearly 14,000 preparations of over 500 species of plants and animals into a teaching museum. The same year, he acquired the skeleton of the {{convert|2.31|m|ftin|abbr=off}} Irish giant [[Charles Byrne (giant)|Charles Byrne]] against Byrne's clear deathbed wishes—he had asked to be buried at sea.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/13/514117230/the-saga-of-the-irish-giants-bones-dismays-medical-ethicists |title = The Saga of the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref>

Hunter bribed a member of the funeral party (possibly for £500) and filled the coffin with rocks at an overnight stop, then subsequently published a scientific description of the anatomy and skeleton. "He is now, after having being stolen on the way to his funeral," says legal scholar Thomas Muinzer of the University of Stirling, "on display permanently as a sort of freak exhibit in the memorial museum to the person who screwed him over, effectively."<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/03/13/514117230/the-saga-of-the-irish-giants-bones-dismays-medical-ethicists |title = The Saga of the Irish Giant's Bones Dismays Medical Ethicists |publisher = [[NPR]] }}</ref> The skeleton was, until 2020, displayed in the Hunterian Museum at the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] in London.<ref>''Doctors: the biography of medicine'' by [[Sherwin B. Nuland]].</ref>

In 1786, he was appointed deputy surgeon to the British Army and in March 1790, he was made [[Surgeon-General (United Kingdom)|surgeon general]] by Prime Minister [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]].<ref>Moore, p477, citing Peterkin, Johnston & Drew, ''Commissioned Officers in the Medical Services of the British Army 1660–1960'' (1968) vol 1, p. 33</ref> While in this post, he instituted a reform of the system for appointment and promotion of army surgeons based on experience and merit, rather than the patronage-based system that had been in place.<ref>Moore, p478</ref>

Hunter's death in 1793 was due to a heart attack brought on by an argument at St George's Hospital concerning the admission of students. He was originally buried at [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]], but in 1859 was reburied in the north aisle of the nave in [[Westminster Abbey]],<ref>'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p21: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</ref> reflecting his importance to the country.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/john-hunter/ |title = John Hunter}}</ref>

Hunter's character has been discussed by biographers:
{{blockquote|His nature was kindly and generous, though outwardly rude and repelling.... Later in life, for some private or personal reason, he picked a quarrel with the brother who had formed him and made a man of him, basing the dissension upon a quibble about priority unworthy of so great an investigator. Yet three years later, he lived to mourn this brother's death in tears.<ref>Garrison, Fielding H. 1913. ''An introduction to the history of medicine''. Saunders, Philadelphia PA. p.&nbsp;274</ref>}}

He was described by one of his assistants late in his life as a man 'warm and impatient, readily provoked, and when irritated, not easily soothed'.<ref>Home, p.&nbsp;lxv cited in Moore, p.&nbsp;346.</ref>

==Family==

In 1771, he married [[Anne Hunter|Anne Home]], daughter of Robert Boyne Home and sister of Sir [[Everard Home]]. They had four children, two of whom died before the age of five.<ref name="Bettany">{{cite DNB |wstitle=Hunter, Anne |first=George Thomas |last=Bettany |volume=28 |pages=284–285}}</ref> One of his infant children is buried in the churchyard in [[Kirkheaton, Northumberland]], and the gravestone is Grade II listed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/101370681-hunter-gravestone-approx-15-yards-south-of-church-of-st-bartholomew-capheaton |title=Hunter Gravestone Approx 15 Yards South of Church of St Bartholomew |website=British Listed Buildings |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref> Their fourth child, Agnes, married General Sir [[James Campbell of Inverneill]].<ref name="Bettany" />

==Legacy==

In 1799, the government purchased Hunter's collection of papers and specimens, which it presented to the Company of Surgeons.

===Contributions to medicine===
Hunter helped to improve understanding of human teeth, bone growth and remodelling, [[inflammation]], gunshot wounds, [[venereal diseases]], [[digestion]], the functioning of the [[lacteals]], child development, the separateness of maternal and foetal blood supplies, and the role of the [[lymphatic system]]. He carried out the first recorded [[artificial insemination]] in 1790 on a linen draper's wife.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1958/feb/26/artificial-insemination-of-married-women|title=ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF MARRIED WOMEN (Hansard, 26 February 1958)|website=api.parliament.uk|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> The [[adductor canal]] in the thigh is also known by its eponym "Hunter's canal" after John Hunter.<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|105}}</ref><ref name="titleCHAPTER 15: THE THIGH AND KNEE">{{cite web |url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_3/chapter_15.html#chpt_15_adductor_canal |title=CHAPTER 15: THE THIGH AND KNEE |access-date=2008-01-27 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080121162834/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~humananatomy/part_3/chapter_15.html| archive-date= 21 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

===Literary references===
[[File:Bust of John Hunter, Leicester Square (2206660627).jpg|thumb|upright|A bust of Hunter near where he lived in [[Leicester Square]], London]]

[[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], a key figure in [[Romanticism|Romantic]] thought, science, and medicine, saw in Hunter's work the seeds of [[Romantic medicine]], namely as regards his principle of life, which he felt had come from the mind of genius.

{{blockquote|WHEN we stand before the bust of John Hunter, or as we enter the magnificent museum furnished by his labours, and pass slowly, with meditative observation through this august temple, which the genius of one great man has raised and dedicated to the wisdom and uniform working of the Creator, we perceive at every step the guidance, we had almost said, the inspiration, of those profound ideas concerning Life, which dawn upon us, indeed, through his written works, but which he has here presented to us in a more perfect language than that of words – the language of God himself, as uttered by Nature. That the true idea of Life existed in the mind of John Hunter I do not entertain the least doubt...|Coleridge<ref name="Theory of Life">[[s:Hints towards the formation of a more comprehensive theory of life]]{{page needed|date=August 2016}}</ref>}}

Hunter was the basis for the character Jack Tearguts in [[William Blake]]'s 1784 unfinished satirical novel, ''[[An Island in the Moon]]''.<ref>[[S. Foster Damon|Damon, S. Foster]]. ''A Blake Dictionary: The Ideas and Symbols of William Blake'' (Hanover: Brown University Press 1988; revised ed. 1988){{page needed|date=August 2016}}</ref> He is a principal character in [[Hilary Mantel]]'s 1998 novel, ''[[The Giant, O'Brien]]''. Hunter is mentioned by Dr Moreau in Chapter XIV of [[H. G. Wells]]'s ''The Island of Doctor Moreau'' (1896). He appears in the play ''[[Mr Foote's Other Leg (play)|Mr Foote's Other Leg]]'' (2015) as a friend of the actor [[Samuel Foote]].

In [[Imogen Robertson]]'s 2009 novel, ''Instruments of Darkness'', anatomist Gabriel Crowther advises an acquaintance to seek refuge at his friend Hunter's home for the young Earl of Sussex's party from deadly pursuers released during the [[Gordon Riots]]; leopards in Hunter's [[menagerie]] killed the would-be assassins, and he envisaged their bodies' dissection.<ref>{{cite book|last=Robertson|first=Imogen|title=Instruments of Darkness|publisher=Headline Publishing Group|year=2009}}</ref> In [[Jessie Greengrass]]'s novel, ''Sight'', she intercuts her story with the biography of Hunter and other scientists who have dedicated their lives to analysing light and transparency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hulbert|first=Ann|date=3 August 2018|title='Sight' Is an Unusual Novel About Motherhood That's Hard to Put Down|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/09/jesse-greengrass-sight-review/565766/|access-date=9 March 2021|website=The Atlantic}}</ref>

His Leicester Square house is said to have been the inspiration for the home of [[Dr Jekyll]] of [[Robert Louis Stevenson]]'s 1886 novel ''[[The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]]''.<ref>Moore, p. 430, citing ''The Sketch'' of 24 February 1897, which related that Stevenson 'is said to have chosen' Hunter's house as his inspiration.</ref>

=== Memorials ===
The John Hunter Clinic of the [[Chelsea and Westminster Hospital]] in London is named after him,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.chelwest.nhs.uk/services/hiv-sexual-health/clinics/john-hunter-clinic-for-sexual-health |title = John Hunter Clinic |access-date = 19 January 2014 }}</ref> as are the [[John Hunter Hospital]] in Newcastle, Australia and the Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sampath |first1=Prakash |last2=Long |first2=Donlin M. |last3=Brem |first3=Henry |title=The Hunterian Neurosurgical Laboratory: the first 100 years of neurosurgical research |journal=Neurosurgery |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=184–94; discussion 194–5 |year=2000 |pmid=10626949 |doi=10.1093/neurosurgery/46.1.184 }}</ref>

His birthplace in Long Calderwood, Scotland, has been preserved as [[Hunter House Museum]].<ref>Moore, pp.&nbsp;546–7.</ref>

There had been a [[Bust (sculpture)|bust]] of Hunter in Leicester Square until the 2010–12 redesign of the square.<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Hunter, Leicester Square|url=https://www.londonremembers.com/memorials/john-hunter-leicester-square/|access-date=16 November 2020|website=London Remembers}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Joseph Adams (physician)|Adams, Joseph]], (1817) ''Memoirs of the Life and Doctrines of the Late John Hunter, Esq.'', London.
* [[Everard Home|Home, Everard]], (1794) 'A short account of the life of the author' in ''A Treatise on the Blood, Inflammation and Gun-shot Wounds, by the late John Hunter''.See also {{cite journal |last1=Turk |first1=J. L. |title=Inflammation: John Hunter's "A treatise on the blood, inflammation and gun-shot wounds". |journal=International Journal of Experimental Pathology |date=December 1994 |volume=75 |issue=6 |pages=385–395 |pmc=2001919 |pmid=7734328 }}
* Dobson, Jessie, (1969) ''John Hunter'', E&S Livingstone, Edinburgh and London.
* Kobler, John, (1960) ''The Reluctant Surgeon. A Biography of John Hunter'', New York, Doubleday.
* {{cite book|author=Moore, Wendy | author-link=Wendy Moore | title=The Knife Man | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DKInoTPFrBoC |  date=30 September 2010 | publisher=Transworld | isbn=978-1-4090-4462-8}}
* Ottley, Drewry, (1839) ''The Life of John Hunter, F.R.S.'', Philadelphia, Haswell.
* {{cite book|author=Paget, Stephen|author-link=Stephen Paget|year=1897|title=John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon|location=London|publisher=T. Fischer Unwin|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002073591|series=Masters of medicine}}
** {{Cite journal|title=Review of ''John Hunter, Man of Science and Surgeon'' by Stephen Paget|journal=The Athenæum|issue= 3657|date=27 November 1897|pages= 752–753|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ilpDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA752}}
* Peachey, George C. (1924) ''A Memoir of William & John Hunter'', Plymouth: William Brendon & Son.
* Rogers, Garet (1958) ''Lancet'', Bantam. Reissued as ''Brother Surgeons'', Corgi, 1962; reprinted 1968.
* Mays, Eva (2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Gravid-Cadaver-Novelette-Backstabbing-Friendship/dp/B08W7JTVK6/ The Gravid Cadaver]. {{ISBN|979-8678808936}}

==External links==
{{commons category|John Hunter (surgeon)}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=John%20Hunter%2C%20F.%20R.%20S Works of John Hunter] at the [[Internet Archive]]
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/84.html Medical biography] at whonamedit.com
* [http://www.marshall.edu/library/speccoll/virtual_museum/hoffman/hunter_john.asp John Hunter's ''Treatise on Venereal Disease''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608094628/http://www.marshall.edu/library/speccoll/virtual_museum/hoffman/hunter_john.asp |date=8 June 2010 }}
* [http://www.rcseng.ac.uk/museums/hunterian The Hunterian Museum] at the [[Royal College of Surgeons]]

{{Copley Medallists 1751-1800}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hunter, John}}
[[Category:1728 births]]
[[Category:1793 deaths]]
[[Category:People from East Kilbride]]
[[Category:Scottish surgeons]]
[[Category:Scottish anatomists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Alumni of St George's, University of London]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Medical College of St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
[[Category:British Army regimental surgeons]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish medical doctors]]
[[Category:18th-century surgeons]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]