Editing Jean Rhys

{{Short description|British novelist (1890–1979)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] -->
|name = Jean Rhys
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}}
|image = Jean Rhys (left, in hat) with Mollie Stoner, Velthams, 1970s B.jpg
|caption = Rhys and Mollie Stoner in the 1970s
|birth_name = Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1890|8|24}}
|birth_place = [[Roseau]] or [[Grand Bay, Dominica|Grand Bay]], [[British Leeward Islands]] (now [[Dominica]])
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1979|5|14|1890|8|24}}
|death_place = [[Exeter]], Devon, England
|occupation = Novelist, [[short story writer]], essayist
|notableworks ={{plainlist|
*''[[Good Morning, Midnight (Rhys novel)|Good Morning, Midnight]]'' (1939)
*''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (1966)
}}
|genre = [[Modernism]], [[postmodernism]]<ref name=gardiner>{{Cite journal |title=Good Morning, Midnight; Good Night, Modernism |first=Judith Kegan |last=Gardiner |journal=Boundary 2 |volume=11 |issue=1/2 |date=Autumn 1982 – Winter 1983 |pages=233–51 |doi=10.2307/303027 |jstor=303027}}</ref><ref name=castro>{{Cite journal |title=Jean Rhys |journal=The Review of Contemporary Fiction |volume=XX |issue=2 |pages=8–46 |last=Castro |first=Joy |date=Summer 2000 |url=http://www.joycastro.com/Rhys%20article.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224164749/http://www.joycastro.com/Rhys%20article.pdf |archive-date=24 December 2014}}</ref>
|spouse = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|Jean Lenglet|1919|1933|end=div}}
*{{marriage|Leslie Tilden-Smith|1934|1945|end=d}}
*{{marriage|Max Hamer|1947|1966|end=d}}
}}
|children = 2
}}

'''Jean Rhys''', {{post-nominals|size=100|CBE}} ({{IPAc-en|r|iː|s}} {{respell|REESS}};<ref name="collins">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rhys |title=Collins English Dictionary: Definition of Rhys |publisher=Collins |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> born '''Ella Gwendoline Rees Williams'''; 24 August 1890 – 14 May 1979) was a novelist who was born and grew up in the Caribbean island of [[Dominica]]. From the age of 16, she resided mainly in England, where she was sent for her education. She is best known for her novel ''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'' (1966), written as a [[prequel]] to [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Modjeska |first=Drusilla  |title=Stravinsky's Lunch |publisher=Picador |year=1999 |location=Sydney |isbn=0-330-36259-3}}</ref> In 1978, she was appointed a Commander of the [[Order of the British Empire]] (CBE) for her writing.

==Early life==
Rhys's father, William Rees Williams, was a Welsh medical doctor and her mother, Minna Williams, née Lockhart, a third-generation Dominican [[Creole peoples#Caribbean|Creole]] of Scots ancestry.{{cn|date=August 2024}} ("Creole" was broadly used in those times to refer to any person born on the island, whether they were of European or African descent, or both.) She had a brother. Her mother's family had an estate, a former plantation, on the island.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Rhys was educated in Dominica until the age of 16, when she was sent to England to live with an aunt, as her relations with her mother were difficult. She attended the [[Perse School for Girls]] in [[Cambridge]],<ref name="carr"/> where she was mocked as an outsider and for her accent. She attended two terms at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] in London by 1909. Her instructors despaired of her ever learning to speak "proper English" and advised her father to take her away. Unable to train as an actress and refusing to return to the Caribbean as her parents wished, Rhys worked with varied success as a [[chorus girl]], adopting the names Vivienne, Emma, or Ella Gray. She toured Britain's small towns and returned to [[rooming house|rooming]] or [[boarding house]]s in rundown neighbourhoods of London.<ref name="carr">Carr, Helen (2004). "Williams, Ella Gwendoline Rees (1890–1979)," ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,'' Oxford University Press.</ref>

After her father died in 1910, Rhys appears to have experimented with living as an artist's model after she became the mistress of wealthy stockbroker Lancelot Grey Hugh Smith, whose father [[Hugh Colin Smith]] had been [[Governor of the Bank of England]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genealogy.links.org/links-cgi/readged?/home/ben/camilla-genealogy/current+c-smith81059+2-2-0-1-0|title=Lancelot Grey Hugh SMITH |website=genealogy.links.org |access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Though a bachelor, Smith did not offer to marry Rhys, and their affair soon ended. However, he continued to be an occasional source of financial help. Distraught by events, including a near-fatal [[abortion]], Rhys began writing sketches and short stories.

During the [[World War I|First World War]], Rhys served as a volunteer worker in a soldiers' canteen. In 1918, she worked in a pension office to help the families of dead or wounded soldiers and sailors.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==Marriage and family==
In 1919, Rhys married [[:nl:Jean Lenglet|Willem Johan Marie (Jean) Lenglet]], a French-Dutch journalist, spy, and songwriter. He was the first of her three husbands.<ref name="carr"/> She and Lenglet lived in Paris, where their baby son died, then lived in Vienna and Budapest before returning to Paris. Their daughter was born in 1922. In 1924, the year that the newly named Jean Rhys was discovered and published by the English writer [[Ford Madox Ford]], Lenglet was imprisoned for embezzlement. The couple eventually divorced in 1933, but remained loyal to each others' work, while sharing the care of their daughter, Maryvonne.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

The next year, Rhys married Leslie Tilden-Smith, an English agent and editor.{{cn|date=August 2024}} In 1936, they went briefly to Dominica, the first time Rhys had returned since she had left for school. Her brother Owen was living in England, and she took care of some financial affairs for him, making a settlement with a [[mixed-race]] woman on the island and Owen's illegitimate children by her.{{cn|date=March 2024}}The visit exerted a powerful influence on Rhys's most famous novel, Wide Sargasso Sea.

In 1937, Rhys began a friendship with novelist [[Eliot Bliss]] (who had adopted that first name in honour of an admired writer). The two women shared Caribbean backgrounds. The correspondence between them survives.<ref>McFarlin Library [http://orgs.utulsa.edu/spcol/?p=2073 Retrieved 17 September 2015.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027074557/http://orgs.utulsa.edu/spcol/?p=2073 |date=27 October 2017}} Bliss is quoted on their relations in [[Alexandra Pringle]]'s introduction to the 1984 reissue of Bliss's novel ''Luminous Isle'': "She used to make me delightful [[West Indies|West-Indian]] suppers, and we used to drink an awful lot. Well, she could hold it, but it used to make me ill, frequently ill. And she had a delightful husband who used to leave us, go out. Well, often he would come home and find us drunk. He once picked her off the floor. And he was furious if he found we'd drunk his wine."</ref> Rhys also became close to Phyllis Shand Allfree, whose family also lived in Dominica.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

Rhys and Tilden-Smith lived in London through World War II, while Rhys agonised over the possible fate of her daughter, living in Amsterdam. (Maryvonne had joined the Dutch Resistance and married a fellow fighter against Fascism) Tilden-Smith died in 1945. In 1947, Rhys married Max Hamer, a [[solicitor]] who was a cousin of Tilden-Smith. He was convicted of fraud and imprisoned after their marriage. Rhys remained admirably loyal to him throughout, while their lives descended into conditions of extreme poverty, including even the hold of a boat and a horsebox. They settled in 1960, in a cottage in Cheriton Fitzpaine, purchased for Rhys by her oldest brother, Edward. Max Hamer died in 1966, the year in which Wide Sargasso Sea began a remarkable change in Rhys' fortunes.<ref>[http://readingdetectives.org/kent/2009/10/from-maidstone-prison-to-the-wide-sargasso-sea.html "Kent: From Maidstone Prison to the Wide Sargasso Sea!"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203002910/http://readingdetectives.org/kent/2009/10/from-maidstone-prison-to-the-wide-sargasso-sea.html |date= 3 December 2013}}</ref>

==Writing career==
In 1924, Rhys came under the influence of Ford Madox Ford. After meeting Ford in Paris, Rhys wrote short stories under his patronage. Ford recognised that her experience as an exile gave Rhys a unique viewpoint, and praised her "singular instinct for form". "Coming from the West Indies, [Ford] declared, 'with a terrifying insight and... passion for stating the case of the underdog, she has let her pen loose on the Left Banks of the Old World'."<ref name="carr"/> This he wrote in his preface to her debut short story collection, ''[[The Left Bank and Other Stories]]'' (1927).

It was Ford who suggested she change her name from Ella Williams to Jean Rhys.<ref name="Owen, Katie 2000">Owen, Katie, "Introduction", ''Quartet'', Penguin Modern Classics edition, Penguin, 2000, p. vi. {{ISBN|978-0-14-118392-3}}</ref> At the time her husband was in jail for what Rhys described as currency irregularities. Rhys moved in with Ford and his long-time partner [[Stella Bowen]]. An affair with Ford ensued, which she portrayed in fictionalised form in her novel ''[[Quartet (Jean Rhys novel)|Quartet]]'' (1928).<ref name="Owen, Katie 2000"/> Her protagonist is a stranded foreigner, Marya Zelli, who finds herself at the mercy of strangers when her husband is jailed in Paris. The 1981 [[Quartet (1981 film)|film adaptation]] of the novel was produced by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]].

In ''[[After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie]]'' (1931), the protagonist, Julia Martin, is a more unravelled version of Marya Zelli, romantically dumped and inhabiting the pavements, cafes and cheap hotel rooms of Paris.

With ''[[Voyage in the Dark]]'' (1934), Rhys continued to portray a mistreated, rootless woman. Here the narrator, Anna, is a young chorus girl who grew up in the West Indies and feels alienated in England.

''[[Good Morning, Midnight (Rhys novel)|Good Morning, Midnight]]'' (1939) is considered a continuation of Rhys's first two novels. Here, she uses modified [[Stream of consciousness (narrative mode)|stream of consciousness]] to voice the experiences of an ageing woman, Sasha Jansen, who drinks, takes [[Hypnotic|sleeping pill]]s, and obsesses over her looks, and is adrift again in Paris. ''Good Morning, Midnight'', acknowledged as well written but deemed depressing, came as [[World War II]] broke out and readers sought optimism. This seemingly ended Rhys's literary career.

In the 1940s, Rhys largely withdrew from public life. From 1955 to 1960, she lived in [[Bude]], Cornwall, where she was unhappy, calling it "Bude the Obscure", before moving to [[Cheriton Fitzpaine]], a small village in Devon.

After a long absence from the public eye, she was rediscovered in Beckenham, South London, by [[Selma Vaz Dias]], who in 1949 placed an advertisement in the ''[[New Statesman]]'' asking about her whereabouts, with a view to obtaining the rights to adapt her novel ''[[Good Morning, Midnight (Rhys novel)|Good Morning, Midnight]]'' for radio. Rhys responded, and thereafter developed a long-lasting and collaborative friendship with Vaz Dias, who encouraged her to start writing again. This encouragement ultimately led to the publication in 1966 of her critically acclaimed novel ''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]''. She intended it as an account of the woman whom Rochester married and kept in his attic in ''[[Jane Eyre]]''. Begun well before she settled in Bude, the book won the notable [[WH Smith Literary Award]] in 1967. She returned to themes of dominance and dependence, especially in marriage, depicting the mutually painful relationship between a privileged English man and a [[Creole peoples|Creole]] woman from Jamaica made powerless on being duped and coerced by him and others. Both the man and the woman enter marriage under mistaken assumptions about the other partner. Her female lead marries Mr. Rochester and deteriorates in England as the "madwoman in the attic". Rhys portrays this woman from a quite different perspective from the one in ''Jane Eyre''. [[Diana Athill]] of [[André Deutsch]] gambled on publishing ''Wide Sargasso Sea''. She and the writer [[Francis Wyndham (Writer)|Francis Wyndham]] helped to revive interest in Rhys's work.<ref name=Penguin>Preliminary page in Jean Rhys, ''Quartet'', Penguin: 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-14-118392-3}}.</ref> There have been film, operatic and radio adaptations of the book.<ref>Brian Kellow,[https://www.operanews.com/Opera_News_Magazine/2012/12/Departments/On_the_Beat.html "On the Beat: A novel that sings: Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea"], ''Opera News'', December 2012 — Vol. 77, No. 6.</ref><ref>[http://www.radiolistings.co.uk/programmes/j/je/jean_rhys___wide_sargasso_sea.html "Jean Rhys – Wide Sargasso Sea"], ''RadioListings''.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00m0stc "Jean Rhys – Wide Sargasso Sea"], BBC Radio 4 Extra.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b072zkst "Wide Sargasso Sea"], Drama, BBC Radio 4.</ref>

In 1968, [[André Deutsch]] published a collection of Rhys' short stories, ''[[Tigers Are Better-Looking]]'', of which eight were written during her 1950s period of obscurity and nine republished from her 1927 collection ''[[The Left Bank and Other Stories]]''. Her 1969 short story "I Spy a Stranger", published by [[Penguin Books|Penguin Modern Stories]], was adapted for TV in 1972 for the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Thirty-Minute Theatre]]'' starring [[Mona Washbourne]], [[Noel Dyson]], [[Hana Maria Pravda|Hanah Maria Pravda]], and [[Basil Dignam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rhys |first1=Jean |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251855018 |title=Letters, 1931-1966 Jean Rhys ; Selected and ed. by Francis Wyndham and Diana Melly |last2=Melly|first2=Diana |last3=Wyndham |first3=Francis |date=1984 |publisher=Deutsch |isbn=978-0-233-97567-2 |oclc=251855018}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Thirty-Minute Theatre {{!}} I Spy a Stranger (TV Episode 1972) – IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0721085/fullcredits |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref> In 1976, Deutsch published another collection of her short stories, ''[[Sleep It Off Lady]]'', consisting of 16 pieces from an approximately 75-year period, starting from the end of the 19th century.

==Later years==
From 1960, and for the rest of her life, Rhys lived in [[Cheriton Fitzpaine]] in Devon, once described by her as "a dull spot which even drink can't enliven much."<ref>[http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/Villagers-reject-dull-spot-jibe/story-11826347-detail/story.html "Villagers Reject 'Dull Spot' Jibe"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121084752/http://www.exeterexpressandecho.co.uk/Villagers-reject-dull-spot-jibe/story-11826347-detail/story.html |date=21 November 2015}}, ''Exeter Express & Echo'', 11 February 2010.</ref> Characteristically, she remained unimpressed by her belated ascent to literary fame, commenting, "It has come too late."<ref name=Penguin/> In an interview shortly before her death she questioned whether any novelist, not least herself, could ever be happy for any length of time: "If I could choose I would rather be happy than write... if I could live my life all over again, and choose...."<ref>''In Their Own Words: British Novelists. Ep. 1: Among the Ruins (1919–1939)''. [[BBC]] (2010).</ref>

==Death==
Jean Rhys died in [[Exeter]] on 14 May 1979, at the age of 88, before completing an autobiography, which she had begun dictating only months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitgang |first=Herbert |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/05/17/archives/jean-rhys-84-novelist-known-for-sargasso-sea.html |title=Jean Rhys, 84, Novelist Known for 'sargasso Sea' |date=17 May 1979 |work=The New York Times |access-date=24 April 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Lisa Paravisini, [http://repeatingislands.com/2009/05/14/bbc-interviews-jean-rhys%E2%80%99-typist/ "BBC Interviews Jean Rhys's Typist"], RepeatingIslands.com, 14 May 2009.</ref> In 1979, the incomplete text was published posthumously under the title ''[[Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography]]''.

==Legacy and honours==
In an appreciation in the ''[[The New York Times Book Review|New York Times Book Review]]'' in  1974, [[Al Alvarez|A. Alvarez]] called Jean Rhys “quite simply, the best living English novelist".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alvarez |first=A. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/03/17/archives/the-best-living-english-novelist.html |title=The Best Living English Novelist |date=17 March 1974 |work=The New York Times |access-date=14 March 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Jean Rhys was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire|CBE]] in the [[1978 New Year Honours]].

Australian filmmaker [[John Duigan]] directed a 1993 erotic drama, ''Wide Sargasso Sea'',<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0108565/ "Wide Sargasso Sea"] at IMDb.</ref> based on Rhys's best-known novel.

The 2003 book and stage play ''[[After Mrs Rochester]]'' by [[Polly Teale]] is based on the life of Jean Rhys and her book, ''Wide Sargasso Sea''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Teale, Polly |title=After Mrs Rochester: a play |date=2003 |publisher=Nick Hern |isbn=1-85459-745-0 |location=London |oclc=52145874}}</ref>

In 2012, [[English Heritage]] marked her [[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]] flat at Paulton House in [[Paultons Square]] with a [[blue plaque]].<ref name="EngHet">{{Cite web |url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/rhys-jean-1890-1979 |title=Rhys, Jean (1880–1979) |publisher=English Heritage |access-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2020, a pen allegedly owned by Rhys - a devotee of the ballpoint - was added to the [[Royal Society of Literature]]'s historic collection for the signing of their Roll Book.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/nov/30/royal-society-of-literature-reveals-historic-changes-to-improve-diversity |title=Royal Society of Literature reveals historic changes to improve diversity |newspaper=The Guardian |first=Alison |last= Flood |date=30 November 2020}}</ref>

===Archives===
Rhys's collected papers and ephemera are housed in the [[University of Tulsa]]'s McFarlin Library.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Jean Rhys archive, 1920–1991 {{!}} ArchivesSpace Public Interface |url=https://utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com/repositories/2/resources/56 |website=utulsa.as.atlas-sys.com |access-date=23 October 2017}}</ref> The [[British Library]] acquired a selection of Jean Rhys Papers in 1972, including drafts of short stories, novels; ''After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie'', ''Voyage in the Dark'', and ''Wide Sargasso Sea'', and an unpublished play entitled ''English Harbour''.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-002000011 Jean Rhys Papers]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 13 May 2020</ref> Research material relating to Jean Rhys can also be found in the Archive of Margaret Ramsey Ltd at the British Library relating to stage and film rights for adaptations to her work.<ref>[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS037-000206635 Archive of Margaret Ramsay Ltd]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, archives and manuscripts catalogue, the British Library. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</ref> The British Library also holds correspondence between Jean Rhys and [[Patrick Garland]] relating to his adaptation of "I Spy a Stranger" and about ''Quartet''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100099229988.0x000001 |title=Correspondence in the British Library between Jean Rhys and Patrick Garland about adaptations of "I Spy a Stranger" and more. |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=26 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226204113/https://hviewer.bl.uk/IamsHViewer/Default.aspx?mdark=ark:/81055/vdc_100099229988.0x000001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Select bibliography==
*''[[The Left Bank and Other Stories]]'', 1927
*''[[Quartet (Jean Rhys novel)|Postures]]'', novel, 1928 (published in the US as ''[[Quartet (Jean Rhys novel)|Quartet]],'' 1929)
*''[[After Leaving Mr. Mackenzie]]'', novel, 1931
*''[[Voyage in the Dark]]'', novel, 1934
*''[[Good Morning, Midnight (Rhys novel)|Good Morning, Midnight]]'', novel, 1939
*''[[Wide Sargasso Sea]]'', novel, 1966
*''[[Tigers Are Better-Looking]]: With a Selection from 'The Left Bank' '', stories, 1968
*''Penguin Modern Stories 1'' (with [[Bernard Malamud]], [[David Plante]], and [[William Sansom]]), 1969
*''My Day: Three Pieces'', stories, 1975
*''[[Sleep It Off Lady]]'', stories, 1976
*''[[Smile Please: An Unfinished Autobiography]]'', 1979
*''[[Jean Rhys: Letters 1931-1966|Jean Rhys: Letters 1931–1966]]'', 1984
*''Early Novels'', 1984
*''The Complete Novels'', 1985
*''Tales of the Wide Caribbean'', stories, 1985
*''The Collected Short Stories'', 1987
*''[[Let Them Call It Jazz]]'', stories, 1995

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*Angier, Carol. ''Jean Rhys: Life and Work''. Little, Brown and Co., 1990. {{ISBN|0-316-04263-3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Casey|first=Nancy|title=Study in the Alienation of a Creole Woman|journal=[[Caribbean Quarterly]] | date=September 1973 | volume=19 | issue=3 | pages=95–102 |jstor=23050219 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23050219}}
*Dash, Cheryl M. L. "Jean Rhys", in Bruce King, ed., ''West Indian Literature''. Macmillan, 1979, pp.&nbsp;196–209.
*Joseph, Margaret Paul. ''Caliban in Exile: The Outsider in Caribbean Fiction'', Greenwood Press, 1992.
*[[Alexis Lykiard|Lykiard, Alexis]], ''Jean Rhys Revisited''. Stride Publications, 2000. {{ISBN|1-900152-68-1}}
*Lykiard, Alexis. ''Jean Rhys Afterwords''. Shoestring Press, 2006.
*{{Cite book |author-last=Pizzichini |author-first=Lilian |title=The Blue Hour: A Life of Jean Rhys |location= |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2009}}
*[[Miranda Seymour|Seymour, Miranda]]. ''[[I Used to Live Here Once|I Used to Live Here Once: The Haunted Life of Jean Rhys]]'', William Collins. 2022.
*{{Cite journal |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3380/the-art-of-fiction-no-64-jean-rhys |title=Jean Rhys, The Art of Fiction No. 64 |author-first=Elizabeth |author-last=Vreeland |date=Fall 1979 |journal=The Paris Review|volume=Fall 1979 |issue=76 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=3758 Literary Encyclopedia biography]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051025101140/http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/jeanrhysbio.cfm Jean Rhys bio, with particular reference to her time in Dominica]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070525205443/http://www.lib.utulsa.edu/speccoll/collections/rhysjean/index.htm "Jean Rhys Archive"], University of Tulsa McFarlin Library, Department of Special Collections and University Archives
*[http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-002000011 Jean Rhys Papers]{{Dead link|date=October 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, the British Library
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101934/http://www.lennoxhonychurch.com/jeanrhys.cfm Biography of Jean Rhys] by Dominican historian [[Lennox Honychurch]]
*[http://www.londonfictions.com/jean-rhys-after-leaving-mr-mackenzie.html London Fictions article on 'After Leaving Mr Mackenzie'] by literary historian Susie Thomas

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rhys, Jean}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:British women novelists]]
[[Category:People educated at The Perse School]]
[[Category:People educated at the Perse School for Girls]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century Dominica people]]
[[Category:20th-century Dominica women]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Dominica women writers]]
[[Category:Dominica novelists]]
[[Category:Dominica people of British descent]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century British women writers]]
[[Category:Modernist women writers]]
[[Category:Modernist writers]]
[[Category:British women short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Roseau]]
[[Category:20th-century British short story writers]]
[[Category:Lost Generation writers]]