Editing Joachim Barrande

{{Short description|French palaeontologist (1799–1883)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Joachim Barrande
| image             = Joachim Barrande by Josef Ladislav Šichan (cropped).jpg
| image_size        = 230px
| caption           = Joachim Barrande
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=y|1799|8|11}}
| birth_place       = [[Saugues]], [[Haute Loire]]
| death_date        = {{death date and age|df=y|1883|10|5|1799|8|11}}
| death_place       = [[Frohsdorf]]
| citizenship       =
| nationality       = [[France|French]]
| ethnicity         =
| field             = [[geology]]<br />[[palaeontology]]
| work_institutions =
| alma_mater        = [[École Polytechnique]]
| doctoral_advisor  =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for         =
| author_abbrev_bot = Barrande
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| prizes            = [[Wollaston Medal]] {{small|(1857)}}
| religion          =
| footnotes         =
| signature         =
}}
'''Joachim Barrande''' (11 August 1799 – 5 October 1883) was a French [[geologist]] and [[palaeontologist]]. He was particularly known for his work on [[trilobite]]s, published in the ''Systéme Silurien de la Bohéme'' which he published in 22 parts. Trained under the school of [[Georges Cuvier]], he opposed the evolutionary views of [[Charles Darwin]].

==Life and career==
[[File:Joachim Barrande01.jpg|thumb|Plate from "Système silurien du centre de la Bohême"|left]]

Barrande was born on the family estate at [[Saugues]], [[Haute Loire]], and he was educated in the [[École Polytechnique]] and [[École des ponts ParisTech|École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées]] at [[Paris]]. He attended the lectures of [[Georges Cuvier]], [[Alexandre Brongniart|Brongniart]], [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]], [[Constant Prévost|Prevost]], [[Étienne Serres|Serres]], [[Jean Victor Audouin|Auduoin]], and [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]]. He received the training of an [[engineer]] and was initially appointed engineer at Decize where he built an acqueduct over the Loire. While living in Decize he was introduced to [[Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême|Louis-Antoine de Bourbon, duke d'Angoulême]] and he was then appointed tutor to family of the duc de Bordeaux (afterwards known as the [[comte de Chambord]]), grandson of [[Charles X of France|Charles X]]. He set up a laboratory for their education at Tuileries that was later destroyed. When the king abdicated in 1830, Barrande accompanied the royal exiles to [[England]] and [[Scotland]], and afterwards to [[Prague]]. Settling in that city in 1831, he became occupied in engineering works, and his attention was then attracted to the fossils from the Lower [[Palaeozoic]] rocks of [[Bohemia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Garnier |first=Jean-Paul |date=1961 |title=Un Français a Prague: Joachim Barrande |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44589871 |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes (1829-1971) |pages=228–241 |jstor=44589871 |issn=0035-1962}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Koliha |first=Jan |date=1934 |title=Joachim Barrande and his Palæontological Work |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/133437a0 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3360 |pages=437–438 |doi=10.1038/133437a0 |bibcode=1934Natur.133..437K |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> He began to build up a collection at his home Kleinseite No. 419, Chotekgasse. He also had a house in Paris. Apart from French, he mastered English, German and Czech.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1883 |title=Joachim Barrande |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25138750 |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences |volume=19 |pages=539–545 |jstor=25138750 |issn=0199-9818}}</ref>

The publication in 1839 of ''Murchison's [[Silurian]] System'' incited Barrande to carry on systematic researches on the equivalent strata in [[Bohemia]]. For ten years (1840–1850) he made a detailed study of these rocks, engaging workmen specially to collect fossils, and in this way he obtained upwards of 3500 species of [[graptolite]]s, [[brachiopoda]], [[mollusca]], [[trilobite]]s and [[fish]]es. The first volume of his great work, ''Système silurien du centre de la Bohême'' (dealing with trilobites, several genera, including ''[[Deiphon]]'', which he personally described), appeared in 1852; and from that date until 1881, he issued twenty-one quarto volumes of text and plates. Two other volumes were issued after his death in 1887 and 1894. It is estimated that he spent nearly £10,000 on these works. In addition he published a large number of separate papers.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Andrew |date=1885 |title=Obituary notice of Joachim Barrande |url=https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/abs/10.1144/transed.5.1.29 |journal=Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–33 |doi=10.1144/transed.5.1.29 |issn=0371-6260}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Lardeux, Hubert |year=1999 |title=Joachim Barrande and the Paleontology of Paleozoic in Anjou (Armorican Massif) |url=http://www.jgeosci.org/content/JCGS1999_3-4__lardeaux.pdf |journal=Journal of the Czech Geological Society |volume=44 |issue=3–4 |pages=327–328}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=1883 |title=Joachim Barrande. I., His Life |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1758929 |journal=Science |volume=2 |issue=43 |pages=699–701 |doi=10.1126/science.ns-2.43.699 |jstor=1758929 |bibcode=1883Sci.....2..699. |issn=0036-8075}}</ref>

In recognition of his important researches the [[Geological Society of London]] in 1857 awarded to him the [[Wollaston medal]]. In 1862, he was elected as a member to the [[American Philosophical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1862;year-max=1862;smode=advanced;startDoc=21|access-date=2021-04-20|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> In 1870, he was elected a foreign member of the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 1875.<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=17 May 2011}}</ref>

Barrande died at [[Frohsdorf]] on 5 October 1883 after suffering from a lung infection.<ref name=":1" /> His extensive collection has been stored in National Museum in Prague on grounds of his testament.<ref name=":0" />

In 1884 the Silurian strata at Kuchelbad was named as Barrande rock and a slab with his name was placed on it. This was done by [[Antonín Frič|Anton Fritsch]] and other Czech scientists.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=December 1883 |title=I.—Sketch of the Life of Joachim Barrande, of Prague |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0016756800167196/type/journal_article |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=10 |issue=12 |pages=529–533 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800167196 |bibcode=1883GeoM...10..529. |issn=0016-7568}}</ref> On 24 February 1928, a district of [[Prague]], ''[[Barrandov]]'', was named after him.

==Opposition to evolution==

Barrande was an advocate of the theory of [[Catastrophism|catastrophes]] (as taught by [[Georges Cuvier]]).  He later opposed [[Charles Darwin]]'s theory of evolution. He rejected [[transmutation of species]]. He also wrote a five-volume book on the defense of his theory of so-called "colonies", presuming that the cause of the presence of fossils typical for one layer surrounded by those typical for another is atectonical. He tended to name those colonies with names of his scientific adversaries. The opponents included [[Jan Krejčí|Jan Krejci]], [[Marko Vincenc Lipold|M. V. Lipold]] and [[John Edward Marr|J.E. Marr]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1883 |title=Joachim Barrande. II., His Scientific Work |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1758944 |journal=Science |volume=2 |issue=44 |pages=727–729 |doi=10.1126/science.ns-2.44.727 |jstor=1758944 |pmid=17782936 |bibcode=1883Sci.....2..727. |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kříž |first1=Jiří |last2=Pojeta |first2=John |last3=Barrande |date=1974 |title=Barrande's Colonies Concept and a Comparison of His Stratigraphy with the Modern Stratigraphy of the Middle Bohemian Lower Paleozoic Rocks (Barrandian) of Czechoslovakia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1303136 |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=489–494 |jstor=1303136 |issn=0022-3360}}</ref>

Barrande also took part victoriously in the dispute concerning the independence of the so-called Taconic System in North America, ending a discussion of many years by proving that the fauna which was discovered by Emmons and Marcou represented his primordial Cambrian fauna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yochelson |first=Ellis L. |date=1993 |title=The Question of Primordial and Cambrian/Taconic: Barrande and Logan/Marcou |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24138601 |journal=Earth Sciences History |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=111–120 |doi=10.17704/eshi.12.2.lm6ql05572n38221 |jstor=24138601 |bibcode=1993ESHis..12..111Y |issn=0736-623X}}</ref>

His anti-evolutionary views were criticized by geologist [[Henry Hicks (geologist)|Henry Hicks]] who commented that "Barrande is well known to be a determined opponent to the theory of evolution, and doubtless this strong bias has prevented him from seeing and accepting many facts which would otherwise, to so keen and careful an observer, have seemed inconsistent with such strong views."<ref>Hicks, Henry. (1874). [https://www.nature.com/articles/009261b0 ''M. Barrande and Darwinism'']. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 9: 261–262.</ref>

{{botanist|Barrande|Barrande, Joachim|border=0}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category|Joachim Barrande}}
* [http://www.trilobit.biz/joachim.html Detailed biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081017053118/http://nts2.cgu.cz/pls/portal30/docs/FOLDER/SVET_GEOLOGIE/OSOBNOSTI/BARRANDE/JOACHIM_BARRANDE.HTM Detailed biography (in Czech, with details of his stay in Bohemia)]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Joachim Barrande}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062602/http://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=who%3A%28Barrande%2C+J.+col.+%28collector%29%29&rows=96&start=1345&qt=false part of his collection accessible online via Europeana]
* [http://kramerius5.nkp.cz/search?sort=newest&collections=vc:d774b0ab-ddc0-4c94-930d-8bec648ffb78 Works by Joachim Barrande accessible online via Kramerius (digital library)]
* [http://kramerius5.nkp.cz/search?sort=newest&collections=vc:d774b0ab-ddc0-4c94-930d-8bec648ffb78 Système silurien du centre de la Bohême accessible online via Kramerius (digital library)]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barrande, Joachim}}
[[Category:1799 births]]
[[Category:1883 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Haute-Loire]]
[[Category:Legitimists]]
[[Category:19th-century French people]]
[[Category:Czech people of French descent]]
[[Category:19th-century Czech people]]
[[Category:French geologists]]
[[Category:French paleontologists]]
[[Category:Czech paleontologists]]
[[Category:Czech geologists]]
[[Category:Paleobotanists]]
[[Category:Catastrophism]]
[[Category:Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni]]
[[Category:École Polytechnique alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Wollaston Medal winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal]]
[[Category:International members of the American Philosophical Society]]