Editing John Brown (servant)

{{Short description|Scottish personal servant and favourite of Queen Victoria}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = John Brown
| image              = John Brown (Queen Victoria's servant).jpg
| caption            = Brown, {{circa|1860s}}
| birth_name         = 
| birth_date         = {{birth date|df=yes|1826|12|8}}
| birth_place        = [[Crathie, Aberdeenshire]], Scotland
| death_date         = {{death date and age|df=yes|1883|3|27|1826|12|8}}
| death_place        = [[Windsor Castle]], England
| death_cause        = 
| resting_place      = [[Crathie Kirk]], Aberdeenshire, Scotland
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names        = 
| known_for          = 
| education          = 
| employer           = [[Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom]]
| occupation         = Ghillie & Personal Attendant
| title              = 
| height             = 
| term               = 
| predecessor        = 
| successor          = 
| party              = 
| boards             = 
| spouse             = 
| partner            = 
| children           = 
| parents            = 
| relatives          = 
| signature          = 
| website            = 
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}}

'''John Brown''' (8 December 1826 – 27 March 1883) was a Scottish personal attendant and [[favourite]] of [[Queen Victoria]] for many years after working as a [[ghillie]] for [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/b/johnbrown.html |title=John Brown |work=Undiscovered Scotland |access-date=23 February 2021 }}</ref> He was appreciated by many (including the Queen) for his competence and companionship, and resented by others (most notably her son and [[heir apparent]], the future [[Edward VII]], the rest of the Queen's children, ministers, and the palace staff) for his influence and informal manner. The exact nature of his relationship with Victoria was the subject of great speculation by contemporaries.

== Early life ==
Brown was born on 8 December 1826 at Crathienaird, Crathie and Braemar [[Aberdeenshire]], to Margaret Leys and John Brown,<ref>"Scotland Births and Baptisms, 1564–1950", database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:XYXQ-M21 : 2 January 2015), John Brown, 8 Dec 1826; citing CRATHIE AND BRAEMAR, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND, reference ; FHL microfilm 993,177</ref><ref>gravestone of John Brown in Crathie Kirkyard, Aberdeenshire</ref> and went to work as an outdoor servant (in [[Scots language|Scots]] ''[[wikt:gillie|ghillie]]'' or ''gillie'') at [[Balmoral Castle]], which [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]] leased in February 1848, and purchased outright in November 1851.

Brown had several younger brothers and a sister, three of whom also entered the royal service. His brother Archibald Anderson "Archie" Brown, 15 years John's junior, eventually became personal valet to Victoria's youngest son, [[Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany]].<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/resources/graphics-library/macleay-portraits/sitters-details/ Scottish Tartans Authority]</ref>

==Relationship with Queen Victoria==
By 1851, Brown's role changed from being gillie and personal friend to Prince Albert<ref>{{cite book |date=1879 |title=The Century, Volume 17|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88xZAAAAYAAJ|location=Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |publisher=Scribner & Company |page=213}}</ref> to a "permanent role" as the leader of the Queen's pony, "on Prince Albert's instigation".<ref>{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Raymond Lamont |date=26 August 2011 |title=John Brown: Queen Victoria's Highland Servant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJwTDQAAQBAJ&q=john+brown+originally+gillie+to+prince+albert&pg=PT5 |location=Cheltenham, Gloucestershire |publisher=The History Press |isbn=9780750927383}}</ref>

[[File:young john brown.JPG|upright=1.2|thumb|alt=Several sketches of a person's head, some in color.|A young John Brown as sketched by Queen Victoria]]
Prince Albert's untimely death in 1861 was a shock from which Queen Victoria never fully recovered. John Brown became a friend and supported the Queen. Victoria was known to give him many gifts as well as creating two medals for him, the Faithful Servant Medal and the Devoted Service Medal. She also commissioned a portrait of him in 1876, given to him on Albert's birthday, 26 August.<ref>{{cite web|last=Scotland|first=Royal Deeside|title=John Brown, faithful servant to Queen Victoria|url=http://www.royal-deeside.org.uk/RDhistory/johnbrown.htm|publisher=Royal Deeside, Scotland}}</ref>

Victoria's children and ministers were not as accepting of the high regard she had for Brown, and rumours circulated that there was something improper in their relationship.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Baird|first1=Julia|title=A Queen's Forbidden Love|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/01/opinion/a-queens-forbidden-love.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=29 August 2014}}</ref> Victoria herself dismissed the chatter as "ill-natured gossip in the higher classes".<ref name="duff1968">{{cite book|last1=Duff|first1=David|title=Victoria in the Highlands|date=1968|publisher=Frederick Muller|location=London|page=199}}</ref>

The diaries of [[Lewis Vernon Harcourt, 1st Viscount Harcourt|Lewis Harcourt]] contain a report that one of the Queen's chaplains, [[Norman Macleod (1812–1872)|Rev. Norman Macleod]], made a deathbed confession repenting his action in presiding over Queen Victoria's marriage to John Brown.<ref name=lamont-brown/><ref>{{Cite web|last=Alderson|first=Andrew|date=2003-05-04|title=Victoria 'did become Mrs Brown'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1429127/Victoria-did-become-Mrs-Brown.html|access-date=2021-05-06|website=The Telegraph}}</ref> Debate continues over this report. Harcourt did not receive the confession directly (he was nine when Macleod died) but rather, it is claimed to have passed from Macleod's sister to the wife of [[Henry Ponsonby]], the Queen's private secretary, and thence to Harcourt's father [[Sir William Harcourt]], then Home Secretary. Harcourt served as Home Secretary in the final three years of Brown's life.

A letter from Victoria to [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Viscount Cranbrook]], written shortly after Brown's death but rediscovered in 2004, shows how she described the loss:<ref name=fix/>

{{Blockquote|text=Perhaps never in history was there so strong and true an attachment, so warm and loving a friendship between the sovereign and servant{{nbsp}}[...] Strength of character as well as power of frame – the most fearless uprightness, kindness, sense of justice, honesty, independence and unselfishness combined with a tender, warm heart{{nbsp}}[...] made him one of the most remarkable men. The Queen feels that life for the second time is become most trying and sad to bear deprived of all she so needs{{nbsp}}[...] the blow has fallen too heavily not to be very heavily felt...<ref>Bendor Grosvenor, article "Dear John", ''History Today'' (Volume 55, Number 1, 2005)</ref>}}

[[File:Queen Victoria, photographed by George Washington Wilson (1863).jpg|alt=A woman, severely dressed in black, seated on a horse with a man standing by its head.|right|thumb|upright=1.3|Queen Victoria with John Brown at Balmoral]]

The phrase "for the second time" relates to the death of Brown after the death of her husband [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]]. The historian who discovered the letter believed that it suggested that Victoria, in her mind, equated Brown's death with Albert's, and that she therefore viewed him as more than a servant, but also as a good friend and confidant.<ref name=fix>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/dec/16/monarchy.stephenbates | work=The Guardian| location=London | title=Letter from Queen Victoria points to affair with Brown | first=Stephen | last=Bates | date=16 December 2004 | access-date=6 May 2010}}</ref> There is, however, no evidence that Brown and Victoria were lovers.

Those who believe that the Queen saw Brown as little more than a servant point to the fact that after his death she became similarly attached to an [[India]]n servant, [[Abdul Karim (the Munshi)|Mohammed Abdul Karim]], one of two who had come to work for her in late June 1887. He came to be resented even more than John Brown. Unlike Brown, whose loyalty was not questioned, there were contemporary allegations that Abdul Karim exploited his position for personal gain and prestige.<ref>{{citation|last=Reid|first=Michaela |author-link=Michaela Reid|title= Ask Sir James:Sir James Reid, Personal Physician to Queen Victoria and Physician-in-Ordinary to Three Monarchs|publisher=Eland|location=London|year=1987}}</ref>

Brown pre-deceased the Queen, in 1883, at the age of 56. Tony Rennell's book ''Last Days of Glory: The Death of Queen Victoria'' describes Victoria's detailed instructions about her burial to her doctor, Sir James Reid. These included a list of the keepsakes and mementoes, photographs and trinkets to be placed in the coffin with her: along with [[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Albert]]'s dressing gown and a plaster cast of his hand, the Queen was buried with a lock of Brown's hair, his photograph, Brown's mother's wedding ring, given to her by Brown, along with several of his letters. The photograph, wrapped in white tissue paper, was placed in her left hand, with flowers arranged to hide it from view. She wore the ring on the third finger of her right hand.<ref name=lamont-brown>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1655_283/ai_112095011/pg_3 |work=Contemporary Review |title=Queen Victoria's 'secret marriage' |first=Raymond |last=Lamont-Brown |year=2003 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312220228/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_1655_283/ai_112095011/pg_3 |archive-date=12 March 2007 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Two days after being afflicted with [[erysipelas]], which crippled him to the point of not being able to attend the queen for the first time in over eighteen years as her servant, John Brown died, aged 56, at [[Windsor Castle]] on 27 March 1883, and is buried in [[Crathie Kirk]]yard, in the next plot to his parents and a number of his siblings. The inscription on his gravestone further shows the attachment between him and the Queen:

{{Blockquote|text=This stone is erected in affectionate and grateful remembrance of John Brown the devoted and faithful personal attendant and beloved friend of Queen Victoria in whose service he had been for 34 years. 
Born at Crathienaird 8th Decr. 1826 died at Windsor Castle 27th March 1883.

That Friend on whose fidelity you count/that Friend given to you by circumstances/over which you have no control/was God's own gift.

Well done good and faithful servant/Thou hast been faithful over a few things,/I will make thee ruler over many things/Enter thou into the joy of the Lord.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Brown|url=https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GScid=2321716&GRid=8824894&|website=Find A Grave|access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref><ref>inscription on gravestone in Crathie Kirkyard, Aberdeenshire</ref>}}
[[File:John Brown statue Balmoral.JPG|thumb|Statue of John Brown in the grounds of Balmoral]]

"He was the best, truest heart that ever beat," Queen Victoria wrote to Brown's sister-in-law, Jessie McHardy Brown.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire|last=Baird|first=Julia|publisher=Random House|year=2016|isbn=9781400069880|location=New York|pages=404}}</ref> In a letter to the British poet [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson|Alfred Tennyson]], from whom she commissioned lines for Brown's tombstone, Victoria eulogised her faithful servant:

{{blockquote|He had {{em|no}} thought but for me, my welfare, my comfort, my safety, my happiness. Courageous, unselfish, {{em|totally}} disinterested, discreet to the highest degree, speaking the truth fearlessly and telling me what he thought and considered to be "just and right," without flattery and without saying what would be pleasing if he did not think it right.{{nbsp}}[...] The comfort of my daily life is gone—the void is terrible—the loss is irreparable!<ref>{{Cite book|title=Victoria the Queen: An Intimate Biography of a Woman|last=Baird|first=Julia|publisher=Random House|year=2016|isbn=9781400069880|location=New York|pages=406}}</ref>}}

Queen Victoria commissioned a life-sized statue of Brown by [[Joseph Boehm|Edgar Boehm]] shortly after his death. The inscription read: "Friend more than Servant. Loyal. Truthful. Brave. Self less than Duty, even to the Grave." When Victoria's son succeeded to the throne he had the statue moved to a less conspicuous site.<ref name="Balmoral">{{cite book|last=McLean|first=Charles|title=Balmoral Highland Estate|publisher=Balmoral Castle and Estate}}</ref>{{rp|23}}

The statues and private memorials that Victoria had created for Brown were destroyed on the orders of her son, [[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|Edward VII]], with whom Brown had often clashed and who resented Brown.

== Honours ==
* '''Victoria Devoted Service Medal''' (gold medal, which bears on the reverse, "To John Brown, Esq., in recognition of his presence of mind and devotion at Buckingham Palace, February 29, 1872.")
* '''[[Royal Household Long and Faithful Service Medal|Faithful Servant Medal]]''' (silver medal, with bar denoting ten additional years of service)
Design and manufacture of both medals were commissioned by Queen Victoria. 
* Silver medal (possibly Servant medal), showing the head of [[Louis III, Grand Duke of Hesse]]

==In popular culture==
[[Gordon McLeod (actor)|Gordon McLeod]] portrayed John Brown in ''[[Victoria the Great]]'' (1937), ''[[Sixty Glorious Years]]'' (1938) and ''[[The Prime Minister (film)|The Prime Minister]]'' (1941).

[[Gerhard Bienert]] portrayed John Brown in ''[[Ohm Kruger]]'' (1941).

The 1950 film ''[[The Mudlark]]'' features John Brown at [[Windsor Castle]], portrayed by [[Finlay Currie]].

[[William Dysart]] portrayed John Brown in the TV series ''[[Edward the Seventh]]'' (1975).

The 1997 film ''[[Mrs Brown]]'' is the fictionalised story of John Brown. Sir [[Billy Connolly]] portrays Brown and Dame [[Judi Dench]] portrays Queen Victoria.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb title|qid=Q1516164|title=Mrs Brown}}

{{Queen Victoria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brown, John}}
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Marr, Scotland]]
[[Category:British royal favourites]]
[[Category:Queen Victoria]]
[[Category:Burials in Aberdeenshire]]
[[Category:British servants]]
[[Category:Members of the British Royal Household]]
[[Category:People of the Victorian era]]