Editing Johann Elert Bode

{{Short description|German astronomer (1747–1826)}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = Johann Elert Bode
|image             = Johann Elert Bode - front.jpg
|caption           = Bode {{circa|1800}}
|birth_date        = 19 January 1747
|birth_place       = [[Hamburg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]]
|death_date        = {{death date and age|df=yes|1826|11|23|1747|1|19}}
|death_place       = [[Berlin]], [[Province of Brandenburg]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]]
|nationality       = <!--Deprecated per MOS:INFONAT-->
|field             = [[Astronomy]]
|known_for         = [[Titius–Bode law]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Johann Georg Büsch]]
| doctoral_students = [[Johann Pfaff]]
}}
'''Johann Elert Bode''' ({{IPA|de|ˈboːdə|lang}}; 19 January 1747 – 23 November 1826) was a German [[astronomer]] known for his reformulation and popularisation of the [[Titius–Bode law]].  Bode determined the [[orbit]] of [[Uranus]] and suggested the planet's name.

==Life and career==
Bode was born in [[Hamburg]].  As a youth, he suffered from a serious eye disease that particularly damaged his right eye; he continued to have trouble with his eyes throughout his life.<ref>{{cite web | title = Johann Elert Bode (19 January 1747 – 23 November 1826) | url = http://www.maa.clell.de/Messier/E/Xtra/Bios/bode.html | access-date = 20 May 2008}}</ref>

His early promise in mathematics brought him to the attention of [[Johann Georg Büsch]], who allowed Bode to use his own library for study.
He began his career with the publication of a short work on the solar eclipse of 5 August 1766. This was followed by an elementary treatise on astronomy entitled ''Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels'' (1768, 10th ed. 1844), the success of which led to his being invited to Berlin by [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers |last=Hockey |first=Thomas |date=2009 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0 |access-date=22 August 2012 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/58177.html}}</ref> in 1772 for the purpose of computing [[ephemerides]] on an improved plan. There he founded, in 1774, the well-known ''Astronomisches Jahrbuch'', 51 yearly volumes of which he compiled and issued.<ref name=eb>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Bode, Johann Elert|volume=4|page=108|short=1}}</ref>

He became director of the [[Berlin Observatory]] in 1786, from which he retired in 1825.<ref name=eb/>
There he published the ''Uranographia'' in 1801, a celestial atlas that aimed both at scientific accuracy in showing the positions of [[star]]s and other [[astronomical object]]s, as well as the artistic interpretation of the stellar [[constellation]] figures. The ''Uranographia'' marks the climax of an epoch of artistic representation of the constellations. Later atlases showed fewer and fewer elaborate figures until they were no longer printed on such tables.

Bode also published another small [[star atlas]], intended for astronomical amateurs (''Vorstellung der Gestirne'').  He is credited with the discovery of [[Bode's Galaxy]] (M81).  Comet Bode (C/1779 A1) is named after him; its orbit was calculated by [[Erik Prosperin]].  Asteroid [[998 Bodea]], discovered on 6 August 1923 by [[Karl Reinmuth]] at Heidelberg, was also christened in his honour, the letter 'a' added to its name to fulfil the convention that asteroids were given feminine names.

His name became attached to the 'law' discovered by [[Johann Daniel Titius]] in 1766. Bode first makes mention of it in the ''Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels'' in a footnote, and although it is often officially called the [[Titius–Bode law]], it is also commonly just called Bode's law. This law attempts to explain the distances of the planets from the Sun in a formula although ironically it breaks down for the planet [[Neptune]] which was later discovered in Berlin. It was the discovery of Uranus at a position predicted by the law which aroused great interest in it. There was a gap (with no planet) between Mars and Jupiter, and Bode urged a search for a planet in this region which culminated in a group formed for this purpose, the so-called "[[celestial police]]". However before the group initiated a search, they were trumped by the discovery of the asteroid [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] by [[Giuseppe Piazzi]] from [[Palermo]] in 1801, at Bode's predicted position.

Latterly, the law fell out of favour when it was realised that Ceres was only one of a small number of asteroids and when Neptune was found not to be in a position required by the law. The discovery of planets around other stars has brought the law back into discussion.
[[File:Bode-3.jpg|thumb|Front page of a 1772 edition of  ''Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels'']]
Bode himself was directly involved in research leading from the discovery of a planet – that of Uranus in 1781. Although Uranus was the first planet to be discovered by telescope, it is just about visible with the naked eye. Bode consulted older star charts and found numerous examples of the planet's position being given while being mistaken for a star, for example, John Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal in Britain, had listed it in his catalogue of 1690 as a star with the name ''34 Tauri''. These earlier sightings allowed an exact calculation of the orbit of the new planet.

Bode was also responsible for giving the new planet its name.  The discoverer [[William Herschel]] proposed to name it after [[George III]] which was not accepted so readily in other countries. Bode opted for Uranus, with the apparent logic that just as Saturn was the father of Jupiter, the new planet should be named after the father of Saturn.<ref>{{cite book|title=Planets Beyond: Discovering the Outer Solar System|url=https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit|url-access=limited|isbn=0-486-43602-0|last=Littmann| first=Mark|publisher=[[Courier Dover Publications]]|date=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/planetsbeyonddis00mlit/page/n13 10]–11
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=Astronomy in Berlin|publisher=Brian Daugherty|url=http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/bode.html|access-date=24 May 2007|last=Daugherty|first=Brian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008052101/http://bdaugherty.tripod.com/astronomy/bode.html|archive-date=8 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were further alternatives proposed, but ultimately Bode's suggestion became the most widely used – however it had to wait until 1850 before gaining official acceptance in Britain when the Nautical Almanac Office switched from using the name ''Georgium Sidus'' to ''Uranus''.
In 1789, Bode's Royal Academy colleague [[Martin Klaproth]] was inspired by Bode's name for the planet to name his newly discovered element "[[uranium]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=The Straight Scoop on Uranium |author=James Finch |year=2006 |publisher=allchemicals.info: The online chemical resource |url=http://www.allchemicals.info/articles/Uranium.php |access-date=30 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221011537/http://www.allchemicals.info/articles/Uranium.php |archive-date=21 December 2008 }}</ref>[37]

From 1787 to 1825 Bode was director of the [[Astronomisches Rechen-Institut]]. In 1794, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. In April 1789 he was elected a [[fellow of the Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27bode%27%29| title= Library and Archive Catalogue| publisher= [[Royal Society]]|access-date= 17 December 2010}}</ref>

Bode died in Berlin on 23 November 1826, aged 79.

==Selected writings==
[[Image:Orion from Uranographia by Johann Elert Bode.jpg|right|thumb|Section of a plate from ''Uranographia'' showing the constellation Orion]]
[[File:Bode, Johann Ehlert – Allgemeine Betrachtungen über das Weltgebäude, 1808 – BEIC 766161.jpg|thumb|upright|''Allgemeine Betrachtungen über das Weltgebäude'', 1808]]

* 1768 (10th ed. 1844) ''Anleitung zur Kentniss des Gestirnten Himmels'' (The most famous of Bode's writings. In this work, he first announced [[Titius–Bode law|Bode's law]].)
* 1774–1957 ''Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch für 1776–1959'' (The [[almanac|astronomical yearbook]] published by [[Berlin Observatory]].)
* 1776 ''Sammlung astronomischer Tafeln'' (3 vols.)
* 1776 (3rd ed. 1808) ''Erläuterung der Sternkunde'', an introductory book on the constellations and their tales, which was reprinted more than ten times
* 1782 ''Vorstellung der Gestirne ... des Flamsteadschen Himmelsatlas'' (Bode's revised and enlarged edition of [[Jean Fortin|Fortin]]'s small star atlas of [[John Flamsteed|Flamsteed]].)
:: ''Verzeichniss'' (Containing the above star atlas, and including 5,058 stars observed by Flamsteed, [[Johannes Hevelius|Hevelius]], [[Tobias Mayer|T. Mayer]], [[Nicolas Louis de Lacaille|de la Caille]], [[Charles Messier|Messier]], [[Pierre Charles Le Monnier|le Monnier]], [[Antoine Darquier de Pellepoix|Darquier]] and Bode himself.)
* 1801 ''Uranographia sive Astrorum Descriptio'' (A large star atlas illustrated with twenty copper plates.)
::''Allgemeine Beschreibung und Nachweisung der Gestirne'' (A star catalogue listing 17,240 stars.)
* {{Cite book|title=Allgemeine Betrachtungen über das Weltgebäude|volume=|publisher=Himburg|location=Berlin|year=1808|language=de|url=https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=766161}}

His works were highly effective in diffusing throughout Germany a taste for astronomy.<ref name=eb/><gallery>
File:Bode-1.jpg|alt=|1772 copy of ''Anleitung zur Kenntniss des gestirnten Himmels''
File:Bode-2.jpg|alt=|Front page illustration from 1772 copy of ''Anleitung zur kenntniss''
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | author = Schwemin, Friedhelm | title = Der Berliner Astronom. Leben und Werk von Johann Elert Bode (1747–1826) | date = 2006 | publisher = [[Verlag Harri Deutsch]] | location = Frankfurt am Main }}- ''Acta Historica Astronomiae'', Vol. 30 – A new, comprehensive biography and the source for some of the material on this page.
* {{Cite book | last = Sticker | first = Berhard | contribution = Bode, Johann Elert | editor-last = Gillispie | editor-first = Charles Coulston | title = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | volume = II | pages = 220–221 | publisher = Scribner | place = New York | date = 1970 }}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{MathGenealogy|id=127710}}
* [http://www.atlascoelestis.com/12.htm AtlasCoelestis.com: ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'' by J.E. Bode, 1782] – last. Retrieved 7 September 2007,
* [http://www.atlascoelestis.com/14.htm AtlasCoelestis.com: ''Uranographia'', Berlino 1801] – last. Retrieved 7 September 2007,
* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/Bios/bode.html Brief Biography of Bode]
* [http://messier.seds.org/xtra/similar/bode.html Bode's 'Complete Catalog of hitherto observed Nebulous Stars and Star Clusters,' 1779], with links to his deep sky observations and discoveries.
* [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/astro_atlas&CISOPTR=3179&REC=5 ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'', Berlin und Stralsand : Bey Gottlieb August Lange. 1782.] – Full digital facsimile, [[Linda Hall Library]].
* [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/astro_atlas&CISOPTR=3689&REC=4 ''Vorstellung der Gestirne'', Berlin und Stralfund; bey Gottlieb August Lange. 1805.] – Full digital facsimile, [[Linda Hall Library]].
*[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/12.htm Vorstellung der gestirne da www.atlascoelestis.com]
*[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/15.htm Uranographia, Berlino 1801, colorato a mano da www.atlascoelestis.com]
*[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/Bode%20Anleitung%20pagina.htm Anleitung zur Kenntniss des Gestirnten Himmels, Berlin 1788  da www.atlascoelestis.com]
*[http://www.atlascoelestis.com/bode%20cerere%20Pagina%20base.htm Von dem neuen zwischen Mars und Jupiter entdeckten achten Hauptplaneten des Sonnensystems, Berlin, Himburg, 1802 da www.atlascoelestis.com]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Bode, Johann Elert}}
[[Category:19th-century German astronomers]]
[[Category:1747 births]]
[[Category:1826 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Scientists from Hamburg]]
[[Category:18th-century German astronomers]]
[[Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]