Editing Jingoism

{{short description|Patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
[[File:The American War-Dog by Oscar Cesare 1916.jpg|thumb|right|''The American War-Dog'', a 1916 political cartoon by [[Oscar Cesare]], with the dog named "Jingo"]]
'''Jingoism''' is [[nationalism]] in the form of aggressive and proactive [[foreign policy]], such as a country's [[advocacy]] for the use of threats or actual force, as opposed to peaceful relations, in efforts to safeguard what it perceives as its [[national interest]]s.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Catherine Soanes|title=Compact Oxford English Dictionary for University and College Students|location=Oxford|publisher= University Press|date= 2006|page= 546}}</ref> Colloquially, jingoism is excessive [[bias]] in judging one's own country as superior to others &ndash; an extreme type of nationalism (''cf''. [[chauvinism]] and [[ultranationalism]]).

==Etymology==
The chorus of a song by the songwriter [[G. W. Hunt]],  popularized by the singer [[G. H. MacDermott]] &ndash; which was commonly sung in British [[public house|pubs]] and [[music hall]]s around the time of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)| Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78]] &ndash; gave birth to the term.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyberussr.com/hcunn/q-jingo.html |title="By Jingo": Macdermott's War Song (1878) |publisher=Cyberussr.com |access-date=2012-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.davidkidd.net/20Plevna.html |title=By Jingo |publisher=Davidkidd.net |access-date=2012-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917232549/http://www.davidkidd.net/20Plevna.html |archive-date=17 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= Pears |first=Edwin |author-link= Edwin Pears|year=1916 |title=Forty Years in Constantinople, The Recollections of Sir Edwin Pears 1873–1915 |publisher=Herbert Jenkins Limited |place=London |edition= 1 |page=[https://archive.org/stream/fortyyearsincons00pearuoft#page/26/mode/2up 27] |url=https://archive.org/stream/fortyyearsincons00pearuoft |access-date=10 June 2016 |via= Internet Archive}}</ref> The lyrics included this chorus:

{{quote|<poem>We don't want to fight but ''by Jingo'' if we do
We've got the ships, we've got the men, we've got the money too
We've fought [[Russian Bear|the Bear]] before, and while we're Britons true
The Russians shall not have [[Constantinople]]!</poem>}}

The capture of Constantinople was a long-standing [[Russian Empire|Russian]] strategic aim, since it would have given the Russian Navy, based in the [[Black Sea]], unfettered access to  the [[Mediterranean Sea]] through the [[ Bosphorus]] and the [[Dardanelles]] (known as the "[[Turkish Straits]]"); conversely, the British were determined to block the Russians, in order to protect their own access to [[British Raj|India]]. At the time when the above song was composed and sung, the Russians were nearing their goal, through the [[Treaty of San Stefano]]; eventually, the British were able to push the Russians back by means of diplomatic pressure and the threat of war.

The phrase "[[by Jingo]]" was a [[minced oath]], scarcely documented in writing, used in place of "by [[Jesus]]". The term may derive from Basque Jinkoa: "God".<ref>Online Etymology Dictionary [https://www.etymonline.com/word/jingo]</ref>

Use of the specific term "jingoism" stems from its coinage by prominent British radical [[George Holyoake]], as a political label, in a letter to the ''[[The Daily News (UK)|Daily News]]'' on 13 March 1878.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first= Justin |author-link= Justin_McCarthy_(1830–1912) |title= A History of Our Own Times: From the Accession of Queen Victoria to the General Elections of 1880 |publisher=  Chatto & Windus |place= London  |year= 1881 |volume = IV |page=473 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.210311/2015.210311.A-History#page/n485/mode/2up |access-date= 14 March 2018 |via= Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Holyoake |first= George Jacob |author-link=George Holyoake |title= Sixty Years of An Agitator's Life |year=1892 |publisher= T. Fisher Unwin|place= London |url=https://archive.org/stream/sixtyyearsanagi08holygoog |volume= II|pages= [https://archive.org/stream/sixtyyearsanagi08holygoog#page/n234/mode/2up 216]–218|access-date= 14 March 2018|via= Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Ceadel |title=Semi-detached Idealists: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1854–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |page=105 |isbn=0-19-924117-1 }}</ref>

== Examples ==

In the 1880s, [[Henry Hyndman]], leader of the [[Social Democratic Federation]], turned against internationalism, and promoted a version of Socialism mixed with [[nationalism]] and [[antisemitism]],<ref name=Virdee>{{cite journal |last1=Virdee |first1=Satnam |title=Socialist antisemitism and its discontents in England, 1884–98 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |date=8 August 2017 |volume=51 |issue=3–4 |pages=356–373 |doi=10.1080/0031322X.2017.1335029|doi-access=free }}{{open access}} (page 363)</ref> even to the point of attacking fellow Socialist [[Eleanor Marx]] in antisemitic terms, noting that she had "inherited in her nose and mouth the Jewish type from [[Karl Marx]] himself". When taking part in the breakaway group which founded the [[Socialist League (UK, 1885)|Socialist League]], Eleanor Marx wrote polemics in which she characterized Hyndman and his followers as "The Jingo Party".<ref>[[Eleanor Marx]] letter to [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]], 1 January 1885, quoted in {{cite book|first=Rachel |last=Holmes|title=Eleanor Marx - A Life|publisher= Bloomsbury |location=London|date= 2014|page= 223}}</ref>

British artillery major-general [[Thomas Bland Strange]], one of the founders of the [[Canadian Army]] and one of the divisional commanders during the 1885 [[North-West Rebellion]], was an eccentric and temperamental soldier who gained the nickname "Jingo Strange" and titled his 1893 autobiography ''Gunner Jingo's Jubilee''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Strange|first= Thomas Bland|title= Gunner Jingo's Jubilee|location= London|date= 1893}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=  Macleod|first= R.C.|chapter=Thomas Bland Strange|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|edition= new edition with an introduction by R.C. Macleod|location= Edmonton|date= 1988}}</ref>

Probably the first uses of the term in the U.S. press occurred in connection with the proposed [[annexation of Hawaii]] in 1893, after [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|a coup led by foreign residents]], mostly Americans, and assisted by the [[John L. Stevens|U.S. minister in Hawaii]], overthrew the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|constitutional monarchy]] and declared [[Republic of Hawaii|a republic]]. Republican president [[Benjamin Harrison]] and Republicans in the U.S. Senate were frequently accused of jingoism in the Democratic press for supporting annexation.<ref>''Kansas City Times'', 14 February 1893, p. 4 editorial: "Jingoism pure and simple."</ref>

[[Theodore Roosevelt]] was frequently accused of jingoism. In an article on 23 October 1895 in ''[[The New York Times]]'', Roosevelt stated, "There is much talk about 'jingoism'. If by 'jingoism' they mean a policy in pursuance of which Americans will with resolution and common sense insist upon our rights being respected by foreign powers, then we are 'jingoes'."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1895/10/24/106070065.pdf |title=For An Honest Election |work=The New York Times |date=23 October 1895 |access-date=2012-09-30}} The reference is found halfway down the article.</ref> [[Donald Trump]]'s speeches are also often described as jingoist.<ref>[https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/07/trumps-love-it-or-leave-it-jingoism-was-predictable.html Trump’s ‘Love It Or Leave It’ Jingoism Was Predictable All Along]</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/jul/05/donald-trumps-july-4th-jamboree-symbolic-jingoistic-and-untraditional 'Great country!' Trump flaunts US military might at jingoistic jamboree]</ref><ref>[https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/critics-notebook-trump-delivers-his-state-union-address-a-divided-union-1080439/ Critic’s Notebook: Trump Delivers Lengthy, Jingoistic State of the Union Address to Divided Nation]</ref>

In ''[[Homage to Catalonia]]'', [[George Orwell]] decries the tactics of political journalists and wishes for introduction of aeroplanes into war in order to finally see "a jingo with a bullet hole in him."<ref>{{cite book |last=Orwell |first=George |date=1938 |title=Homage to Catalonia |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.458449 }}</ref>

The policy of [[appeasement]] toward [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] led to satirical references to the disappearance of such jingoistic attitudes when facing German aggression. A cartoon by [[E. H. Shepard]] titled "The Old-Fashioned Customer" appeared on 28 March 1938 issue of ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]''. Set in a record shop, [[John Bull]] asks the record seller (Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]]): "I wonder if you've got a song I remember about not wanting to fight, but if we do... something, something, something ... we've got the money too?". On the wall is a portrait of [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]].<ref>{{Cite book|first=John|last=Charmley|title=Chamberlain and the Lost Peace|publisher=[[Ivan R. Dee]]|year=1999|page=61|isbn=9781461720928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQV1AQAAQBAJ}}</ref>

The rhetoric of [[North Korea]] has been described as jingoist.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-09-09 |title=North Korea scales down jingoism on 70th birthday |url=https://www.dw.com/en/north-korea-scales-down-jingoism-on-70th-birthday/g-45418595 |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=DW |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-16 |title=The strategic incoherence of copying North Korea |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2022/06/16/the-strategic-incoherence-of-copying-north-korea |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Chung Min |date=2020-05-13 |title=A Peninsula of Paradoxes: South Korean Public Opinion on Unification and Outside Powers |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2020/05/a-peninsula-of-paradoxes-south-korean-public-opinion-on-unification-and-outside-powers?lang=en |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Colonel Blimp]]
* [[Diplomacy]]
* [[Militarism]]
* [[Rejoice (Margaret Thatcher)]]
* [[War hawk]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}
*{{Wiktionary-inline}}
*{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Jingo }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HSkjw9ZuvRw MacDermott song]
*[http://www.cyberussr.com/hcunn/q-jingo.html MacDermott song lyrics]
*[http://www.firstworldwar.com/audio/1914.htm The song, We Didn't Want To Fight] - Sung by [[Stanley Kirkby]]

{{Nationalism}}

[[Category:Nationalism]]
[[Category:Chauvinism]]
[[Category:Patriotism]]