Editing Jin dynasty (1115–1234)

{{Short description|Jurchen-led imperial dynasty of China}}
{{hatnote group|
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]] or the [[Later Jin (1616–1636)]]}}
{{Other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
}}
{{Redirect|Anchu|the novel|Anchu (novel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox former country
| native_name            = {{langn|zh|大金}}<br />[[File:Amba-an Ancu-un.svg|class=skin-invert|65px]]
| conventional_long_name = Great Jin
| era                    = Medieval Asia
| status                 = Empire
| government_type        = [[Monarchy]]
| year_start             = 1115
| year_end               = 1234
| event_start            = Founded by [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]]
| date_start             = 28 January
| event_end              = [[Siege of Caizhou|Fall]] of [[Runan County|Caizhou]] to the [[Mongol Empire]]
| date_end               = 9 February
| event1                 = Destruction of the [[Liao dynasty]]
| date_event1            = 26 March 1125
| event2                 = Capture of [[Kaifeng|Bianliang]] from the [[Northern Song dynasty|Northern Song]]
| date_event2            = 9 January 1127
| event3                 = Mongol invasion
| date_event3            = 1211
| p1                     = Liao dynasty
| p2                     = Northern Song
| p3                     = Northern Liao
| s1                     = Mongol Empire
| s2                     = Southern Song
| s3                     = Qara Khitai
| s4                     = Western Liao
| s5                     = Eastern Xia
| s6                     = Eastern Liao
| image_map              = Jin_Dynasty 1141 (no borders).png
| image_map_caption      = Jin territory {{circa|1141}} in blue {{Colorsample|#87CEFA|0.6}}
| capital                = {{plainlist|
* [[Huiningfu]] (1122–1153)
* [[Zhongdu]] (1153–1214)
* [[Kaifeng]] (1214–1233)
* [[Runan County|Caizhou]] (1233–1234)}}
| common_languages       = [[Middle Chinese]] (later [[Old Mandarin]]), [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]], [[Khitan language|Khitan]]
| religion               = {{flatlist|
* [[Buddhism]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Confucianism]]
* [[Chinese folk religion]]
}}
| currency               = [[Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty coinage]]:{{hlist|[[Ancient Chinese coinage|Chinese coin]]|[[Cash (Chinese coin)|Chinese cash]]|[[paper money]]}}
| leader1                = [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]] (first)
| leader2                = [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]]
| leader3                = [[Emperor Mo of Jin|Modi]] (last)
| year_leader1           = 1115–1123
| year_leader2           = 1161–1189
| year_leader3           = 1234
| title_leader           = [[Jin dynasty, 1115–1234|Emperor]]
| stat_year1             = 1142 {{est.}}
| stat_area1             = 3610000
| stat_year2             = 1186 {{est.}}
| stat_area2             = 4750000
| stat_pop2              = 53,000,000
| ref_pop2               = {{sfn|Twitchett|Fairbank|1994|p=40}}
| today                  = {{plainlist|
* [[China]]
* [[North Korea]]
* [[Russia]]
}}
}}
{{History of China}}
{{History of Manchuria}}
The '''Jin dynasty''' ({{IPAc-en|dʒ|ɪ|n}},<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/jin "Jin"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> {{zh|c=金朝|p=Jīn cháo}}),{{efn|Also '''Jin Empire''' ({{zhi|t=金國|p=Jīn guó}}; [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]: {{tlit|juc|Anchun Gurun}} or {{tlit|juc|Alchun Gurun}}<ref>{{Citation |first=René |last=Grousset |title=A History of Central Asia |page=136 |year=1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |edition=Repr. |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |url-access=registration}}</ref>)}} officially known as the '''Great Jin''' ({{zhi|c=大金|p=Dà Jīn}}), was a [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Dynasties of China|imperial dynasty of China]] and empire ruled by the [[Wanyan]] clan that existed between 1115 and 1234.{{efn|In English, its name is sometimes written as "Kin", "Jinn", or "Chin"{{sfn|Franke|1994b|pp=215–320}} in order to differentiate it from the earlier [[Jin dynasty (266–420)]], whose name is written identically in pinyin without tone marks.}} It is also often called the '''Jurchen dynasty''' or the '''Jurchen Jin''' after the ruling Jurchen people. At its peak, the empire extended from [[Outer Manchuria]] in the north to the [[Qinling–Huaihe Line]] in the south.

The Jin dynasty emerged from [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Wanyan Aguda]]'s rebellion against the [[Liao dynasty]] (916–1125), which held sway over northern China until being driven by the nascent Jin to the [[Western Regions]], where they would become known in [[Chinese historiography]] as the [[Qara Khitai|Western Liao]]. After conquering the Liao territory, the Jin launched a [[Jin–Song Wars|century-long campaign]] against the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) based in southern China, whose rulers were ethnically [[Han Chinese]]. Over the course of the Jin's rule, their emperors [[Sinicization|adapted to Han]] customs and even [[History of the Great Wall of China|fortified the Great Wall]] against the ascendant [[Mongol Empire]]. The Jin also oversaw a number of internal cultural advances, such as the revival of [[Confucianism]].

In 1211, the Mongols, led by [[Genghis Khan]], invaded the Jin Empire, winning several victories. Over the span of 23 years, the Jin faced several defeats, internal revolts, defections, and coups. They were [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty|finally conquered by the Mongols]] in 1234.

== Name ==
{{Main|Names of China}}

The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" (大金), with ''Jin'' meaning "gold". The Jurchen word for "gold", and therefore also for their state name, was ''alchun''.{{sfn|Kane|2009|p=4-165}}<ref>{{Citation |last=René Grousset |title=A History of Central Asia |page=136 |year=1970 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou |edition=reprint, illustrated |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as China, ''Zhongguo'' ({{lang|zh|中國}}) (“Middle Kingdom”), just as some other non-Han dynasties.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=7}} Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=6}} Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.{{sfn|Zhao|2006|p=24}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| c = 金朝
| p = Jīncháo
| w = {{tone superscript|Chin1 Ch'ao2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|in|1|.|ch|ao|2}}
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|g|am|1|-|c|iu|4}}
| mnc_v = Aisin Gurun
| lang1 = Khitan
| lang1_content = Nik, Niku
| monr = Altan Ulus
| c2 = 大金
| p2 = Dà Jīn
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|d|aai|6|-|g|am|1}}
| l2 = Great Jin
| bpmf = ㄐㄧㄣ ㄔㄠˊ
| tp = Jincháo
| tp2 = Dà Jin
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Ta4 Chin1}}
| bpmf2 = ㄉㄚˋ ㄐㄧㄣ
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|d|a|4|.|j|in|1}}
| j = Gam1 ciu4
| j2 = Daai6 gam1
}}

==Origin==
{{see also|Timeline of the Jurchens}}
The progenitors of the Jin and the [[Jurchen people]] were the [[Mohe people]], who lived in what is now [[Northeast China]]. The Mohe were a primarily sedentary people who practiced hunting, pig farming, and grew crops such as soybean, wheat, millet, and rice. Horses were rare in the region until the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] period and pastoralism was not widespread until the 10th century under the domination of the [[Khitans]]. The Mohe exported reindeer products and may have ridden them as well. They practiced mass slavery and used the slaves to aid in hunting and agricultural work.{{sfn|Gorelova|2002|pp=13–14}}{{sfn|Crossley|1997|p=17}} The Tang described the Mohe as a fierce and uncultured people who used poisoned arrows.{{sfn|Crossley|1997|p=124}}

The two most powerful groups of Mohe were the [[Heishui Mohe]] in the north, named after the [[Amur|Heilong River]], and the [[Sumo Mohe]] in the south, named after the [[Songhua River]]. From the Heishui Mohe emerged the Jurchens in the forested mountain areas of eastern Manchuria and Russia's [[Primorsky Krai]].{{sfn|Crossley|1997|pp=18–20}} The Wuguo (五國)  ("Five Nations") federation that existed to the northeast of modern [[Jilin]] are also considered to be ancestors of the Jurchens. The Jurchens were mentioned in historical records for the first time in the 10th century as tribute bearers to the [[Liao dynasty|Liao]], [[Later Tang]], and [[Song dynasty|Song]] courts. They practiced hunting, fishing, and kept domestic oxen while their primary export was horses. They had no script, calendar, or offices during the mid-11th century. The Jurchens were minor political actors in the international system at the time. By the 10th century, the Jurchens had become vassals of the Liao dynasty, but they also sent a number of tributary and trade missions to the Song capital of [[Kaifeng]], which the Liao tried unsuccessfully to prevent.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|pp=217–220}} Some Jurchens paid tribute to [[Goryeo]] and sided with the latter during the [[Goryeo–Khitan War]]. They offered tribute to both courts out of political necessity and for material benefits.{{sfn|Breuker|2010|pp=220–221}}

In the 11th century, there was widespread discontent against [[Khitan people|Khitan]] rule among the Jurchens as the Liao violently extorted annual tribute from the Jurchen tribes. Leveraging the Jurchens' desire for independence from the Khitans, chief [[Wugunai]] (1021–1074) of the [[Wanyan]] clan rose to prominence, dominating all of eastern Manchuria from [[Mount Changbai]] to the Wuguo tribes. According to tradition, Wugunai was a sixth generation descendant of [[Hanpu]] while his father held a military title from the Liao court, although the title did not confer or hold any real power. His grandson [[Wanyan Aguda|Aguda]] eventually founded the Jin dynasty.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=220}}

==Founding==
The Jin dynasty was founded in modern [[Jilin]] and [[Heilongjiang]] by the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] tribal chieftain [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]] in 1115. According to tradition, Aguda was a descendant of [[Hanpu]]. Aguda adopted the term for "gold" as the name of his state, itself a translation of "Anchuhu" River, which meant "golden" in [[Jurchen language|Jurchen]]. This river, known as Alechuka in modern Chinese, is a tributary of the [[Songhua River]] east of [[Harbin]].{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=221}} ''Alechuka'' ({{lang|zh|阿勒楚喀}}) is a transliteration of its Manchu name ''alchuqa'' ({{lang|mnc|ᠠᠯᠴᡠᡴᠠ}}), suggesting that the Jurchen name for the river sounded more similar to ''alchuhu'' rather than ''anchuhu''. It was common for Chinese translators at the time to use the final ''-n'' sound at the end of a Chinese character to transliterate ''-l'', ''-r'', ''-s'', ''-z'' etc. at the end of a syllable in foreign words. The Jurchens' early rulers were the [[Khitan people|Khitan]]-led [[Liao dynasty]], which had held sway over modern [[North China]] and [[Northeast China]] and the [[Mongolian Plateau]], for several centuries. In 1121, the Jurchens entered into the [[Alliance Conducted at Sea]] with the [[Han Chinese|Han]]-led [[Northern Song dynasty]] and agreed to jointly invade the Liao dynasty. While the Song armies faltered, the Jurchens succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia. In 1125, after the death of Aguda, the Jin dynasty broke its alliance with the Song dynasty and invaded north China. When the Song dynasty reclaimed the Han-populated [[Sixteen Prefectures]], they were "fiercely resisted" by the Han Chinese population there who had previously been under Liao rule, while when the Jurchens invaded that area, the Han Chinese did not oppose them at all and handed over the Southern Capital (present-day [[Beijing]], then known as Yanjing) to them.{{sfn|Franke|1994a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC&pg=PA39 39]}} The Jurchens were supported by the anti-Song, Beijing-based noble Han clans.{{sfn|Tillman|1995a|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=IdYGiGan4o8C&pg=PA28 28]}} The Han Chinese who worked for the Liao were viewed as hostile enemies by the Song dynasty.<ref>{{Citation |last=Elliott |first=Mark |title=Critical Han Studies The History, Representation, and Identity of China's Majority |page=186 |year=2012 |editor-last=Mullaney |editor-first=Tomhas S. |editor-last2=Leibold |editor-first2=James |editor-last3=Gros |editor-first3=Stéphane |editor-last4=Bussche |editor-first4=Eric Vanden |chapter=8. Hushuo The Northern Other and the Naming of the Han Chinese |chapter-url=http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/elliott/files/critical_han_studies_ch8_elliott.pdf |publisher=University of California Press}}</ref> Song Han Chinese also defected to the Jin.{{sfn|Gernet|1996|p=[https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/358 358]}} One crucial mistake that the Song made during this joint attack was the removal of the defensive forest it originally built along the Song-Liao border. Because of the removal of this landscape barrier, in 1126/27, the Jin army marched quickly across the North China Plain to Bianjing (present-day [[Kaifeng]]).<ref>{{Citation |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |title=Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song–Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century |date=2018 |journal=Journal of Chinese History |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=313–334 |language=en |doi=10.1017/jch.2018.7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> On 9 January 1127, the Jurchens [[Jingkang Incident|ransacked]] the Imperial palaces in Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song dynasty, capturing both [[Emperor Qinzong of Song|Emperor Qinzong]] and his father, [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]], who had abdicated in panic in the face of the Jin invasion. Following the fall of Bianjing, the succeeding [[Southern Song dynasty]] continued to fight the Jin dynasty for over a decade, eventually signing the [[Treaty of Shaoxing]] in 1141, which called for the cession of all Song territories north of the [[Huai River]] to the Jin dynasty and the execution of Song general [[Yue Fei]] in return for peace. The peace treaty was formally ratified on 11 October 1142, when a Jin envoy visited the Song court.<ref name="Hymes">{{Citation |last=Hymes |first=Robert |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/34 34] |year=2000 |editor-last=John Stewart Bowman |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11004-4 |url-access=registration |authorlink=Robert Hymes}}</ref>

Having conquered Kaifeng and occupied northern China, the Jin later deliberately chose earth as its dynastic element and yellow as its royal color. According to the theory of the ''[[Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)|wuxing]]'' ('five elements'), the earth element follows the fire, the dynastic element of the Song, in the sequence of elemental creation. Therefore, this ideological move shows that the Jin regarded the Song reign of China was officially over and themselves as the rightful ruler of China Proper.<ref>{{Citation |last=Chen |first=Yuan Julian |title=Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China |date=2014 |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=325–364 |doi=10.1353/sys.2014.0000 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The decision to choose earth (signalling the Jin as successor of the Song) was chosen against the alternative suggestion of linking ''Jin'' (meaning 'gold') with the element of metal. This rejected suggestion was based on a nativist current that distanced the Jin from the Song and interpreted the Jin as an autonomous development rooted in Northeast Asia unrelated to the precedents of Chinese dynasties. However, the emperor dismissed the "metal" suggestion.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hok-lam Chan |title=Legitimation in Imperial China: Discussions Under The Jurchen-Chin Dynasty |date=1984 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295961491}}</ref>

== Southward migration ==
After taking over northern China, the Jin became increasingly [[sinicised]]. Over the span of 20 years, the new Jurchen ruling class constituted around half of a larger pattern of migration southward into northern China. There, many Jurchens were granted land, which was then organised around a social structure based on hereditary military units: a {{lang|zh|mouke}} ('company') was a unit consisting of 300 households, and groups of 7–10 {{lang|zh|moukes}} were further organised into {{lang|zh|meng-an}} ('battalions').<ref>{{Citation |last=Mark C. Elliot |title=The Manchu Way: The eight banners and ethnic identity in late imperial China |page=60 |year=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press}}</ref> The Jurchen ruling class ruled over an estimated 30&nbsp;million people. Many Jurchens intermarried with Han Chinese, though the ban on Jurchen nobility marrying outside of their ethnicity was only annulled in 1191.

Following the death of [[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Emperor Taizong]] in 1135, each of the next three emperors were the remaining grandsons of [[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Aguda]], each by a different one of his sons. [[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Emperor Xizong]] ({{r.}}1135–1149) studied the classics and wrote Chinese poetry. He adopted Han Chinese cultural traditions, but the Jurchen nobles had the top positions. Later in his life, Emperor Xizong became an alcoholic and executed many officials for criticising him. He also had Jurchen leaders who opposed him murdered, even those in the Wanyan clan. In 1149, he was murdered by a cabal of relatives and nobles, who made his cousin [[Wanyan Liang]] the next Jin emperor. Because of the brutality of both his domestic and foreign policy, Wanyan Liang was posthumously demoted from the position of emperor. Historians have consequently referred to him by his [[posthumous name]] "Prince of Hailing".<ref name="multiref1">{{Citation |last=Beck |first=Sanderson |title=Liao, Xi Xia, and Jin Dynasties 907–1234 |work=China 7 BC To 1279 |url=http://www.san.beck.org/AB3-China.html#9}}</ref>

== Northern rebellions ==
{{stack|float=left|[[File:Chenglingpagodazhengding.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|The Chengling Pagoda of [[Zhengding]], Hebei, built between 1161 and 1189]]}}

Having usurped the throne, [[Wanyan Liang]] embarked on the program of legitimising his rule as an emperor of China. In 1153, he moved the empire's main capital from [[Huining Prefecture]] (south of present-day Harbin) to the former Liao capital, Yanjing (present-day [[Beijing]]).<ref name="multiref1" /><ref name="tao44">{{harvp|Tao|1976|p=44}}</ref> Four years later, in 1157, to emphasise the permanence of the move, he razed the nobles' residences in Huining Prefecture.<ref name="multiref1" /><ref name="tao44" /> Wanyan Liang also reconstructed the former Song capital, Bianjing (present-day [[Kaifeng]]), which had been sacked in 1127, making it the Jin's southern capital.<ref name="multiref1" />

Wanyan Liang also tried to suppress dissent by killing Jurchen nobles, executing 155 princes.<ref name="multiref1" /> To fulfil his dream of becoming the ruler of all China, Wanyan Liang attacked the [[Southern Song dynasty]] in 1161. Meanwhile, two simultaneous rebellions erupted in [[Balin Zuo Qi|Shangjing]], at the Jurchens' former power base: led by Wanyan Liang's cousin, soon-to-be crowned [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Wanyan Yong]], and the other of Khitan tribesmen. Wanyan Liang had to withdraw Jin troops from southern China to quell the uprisings. The Jin forces were defeated by Song forces in the [[Battle of Caishi]] and [[Battle of Tangdao]]. With a depleted military force, Wanyan Liang failed to make headway in his attempted invasion of the Southern Song dynasty. Finally he was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161, due to his defeats. His son and heir was also assassinated in the capital.<ref name="multiref1" />

[[File:Jin Wood Structure Model (10108025985).jpg|thumb|Jin wood structure (model)]]
[[File:Jin Tomb with Stage Scene (10108797594).jpg|thumb|Jin tomb with stage scene]]
Although crowned in October, [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Emperor Shizong]] was not officially recognised as emperor until the murder of Wanyan Liang's heir.<ref name="multiref1" /> The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164; their horses were confiscated so that the rebels had to take up farming. Other Khitan and [[Kumo Xi|Xi]] cavalry units had been incorporated into the Jin army. Because these internal uprisings had severely weakened the Jin's capacity to confront the Southern Song militarily, the Jin court under Emperor Shizong began negotiating for peace. The [[Treaty of Longxing]] was signed in 1164, ushering in more than 40 years of peace between the two empires.

In the early 1180s, Emperor Shizong instituted a restructuring of 200 ''meng'an'' units to remove tax abuses and help Jurchens. Communal farming was encouraged. The Jin Empire prospered and had a large surplus of grain in reserve. Although learned in [[Chinese classics]], Emperor Shizong was also known as a promoter of [[Jurchen language]] and culture; during his reign, a number of Chinese classics were translated into Jurchen, the Imperial Jurchen Academy was founded, and the [[imperial examination]]s started to be offered in the Jurchen language.<ref name="tao69">{{harvp|Tao|1976|loc=Chapter 6. "The Jurchen Movement for Revival", pp. 69–83}}</ref> [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Emperor Shizong]]'s reign (1161–1189) was remembered by the posterity as the time of comparative peace and prosperity, and the emperor himself was compared to the mythological rulers [[Yao (ruler)|Yao]] and [[Shun (Chinese leader)|Shun]]. Poor Jurchen families in the southern Routes (Daming and Shandong) Battalion and Company households tried to live the lifestyle of wealthy Jurchen families and avoid doing farming work by selling their own Jurchen daughters into slavery and renting their land to Han tenants. The wealthy Jurchens feasted and drank and wore damask and silk. The ''[[History of Jin]]'' says that Emperor Shizong took note and attempted to halt these things in 1181.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schneider |first=Julia |title=The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors |journal=Journal of Song-Yuan Studies |volume=41 |issue=41 |pages=343–404 |year=2011 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/23496214 |doi=10.1353/sys.2011.0030 |hdl=1854/LU-2045182 |jstor=23496214 |s2cid=162237648  |hdl-access=free |accessdate=31 March 2023}}</ref>

Shizong's grandson, [[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Emperor Zhangzong]] (r. 1189–1208), venerated Jurchen values, but he also immersed himself in Han Chinese culture and married an ethnic Han Chinese woman. The ''[[Taihe Code of law]]'' was promulgated in 1201, and was based mostly on the [[Tang Code]]. In 1207, the Southern Song dynasty attempted an invasion, but the Jin forces repulsed them. In the peace agreement, the Song dynasty had to pay higher annual indemnities and behead [[Han Tuozhou]], the leader of the hawkish faction in the Song imperial court.

== Fall ==
{{Main|Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty}}
{{Continental Asia in 1200 CE|{{center|The Jin dynasty (<small>{{Colorsample|#87CEFA|0.6}}</small>) and main contemporary Asian polities {{c.|1205}}}}||Map of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).png}}
In the early 13th century, the Jin began to feel the pressure of Mongols from the north. [[Genghis Khan]] first led the Mongols into [[Western Xia]] territory in 1205 and ravaged it four years later. In 1211 about 50,000 Mongol horsemen invaded the Jin Empire and began absorbing Khitan and Jurchen rebels. The Jin had a large army with 150,000 cavalry but abandoned the "western capital" [[Datong]] (see [[Battle of Yehuling]]). The next year the Mongols went north and looted the Jin "eastern capital", and in 1213 they besieged the "central capital", [[Zhongdu]] (present-day [[Beijing]]). In 1214 the Jin made a humiliating treaty but retained the capital. That summer, [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Emperor Xuanzong]] abandoned the central capital and moved the government to the "southern capital" [[Kaifeng]], making it the official seat of the Jin dynasty's power.

In 1216, a hawkish faction in the Jin imperial court persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to attack the Song dynasty, but in 1219, they were defeated at the same location on the [[Yangtze]]  where [[Wanyan Liang]] had been defeated in 1161. The Jin now faced a two front war that they could not afford. Furthermore, [[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Emperor Aizong]] won a succession struggle against his brother and then quickly ended the war and went back to the capital. He made peace with the [[Tangut people|Tanguts]] of Western Xia, who had been allied with the Mongols.

The Jurchen Jin emperor [[Wanyan Yongji]]'s daughter, Jurchen Princess Qiguo, was married to Mongol leader [[Genghis Khan]] in exchange for relieving the [[Battle of Zhongdu|Mongol siege of Zhongdu]] in the [[Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Broadbridge |first=Anne F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RHOFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |title=Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-63662-9 |edition=illustrated |page=94}}</ref>

[[File:文姬歸漢圖.jpg|thumb|left|''Cai Wenji returning to Han'', Jin dynasty painting]]
Many [[Han Chinese]] and Khitans defected to the Mongols to fight against the Jin dynasty. Two Han Chinese leaders, [[Shi Tianze]] and {{ill|Liu Heima|zh|劉黑馬}},<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collectif |title=Revue bibliographique de sinologie 2001 |publisher=Éditions de l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales |year=2002 |page=147 |language=fr}}</ref> and the Khitan [[Xiao Zhala]] defected and commanded the three tumens in the Mongol army.<ref>{{Cite book |last=May |first=Timothy Michael |title=The Mechanics of Conquest and Governance: The Rise and Expansion of the Mongol Empire, 1185–1265 |publisher=University of Wisconsin |location=Madison |year=2004 |page=50}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianze served Genghis Khan's successor, [[Ögedei Khan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schram |first=Stuart Reynolds |title=Foundations and Limits of State Power in China |publisher=European Science Foundation by School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |year=1987 |page=130}}</ref> Liu Heima and Shi Tianxiang led armies against Western Xia for the Mongols.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gary Seaman |title=Rulers from the steppe: state formation on the Eurasian periphery |last2=Daniel Marks |publisher=Ethnographics Press, Center for Visual Anthropology, University of Southern California |year=1991 |page=175}}</ref> There were four Han [[Tumen (unit)|tumens]] and three Khitan tumens, with each tumen consisting of 10,000 troops. The three Khitan generals [[Shimo Beidi'er]], [[Tabuyir]], and {{ill|Xiao Zhongxi|zh|蕭重喜}} (Xiao Zhala's son) commanded the three Khitan tumens and the four Han generals {{ill|Zhang Rou|zh|張柔}}, {{ill|Yan Shi (Jin dynasty)|zh|嚴實|lt=Yan Shi}}, Shi Tianze and Liu Heima commanded the four Han tümens under Ögedei Khan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Xiaopeng |year=2001 |script-title=zh:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户 |trans-title=A Study of XIAO Zha-la the Han Army Commander of 10,000 Families in the Year of 1229 during the Period of Khan (O)gedei |url=http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008 |url-status=live |script-journal=zh:西北师大学报(社会科学版 |author-mask=Hu Xiaopeng (胡小鹏) |trans-journal=Journal of Northwest Normal University (Social Sciences) |language=zh |volume=38 |issue=6 |doi=10.3969/j.issn.1001-9162.2001.06.008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802032746/http://d.wanfangdata.com.cn/periodical/xbsdxb-shkxb200106008 |archive-date=2016-08-02 |access-date=2016-05-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:窝阔台汗己丑年汉军万户萧札剌考辨–兼论金元之际的汉地七万户-国家哲学社会科学学术期刊数据库 |url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=5638208 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413165816/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=5638208 |archive-date=13 April 2020 |access-date=3 May 2016 |language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:新元史/卷146 – 維基文庫，自由的圖書館 |url=https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7146 |via=Wikisource}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=zh:作品相关 第二十九章 大库里台。本章出自《草原特种兵》 |trans-title=Chapter 29 Big Curry Terrace. This chapter is from ''Grassland Special Forces'' |url=http://www.klxsw.com/files/article/html/87/87953/23237374.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095814/http://www.klxsw.com/files/article/html/87/87953/23237374.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2016-05-03 |language=zh}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=these are websites of dubious quality – scholarly reference books should be used here to back up the statements|date=December 2016}}

Shi Tianze was a Han Chinese who lived under Jin rule. Inter-ethnic marriage between Han Chinese and Jurchens became common at this time. His father was [[Shi Bingzhi]]. Shi Bingzhi married a Jurchen woman (surname Nahe) and a Han Chinese woman (surname Zhang); it is unknown which of them was Shi Tianze's mother.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993">{{Cite book |title=In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300) |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1993 |editor-last=Igor de Rachewiltz |page=41}}</ref> Shi Tianze was married to two Jurchen women, a Han Chinese woman, and a Korean woman, and his son Shi Gang was born to one of his Jurchen wives.<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages">{{Cite book |title=Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages |publisher=Springer |year=2013 |editor-last=J. Ganim |page=47 |editor-last2=S. Legassie}}</ref> His Jurchen wives' surnames were Monian and Nahe, his Korean wife's surname was Li, and his Han Chinese wife's surname was Shi.<ref name="ed. de Rachewiltz 1993" /> Shi Tianze defected to the Mongol forces upon their invasion of the Jin dynasty. His son, Shi Gang, married a [[Keraites|Keraite]] woman; the Keraites were Mongolified Turkic people and considered as part of the "Mongol nation".<ref name="Cosmopolitanism and the Middle Ages" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=James C. Y. |title=The World of Khubilai Khan: Chinese Art in the Yuan Dynasty |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=2010 |page=14}}</ref> Shi Tianze, Zhang Rou, Yan Shi and other Han Chinese who served in the Jin dynasty and defected to the Mongols helped build the structure for the administration of the new Mongol state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Hok-Lam |year=1997 |title=A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=257–283 |doi=10.1017/S1356186300008877 |s2cid=161851226}}</ref>

The Mongols created a Han army out of defecting Jin troops, and another army out of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" ({{lang|zh|新附軍}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hucker |first=Charles O. |title=A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1985 |page=66}}</ref>

Genghis Khan died in 1227 while his armies were attacking Western Xia. His successor, Ögedei Khan, invaded the Jin dynasty again in 1232 with assistance from the [[Southern Song dynasty]]. The Jurchens tried to resist; but when the [[Siege of Kaifeng (1232)|Mongols besieged Kaifeng]] in 1233, Emperor Aizong fled south to the city of [[Runan County|Caizhou]]. A Song–Mongol allied army surrounded the capital, and the next year Emperor Aizong committed suicide by hanging himself to avoid being captured in the [[Siege of Caizhou|Mongols besieged Caizhou]], ending the Jin dynasty in 1234.<ref name="multiref1" /> The territory of the Jin dynasty was to be divided between the Mongols and the Song dynasty. However, due to lingering territorial disputes, the Song dynasty and the Mongols eventually went to war with one another over these territories.

== Government ==
{{see also|Military of the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)}}
The government of the Jin dynasty merged Jurchen customs with institutions adopted from the Liao and Song dynasties.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=265}} The pre-dynastic Jurchen government was based on the quasi-egalitarian tribal council.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|pp=265–266}} Jurchen society at the time did not have a strong political hierarchy. The ''Shuo Fu'' ({{zhi|c=說郛}}) records that the Jurchen tribes were not ruled by central authority and locally elected their chieftains.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=265}} Tribal customs were retained after Aguda united the Jurchen tribes and formed the Jin dynasty, coexisting alongside more centralised institutions.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=266}} The Jin dynasty had five capitals, a practice they adopted from the [[Balhae]] and the Liao.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=270}} The Jin had to overcome the difficulties of controlling a multicultural empire composed of territories once ruled by the Liao and Northern Song. The solution of the early Jin government was to establish separate government structures for different ethnic groups.{{sfn|Franke|1994b|p=267}}

The Jin court maintained a clear separation between the sedentary population who had lived under Liao rule, and the sedentary population who formerly lived under Northern Song rule but had never been under Liao rule. The former they referred to as ''hanren'' or ''yanren'' while the latter they referred to as ''nanren''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas Mullaney, James Patrick Leibold, Stéphane Gros, Eric Armand Vanden Bussche |title=Critical Han Studies |date=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520289758 |pages=186–187}}</ref>

== Culture ==

=== Ideology ===
Because the Jin had few contacts with its southern neighbour, the Song dynasty, different cultural developments took place in both states. Within [[Confucianism]], the [[Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucian]] "Learning of the Way" that developed and became orthodox in Song did not take root in Jin. Jin scholars put more emphasis on the work of northern Song scholar and poet [[Su Shi]] (1037–1101) rather than on [[Zhu Xi]]'s (1130–1200) scholarship that constituted the foundation of the Learning of the Way.{{sfn|Tillman|1995b|pp={{page needed|date=June 2020}}}}

=== Architecture ===
The Jin dynasty sought to revive of Tang-era urban design through architectural projects in Kaifeng and Zhongdu (modern [[Beijing]]), constructing landmarks such as a bell tower and drum tower to announce the night curfew which had been reinstated after being abolished by the Song government.<ref>{{Citation |last1=Nelson |first1=Robert S. |title=Monuments and Memory, Made and Unmade |page=119 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-57158-4 |last2=Olin |first2=Margaret}}</ref> The Jurchens, following the Khitan precedent, lived in tents amid Han Chinese-style architecture, which itself was modeled after Song dynasty Kaifeng.<ref>{{Citation |last=Lincoln |first=Toby |title=An Urban History of China |page=89 |year=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19642-1}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:Kin Dynasty (1115-1234) fresco in Ch'ung-fu Temple, Shuo-chou 1.jpg|thumb|Jin dynasty [[fresco]] of a [[bodhisattva]] from Chongfu Temple ({{zhi|c=崇福寺}}), [[Shuozhou]], Shanxi]]

==== Taoism ====
A significant branch of [[Taoism]] called the [[Quanzhen School]] was founded under the Jin Dynasty by [[Han Chinese]] [[Wang Zhe]] (1113–1170), founder of formal congregations in 1167 and 1168. He took the nickname of [[Wang Chongyang]] (Wang "Double Yang"), and his disciples were retrospectively known as the "seven patriarchs of Quanzhen". The [[Ci (poetry)|''ci'' poetry]] that characterized Jin literature was tightly linked to Quanzhen: two-thirds of the ''ci'' poetry written in Jin times was composed by Quanzhen Taoists.

[[File:Jade ornament grapes jin dynasty shanghai museum 2004 07 22.jpg|thumb|[[Jade]] ornament with flower design, Jin dynasty, [[Shanghai Museum]]]]
[[File:Jin gold plates.JPG|thumb|Chinese gold plates and a chalice from the Jin Dynasty's Zhongdu]]
[[File:Jin Tomb with Stage Scene (10108606933).jpg|thumb|Jin tomb with stage scene]]
The Jin state sponsored an edition of the [[Taoist Canon]] that is known as the ''Precious Canon of the Mysterious Metropolis of the Great Jin'' ({{zhi|c=大金玄都宝藏|p=Dà Jīn Xuándū Bǎozàng}}). Based on a smaller version of the Canon printed by [[Emperor Huizong of Song|Emperor Huizong]] (r. 1100–1125) of the Song, it was completed in 1192 under the direction and support of [[Emperor Zhangzong]] (r. 1190–1208).{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} In 1188, Zhangzong's grandfather and predecessor [[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] (r. 1161–1189) ordered for the Song Canon woodblocks to be transferred from the Jin southern capital Kaifeng (the former Northern Song capital) to the central capital's "Abbey of Celestial Perpetuity" ({{zhi|c=天长观|p=Tiāncháng Guān}}), on the site of what is now the [[White Cloud Temple]] in Beijing.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} Other Taoist writings were also moved there from another abbey in the central capital.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} Zhangzong instructed the abbey's superintendent Sun Mingdao (孙明道) and two civil officials to prepare a complete Canon for printing.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=291}} After sending people on a "nationwide search for scriptures" that yielded 1,074 [[Fascicle (book)|fascicles]] of text that had not been included in the Huizong edition of the Canon and also securing donations to fund the new printing, Sun Mingdao proceeded to have the new woodblocks cut in 1192.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|pp=291–92}} The final print consisted of 6,455 fascicles.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=292}} Despite records that the Jin emperors offered copies of the ''Canon'' as gifts, no surviving traces of the ''Canon'' had been found as of 2008.{{sfn|Boltz|2008|p=292}}

==== Buddhism ====
A [[Buddhist Canon]] or "Tripitaka" was also produced in [[Shanxi]], the same place where an enhanced version of the Jin-sponsored Taoist Canon would be reprinted in 1244.{{sfnm|Yao|1995|1p=174|Goossaert|2008|2p=916 (both Buddhist Canon and Daoist Canon printed in Shanxi)}} The project was initiated in 1139 by a Buddhist nun named Cui Fazhen, who swore (and allegedly "broke her arm to seal the oath") that she would raise the necessary funds to make a new official edition of the Canon printed by the Northern Song.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}} Completed in 1173, the Jin Tripitaka counted about 7,000 fascicles, "a major achievement in the history of Buddhist private printing."{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}} It was further expanded during the [[Yuan dynasty]].{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=174}}

Buddhism thrived during the Jin period, both in its relation with the imperial court and in society in general.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=173}} Many [[sutra]]s were also carved on stone tablets.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=175}} The donors who funded such [[inscription]]s included members of the Jin imperial family, high officials, common people, and Buddhist priests.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=175}} Some sutras have only survived from these carvings and thus they are important in the study of Chinese Buddhism.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=175}} At the same time, the Jin court sold monk certificates for revenue. This practice was initiated in 1162 by Emperor Shizong to fund his wars, and stopped three years later when the wars were over.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=161}} His successor Zhanzong used the same method to raise military funds in 1197 and again one year later to raise money to fight famine in the Western Capital.{{sfn|Yao|1995|p=161}} The same practice was used again in 1207 (to fight the Song and more famine) as well as under the reigns of emperors [[Prince Shao of Wei|Weishao]] ({{r.}}1209–1213) and [[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]] (r. 1213–1224) to fight the Mongols.{{sfn|Yao|1995|pp=161–62}}

=== Fashion ===
{{Main|Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty}}

== List of emperors ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Sovereigns of the Jin dynasty 1115–1234
|-
![[Temple name]]
![[Posthumous name]]<sup>1</sup>
!Jurchen name
!Chinese name
!Years of reign
![[Chinese era name|Era names]] and years
|-
|[[Emperor Taizu of Jin|Taizu]] ({{zhi|t=太祖}})
| Wuyuan ({{zhi|t=武元}})
|Aguda ({{zhi|t=阿骨打}})
|Min ({{zhi|t=旻}})
|1115–1123
|Shouguo ({{zhi|t=收國}}; 1115–1116)<br />Tianfu ({{zhi|t=天輔}}; 1117–1123)
|-
|[[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]] ({{zhi|t=太宗}})
|Wenlie ({{zhi|t=文烈}})
|Wuqimai ({{zhi|t=吳乞買}})
|Sheng ({{zhi|t=晟}})
|1123–1135
|Tianhui ({{zhi|t=天會}}; 1123–1135)
|-
|[[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xizong]] ({{zhi|t=熙宗}})
|Xiaocheng ({{zhi|t=孝成}})
|Hela ({{zhi|t=合剌}})
|Dan ({{zhi|t=亶}})
|1135–1149
|Tianhui ({{zhi|t=天會}}; 1135–1138)<br />Tianjuan ({{zhi|t=天眷}}; 1138–1141)<br />Huangtong ({{zhi|t=皇統}}; 1141–1149)
|-
|''Jingzu (景祖)''
|Yang (炀)
|Digunai ({{zhi|t=迪古乃}})
|[[Wanyan Liang|Liang]] ({{zhi|t=亮}})
|1149–1161
|Tiande ({{zhi|t=天德}}, 1149–1153)<br />Zhenyuan ({{zhi|t=貞元}}; 1153–1156)<br />Zhenglong ({{zhi|t=正隆}}; 1156–1161)
|-
|[[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] ({{zhi|t=世宗}})
|Renxiao ({{zhi|t=仁孝}})
|Wulu ({{zhi|t=烏祿}})
|Yong ({{zhi|t=雍}})
|1161–1189
|Dading ({{zhi|t=大定}}; 1161–1189)
|-
|[[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhangzong]] (章宗)
|Guangxiao ({{zhi|t=光孝}})
|Madage ({{zhi|t=麻達葛}})
|Jing ({{zhi|t=璟}})
|1189–1208
|Mingchang ({{zhi|t=明昌}}; 1190–1196)&nbsp;<br />Cheng'an ({{zhi|t=承安}}; 1196–1200)&nbsp;<br />Taihe ({{zhi|t=泰和}}; 1200–1208)
|-
|''None''
|–
|''Unknown''
|[[Wanyan Yongji|Yongji]] ({{zhi|t=永濟}})
|1208–1213
|Da'an ({{zhi|t=大安}}; 1209–1212)<br />Chongqing ({{zhi|t=崇慶}}; 1212–1213)<br />Zhining ({{zhi|t=至寧}}; 1213)
|-
|[[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]]<br />宣宗
|Shengxiao ({{zhi|t=聖孝}})
|Wudubu ({{zhi|t=吾睹補}})
|Xun ({{zhi|t=珣}})
|1213–1224
|Zhenyou ({{zhi|t=貞祐}}; 1213–1217)<br />Xingding ({{zhi|t=興定}}; 1217–1222)&nbsp;<br />Yuanguang ({{zhi|t=元光}}; 1222–1224)
|-
|[[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong]] ({{zhi|t=哀宗}}, official)<br />Zhuangzong ({{zhi|t=莊宗}}, unofficial)<br />Minzong ({{zhi|t=閔宗}}, unofficial)<br />Yizong ({{zhi|t=義宗}}, unofficial)
|''None''
|Ningjiasu ({{zhi|t=寧甲速}})
|Shouxu ({{zhi|t=守緒}})
|1224–1234
|Zhengda ({{zhi|t=正大}}; 1224–1232)<br />Kaixing ({{zhi|t=開興}}; 1232)<br />Tianxing ({{zhi|t=天興}}; 1232–1234)
|-
|''None''
|''Ai (哀)''
|Hudun ({{zhi|t=呼敦}})
|[[Emperor Mo of Jin|Chenglin]] ({{zhi|t=承麟}})
|1234
|Shengchang ({{zhi|t=盛昌}}; 1234)
|-
|colspan=6|1: For full posthumous names, see the articles for individual emperors.
|}

=== Family tree ===
{{chart top |width = 100% |Emperors family tree}}
{{chart/start |align = center |style = font-size: 112%; |summary = Boxes and lines diagram with 28 boxes}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Han | | | | | | | | | | |Han = [[Wanyan Hanpu]] 函普<br />Shizu 始祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Wul | | | | | | | | | | |Wul = [[Wanyan Wulu]] 乌鲁<br />Dedi 德皇帝}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Bah | | | | | | | | | | |Bah = [[Wanyan Bahai]] 完颜跋海<br />Andi 安皇帝}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Suk | | | | | | | | | | |Suk = [[Wanyan Suike]] 綏可<br />Xianzu 獻祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Shl | | | | | | | | | | |Shl = [[Wanyan Shilu]] 完颜石鲁<br />Zhaozu 昭祖}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | Wug | | | | | | | | | | |Wug = <small>[[Wanyan Wugunai]] 完颜乌骨迺</small><br />Jingzu 景祖<br />~1050–'''1021–1074'''}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Hel | | Suz | | Muz | | | | | | Hez |Hel = <small>[[Wanyan Helibo]] 完颜劾里钵 </small><br />Shizu 世祖<br />1039–'''1074–1092'''|Suz = <small>Wanyan Polashu 完顏頗刺淑 </small><br />Suzong 肅宗<br />1042–'''1092–1094'''| Muz=<small>Wanyan Yingge 完颜盈歌</small><br />Muzong 穆宗<br />1053–'''1094–1103''' |Hez = Wanyan Hezhe<br />完顏劾者<br />d.1121}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Wuy | |Tzu  | |Tzg  | | Mo  | | Sag |Wuy = <small>[[Wanyan Wuyashu]] 完顏烏雅束 </small><br />Kangzong 康宗<br />1061–'''1103–1113'''|Tzu = <small>Wanyan Aguda 完颜阿骨打</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Aguda|Taizu]] 太祖'''<br />1068-'''(born 1113)1115–1123''' |boxstyle_Tzu = border-width: 2px; |Tzg = <small>Wanyan Wuqimai 完顏吳乞買</small><br />'''[[Emperor Taizong of Jin|Taizong]] 太宗'''<br />1075–'''1123–1135''' |boxstyle_Tzg = border-width: 2px; |Mo = □ |Sag = Wanyan Sagai<br />完顏撒改}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |:| | | |!| }}
{{chart |border = 1 | Jun | | Gan | | Zfu | | |:| | | Nia |Jun = <small>Wanyan Zongjun 完颜宗峻 d.1124</small><br />Huizong 徽宗| Gan = <small>Wanyan Zonggan 完颜宗干 d.1141</small><br />Dezong 德宗 |Zfu = <small>Wanyan Zongfu 完顏宗辅 1096–1135</small><br />Ruizong 睿宗 |Nia = [[Wanyan Nianhan]]<br />完颜粘罕<br />1080–1136}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 |Xiz  | |Hlw  | |Shi  | | |:| | | | | | Xiz = <small>Wanyan Hela 完顏合剌</small><br />'''[[Emperor Xizong of Jin|Xizong]] 熙宗'''<br />1119–'''1135–1149'''| boxstyle_Xiz = border-width: 2px; |Hlw = <small>Wanyan Liang 完顏亮</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Liang|Prince of Hailing]] 海陵王'''<br />1122–'''1149–1161''' |boxstyle_Hlw = border-width: 2px; |Shi = <small>Wanyan Yong 完顏雍</small><br />'''[[Emperor Shizong of Jin|Shizong]] 世宗'''<br />1123–'''1161–1189''' |boxstyle_Shi = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | Yun | |Wsw  | | |:| | | | | | Yun=<small>Wanyan Yungong 完顏允恭<br /> 1146–1185</small><br />Xianzong 顯宗 |Wsw = <small>Wanyan Yongji 完顏永濟</small><br />'''[[Wanyan Yongji|Prince Shao of Wei]] 衛紹王'''<br />1168–'''1209–1213'''|boxstyle_Wsw = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 |Zha  | |Xun  | | | | | | |:| | | | | | Zha = <small>Wanyan Jing 完顏璟</small><br />'''[[Emperor Zhangzong of Jin|Zhangzong]] 章宗'''<br />1168–'''1190–1208'''| boxstyle_Zha = border-width: 2px; |Xun = <small>Wanyan Xun 完顏珣</small><br />'''[[Emperor Xuanzong of Jin|Xuanzong]] 宣宗'''<br />1163–'''1213–1223'''| boxstyle_Xun = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | |Aiz  | | | | | | |:| | | | | | Aiz = <small>Wanyan Shouxu 完顏守緒 1234</small><br />'''[[Emperor Aizong of Jin|Aizong]] 哀宗'''<br />1198–'''1224–1234''' |boxstyle_Aiz = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |:| | | | | }}
{{chart |border = 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | |Mo  | | | | |Mo = <small>Wanyan Chenglin 完顏承麟 </small><br />'''[[Emperor Mo of Jin|Mo]] 末帝'''<br />r.'''1234'''; d.1234 |boxstyle_Mod = border-width: 2px;}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[Eastern Xia]]
* [[Family tree of Chinese monarchs (middle)#Jin dynasty|Jurchen Jin emperors family tree]]
* [[Korean–Jurchen border conflicts]]
* [[Timeline of the Jin–Song Wars]]
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em|indent=true}}
* {{Citation |last=Boltz |first=Judith |title=The Encyclopedia of Taoism |pages=291–292 |year=2008 |editor-last=Pregadio |editor-first=Fabrizio |chapter=''Da Jin Xuandu baozang'' 大金玄嘟寶藏 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-7007-1200-7}}.
* {{Citation |last=Breuker |first=Remco E. |title=Establishing a Pluralist Society in Medieval Korea, 918–1170: History, Ideology and Identity in the Koryŏ Dynasty |volume=1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC&dq=jurchen+sedentary&pg=PA221 220]-221 |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZx0VvujPqcC |series=Korean Studies Library |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9-004-18325-4}}
* {{Citation |last=Crossley |first=Pamela Kyle |title=The Manchus |year=2002 |orig-date=1997 |place=Oxford |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-23591-0 |ref={{sfnref|Crossley|1997}}}}}
* {{Citation |title=The Cambridge History of China: Alien Regimes and Border States 907–1368 |volume=6 |year=1994 |editor-last=Twitchett |editor-first=Denis C. |editor-last2=Fairbank |editor-first2=John King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN9Tdfdap5MC |access-date=10 March 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-24331-5}}
** {{Harvc|in1=Twitchett |in2=Fairbank |year=1994 |last=Franke |first=Herbert |pages=1–42 |c=Introduction |anchor-year=1994a}}
** {{Harvc|in1=Twitchett |in2=Fairbank |year=1994 |last=Franke |first=Herbert |c=The Chin dynasty |anchor-year=1994b}}
* {{Citation |last=Gernet |first=Jacques |title=A History of Chinese Civilization |year=1996 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern |edition=2nd |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49781-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Citation |last=Goossaert |first=Vincent |title=The Encyclopedia of Taoism |pages=915–16 |year=2008 |editor-last=Pregadio |editor-first=Fabrizio |chapter=Song Defang 宋德方 |place=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-700-71200-7}}.
* {{cite book |last = Kane |first = Daniel |author-link = Daniel Kane (linguist) |title = The Kitan Language and Script |year = 2009 |publisher = Brill |location = Leiden |isbn = 978-9004168299 }}
* {{Citation |title=Manchu Grammar, Part 8 |volume=7 |pages=13–14 |year=2002 |editor-last=Gorelova |editor-first=Liliya M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHwPAAAAYAAJ |series=Handbook of Oriental Studies |publisher=Brill |isbn=9-004-12307-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Tao |first=Jing-shen |title=The Jurchen in Twelfth-Century China |year=1976 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-95514-8}}
* {{Citation |title=China Under Jurchen Rule: Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History |year=1995 |editor-last=Tillman |editor-first=Hoyt Cleveland |editor-last2=West |editor-first2=Stephen H. |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-791-42273-1}}
** {{Harvc|last=Tillman |first=Hoyt Cleveland |anchor-year=1995a |in1=Tillman |in2=West |year=1995 |c=An Overview of Chin History and Institutions |pages=23–38 }}
** {{Harvc|last=Tillman |first=Hoyt Cleveland |anchor-year=1995b |in1=Tillman |in2=West |year=1995 |c=Confucianism under the Chin and the Impact of Sung Confucian Tao-hsüeh |pages=71–114}}
** {{Harvc|in1=Tillman |in2=West |year=1995 |last=Yao |first=Tao-chung |c=Buddhism and Taoism under the Chin |pages=145–180 }}
* {{Citation |last=Zhao |first=Gang |title=Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |journal=Modern China |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=3–30 |year=2006 |doi=10.1177/0097700405282349 |jstor=20062627 |s2cid=144587815}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation |last=Franke |first=Herbert |title=Chin Dynastic History Project |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies|Sung Studies Newsletter]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=36–37 |year=1971 |jstor=23497078}}.
* {{Citation |last=Schneider |first=Julia |title=The Jin Revisited: New Assessment of Jurchen Emperors |journal=[[Journal of Song-Yuan Studies]] |volume=41 |issue=41 |pages=343–404 |year=2011 |url=https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/2045182 |doi=10.1353/sys.2011.0030 |hdl=1854/LU-2045182 |jstor=23496214 |s2cid=162237648 |hdl-access=free}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)}}

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{{s-bef |before = [[Liao dynasty]] }}
{{s-ttl |title = [[Dynasties in Chinese history]] |years = 1115–1234 }}
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