Editing Jay Gould

{{Short description|American railroad magnate (1836–1892)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2023}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Jay Gould
| image       = Jay Gould - Bain News Service.jpg
| caption     =
| birth_name  = Jason Gould
| birth_date  = {{birth date|1836|5|27|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Roxbury, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould|first=Maury|last= Klein|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=October 29, 1997|isbn=978-0-8018-5771-3|page=15}}</ref>
| death_date  = {{death date and age|1892|12|2|1836|5|27|mf=yes}}
| death_place = New York City, U.S.
| occupation  = Financier
| spouse      = {{marriage|[[Helen Day Miller]]|1863|1889|end=died}}
| children    = [[George Jay Gould|George Jay]]<br>[[Edwin Gould|Edwin]]<br>[[Helen Miller Shepard|Helen]]<br>[[Howard Gould|Howard]]<br>[[Anna Gould|Anna]]<br>[[Frank Jay Gould|Frank Jay]]
| signature   = Signature of Jay Gould (1836–1892).png
}}

'''Jason Gould''' ({{IPAc-en|g|uː|l|d}}; May 27, 1836 – December 2, 1892) was an American railroad magnate and financial speculator who founded the [[Gould family|Gould business dynasty]]. He is generally identified as one of the [[Robber baron (industrialist)|robber barons]] of the [[Gilded Age]]. His sharp and often unscrupulous business practices made him one of the wealthiest men of the late nineteenth century. Gould was an unpopular figure during his life and remains controversial.<ref>{{cite book|first=Walter R.|last= Borneman|title=Iron Horses: America's Race to Bring the Railroads West|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0oeAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT235|year=2014|page=235|publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=9780316371797}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Klein |first=Maury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oetqt4uqaJsC&pg=PA393 |title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |year=1997 |isbn=9780801857713 |location=Baltimore |page=393 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Edward J.|last=Renehan|year=2006|title=Dark Genius of Wall Street}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Gould was born in [[Roxbury, New York]], to Mary More (1798–1841) and John Burr Gould (1792–1866).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Olson |first=James S. |title=The Industrial Revolution: Key Themes and Documents |last2=Kenny |first2=Shannon L. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-61069-975-4 |language=en}}</ref> His maternal grandfather, Alexander T. More, was a businessman, and his great-grandfather, John More, was a Scottish immigrant who founded the town of [[Moresville, New York]]. Gould, however, grew up in poverty and had to work at his family's small dairy farm.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C. |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 volumes] |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-85109-952-8 |pages=251 |language=en}}</ref> Gould studied at the Hobart Academy in [[Hobart, New York]],<ref name="tycoon">{{cite book |last=Alef|first=Daniel  |date=2010 |title=Jay Gould: Ruthless Railroad Tycoon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz-uPPnoHQUC&q=jay+gould+Hobart+Academy&pg=PP5 |publisher=Titans of Fortune Publishing |isbn=9781608043064  }}</ref> paying his way by bookkeeping.<ref>[http://hobart-ny.com/history/hobart_high_school.cgi  History of Hobart High School]</ref> As a young boy, he decided that he wanted nothing to do with farming, his father's occupation, so his father dropped him off at a nearby school with fifty cents and a sack of clothes.<ref>H. W. Brands "Masters of Enterprise"</ref>

==Early career==
[[File:Young Jay Gould and Hamilton Burhans.jpg|thumb|Jay Gould (''right'') in 1855]]

Gould's school principal was credited with getting him a job as a bookkeeper for a blacksmith.<ref name="query.nytimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/12/03/104101825.pdf |title=Gould's Eventful Life |newspaper=The New York Times |page=3 |date=December 3, 1892 |access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref> A year later, the blacksmith offered Gould a half-interest in the blacksmith shop, which he sold to his father during the early part of 1854. Gould devoted himself to private study, emphasizing surveying and mathematics. In 1854, he surveyed and created maps of the [[Ulster County, New York]], area. In 1856, he published ''History of Delaware County, and Border Wars of New York,'' which he had spent several years writing.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gould|first=Jay|title=History of Delaware County|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdelawar00goul|publisher=Keeny & Gould|date=1856|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania?}}</ref> While engaged in surveying, he started a side activity financing operators making [[wood ash]], which is used with [[tannin]] in [[tanning (leather)|leather making]].<ref name=":0" /> 

[[File:Gouldsboro, PA Keystone Marker.jpg|thumb|right|[[Keystone Marker]] for [[Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania]], named after Gould]]

In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with [[Zadock Pratt]]<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/> to create a tanning business in Pennsylvania, in an area that was later named [[Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania|Gouldsboro]]. He eventually bought out Pratt, who retired. In 1856, Gould entered a partnership with Charles Mortimer Leupp, a son-in-law of [[Gideon Lee]] and one of the leading leather merchants in the United States. The partnership was successful, until the [[Panic of 1857]]. Leupp lost all his money in that financial crisis, but Gould took advantage of the depreciation in property value and bought up former partnership properties.<ref name="query.nytimes.com"/>

Gould also started an ice harvesting industry on the large Gouldsboro Lake. In the winter, ice was harvested and stored in large ice houses on the lakeside. He had a railroad line installed next to the lake and he supplied New York City with ice during the summer months.

The Gouldsboro Tannery became a disputed property after Leupp's death. Leupp's brother-in-law, David W. Lee, was also a partner in Leupp and Gould, and he took armed control of the tannery. He believed that Gould had cheated the Leupp and Lee families during the collapse of the business. Gould eventually took physical possession, but he was later forced to sell his shares in the company to Lee's brother.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/01/21/106179072.pdf |title=David Williamson Lee's Career |newspaper=The New York Times |page=5 |date=January 21, 1886 |access-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>

==Railroad investing==
In 1859, Gould began speculative investing by buying stock in small railways.<ref name=":0" /> His father-in-law, Daniel S. Miller, introduced him to the railroad industry by suggesting that Gould help him save his investment in the [[Rutland and Washington Railroad]], during the [[Panic of 1857]]. Gould purchased stock for 10 cents on the dollar, which left him in control of the company.<ref>{{cite book |last= Klein|first=Maury|date=1997 |title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oetqt4uqaJsC&q=Daniel+S.+Miller+jay+gould&pg=PA508 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |page=508 |isbn=9780801857713 }}</ref> He engaged in more speculation on railroad stocks in New York City throughout the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], and he was appointed manager of the [[Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad]] in 1863.

The [[Erie Railroad]] encountered financial troubles in the 1850s, despite receiving loans from financiers [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] and [[Daniel Drew]]. It entered receivership in 1859 and was reorganized as the Erie Railway. Gould, Drew, and [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]] engaged in stock manipulations, known as the [[Erie War]], and Drew, Fisk, and Vanderbilt lost control of the Erie in the summer of 1868, while Gould became its president.<ref>Schafer, Mike (2000). [https://archive.org/details/moreclassicameri00mike/page/47 ''More Classic American Railroads'']. MBI Publishing Company. p. 47. {{ISBN|076030758X}}. Retrieved September 22, 2016.[[iarchive:moreclassicameri00mike| [Read on Archive.org]]]</ref>

==Tammany Hall==
During the same period, Gould and Fisk became involved with [[Tammany Hall]], the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[political machine]] that largely ran New York City at the time. They made its "boss", notorious [[Boss Tweed|William M. "Boss" Tweed]], a director of the Erie Railroad, and Tweed arranged favorable legislation. In 1869, Tweed and Gould became the subjects of critical political cartoons by [[Thomas Nast]]. Gould was the chief bondsman in October 1871 when Tweed was held on $1 million bail. Tweed was eventually convicted of corruption and died in jail.<ref>{{cite book |last= Conway|first=J. North |date=2010 |title=The Big Policeman: The Rise and Fall of America's First, Most Ruthless, and Greatest Detective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_V7BAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Globe Pequot Press]] |page=99 |isbn=9781599219653 }}</ref>

==Black Friday==
{{Main|Black Friday (1869)}}
Due to the struggle to keep Cornelius Vanderbilt from taking over their interests in railroad, Gould and [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]] engaged in financial manipulations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Curley |first=Robert |title=The Complete History of Railroads |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-61530-726-5 |location=New York, NY |pages=168}}</ref> In August 1869, Gould and Fisk conspired to begin to buy gold in an attempt to illegally [[Cornering the market|corner the market]]. Gould used contacts with President [[Ulysses S. Grant]]'s brother-in-law, [[Abel Corbin]], to influence the president and his Secretary General, [[Horace Porter]].{{sfn|White|2016|pp=479–480}}{{sfn|Brands|2012|p=442}} These speculations culminated in the financial panic of [[Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday]] on September 24, 1869,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stapleton |first=Julia |title=G K Chesterton at the Daily News, Part II, vol 5: Literature, Liberalism and Revolution, 1901-1913 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-040-24310-7 |pages=6 |language=en}}</ref> when the greenback (cash) premium over face value of a gold [[double eagle]] fell from 62 percent to 35 percent. Gould made a small profit from that operation by hedging against his own attempted corner as it was about to collapse, but lost it in subsequent lawsuits. The gold corner established Gould's reputation in the press as an all-powerful figure who could drive the market up and down at will.{{sfn|Smith|2001|p=490}}  Favored by [[William M. Tweed|Tweed Ring]] judges, the conspiratorial partners escaped prosecution, but the months of economic turmoil that rocked the nation following the failed corner proved ruinous to farmers and bankrupted some of the most venerable financial institutions on [[Financial District, Manhattan|Wall Street]].

==More railroads==
===Erie Railroad===
In 1873, Gould attempted to take control of the [[Erie Railroad]] by recruiting foreign investments from [[Lord Gordon-Gordon]], supposedly a cousin of the wealthy [[Clan Campbell|Campbell clan]], who was buying land for immigrants. He bribed Gordon-Gordon with a million dollars in stock, but Gordon-Gordon was an impostor and cashed the stock immediately. Gould sued him and the case went to trial in March 1873. In court, Gordon-Gordon gave the names of the Europeans whom he claimed to represent, and was granted bail while the references were checked. He immediately fled to [[Canada]], where he convinced authorities that the charges were false.<ref name="Brewer's">{{cite book|last=Donaldson|first=William|author-link=William Donaldson|title=Brewer's Rogues, Villains and Eccentrics|publisher=Phoenix|year=2004|location=London|pages=299–300|isbn=0-7538-1791-8}}</ref><ref name="TMHS">{{cite web|last=Johnson|first=J.L.|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/transactions/3/lordgordongordon.shtml|title=Lord Gordon Gordon|publisher=The Manitoba Historical Society|access-date=August 22, 2008}}</ref>

Having failed to convince Canadian authorities to hand over Gordon-Gordon, Gould attempted to kidnap him, with the help of his associates, and future members of Congress, [[Loren Fletcher]], [[John Gilfillan]], and [[Eugene McLanahan Wilson]]. The group did capture Gordon-Gordon, but they were stopped and arrested by the [[North-West Mounted Police]] before they could return to the US. Canadian authorities put them in prison and refused them bail,<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/> which led to an international dispute between the United States and Canada. When he learned that they had been denied bail, Governor [[Horace Austin]] of Minnesota demanded their return, and he put the local militia on full readiness. Thousands of Minnesotans volunteered for an invasion of Canada. After negotiations, the Canadian authorities released the men on bail. Gordon-Gordon was eventually ordered to be deported, but committed suicide before the order could be carried out.<ref name="Brewer's"/><ref name="TMHS"/>

===Western railroads===
[[File:Jay Gould's Private Bowling Alley - Opper 1882.jpg|thumb|1882 cartoon depicting [[Wall Street]] as "Jay Gould's Private Bowling Alley"]]

After being forced out of the Erie Railroad, Gould started to build up a system of railroads in the Midwest and West. He took control of the [[Union Pacific]] in 1873, after its stock had been depressed by the [[Panic of 1873]], and he built a viable railroad that depended on shipments from farmers and ranchers. He immersed himself in every operational and financial detail of the Union Pacific system, building an encyclopedic knowledge of the network and acting decisively to shape its destiny. Biographer Maury Klein states that "he revised its financial structure, waged its competitive struggles, captained its political battles, revamped its administration, formulated its rate policies, and promoted the development of resources along its lines."<ref>Maury Klein, ''Jay Gould,'' (1966) p. 147</ref><ref>Maury Klein, "In Search of Jay Gould." ''Business History Review''  52#2 (1978): 166–199.</ref>

By 1879, Gould had gained control of two important Western railroads, including the [[Missouri Pacific Railroad]] and the [[Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad|Denver and Rio Grande Railway]]. He controlled {{convert|10000|mi}} of railway, about one-ninth of the rail network in the United States at that time. He obtained a controlling interest in the [[Western Union]] telegraph company and, after 1881, in the elevated railways in New York City, and he had a controlling interest in 15 percent of the country's railway tracks by 1882. The railroads were making profits and could set their own rates, so his wealth increased dramatically. Gould withdrew from management of the Union Pacific in 1883, amid political controversy over its debts to the federal government, but he realized a large profit for himself. 

In 1889, he organized the [[Terminal Railroad Association of St. Louis]], which acquired a bottleneck in east–west railroad traffic at St. Louis but, after Gould died, the government brought an antitrust suit to eliminate the bottleneck control.<ref>''[[United States v. Terminal R.R. Ass'n]]''.</ref>

==Criticism and appraisal==
Gould was extensively criticized during his lifetime, on the basis that he was a [[Speculation|trader]] rather than a builder of businesses, and of being unscrupulous, although more recent appraisal has suggested that his business ethics were not unusual for the time.<ref>The Life & Legend of Jay Gould, Mary Klein, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986. p496</ref>

[[Anarcho-capitalism|Anarcho-capitalist]] economist [[Murray Rothbard]] said that Gould's business practices were unfairly maligned, because he was supposedly one of the only railroad financiers who consistently undermined the railroad cartels' proposed rate fixing by starting new railroad lines, thus driving rates down for consumers.<ref>The Progressive Era, [[Murray N. Rothbard]], [[Ludwig von Mises Institute]], 2017. p. 64-65</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Lyndhurst (mansion).jpg|thumb|Gould purchased [[Lyndhurst (mansion)|Lyndhurst]] on the east bank of the [[Hudson River]] as a country home in 1880]]
[[File:Gould portrait.jpg|thumb|Gould's portrait hanging in his office at Lyndhurst]]

Gould was a member of [[West Presbyterian Church (New York City)|West Presbyterian Church]] at 31 West 42nd Street. It later merged with Park Presbyterian to form [[West-Park Presbyterian (New York City)|West-Park Presbyterian]].<ref name=West-Park>[[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. [http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/2338.pdf New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission: "West-Park Presbyterian"], nyc.gov; accessed September 25, 2018.</ref>

He married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863 and they had six children. Together with his son George, Gould was a founding member of [[American Yacht Club (New York)|American Yacht Club]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The World|date=April 20, 1884|title=In the Sporting World, Why the American Yacht Club Was Organized|page=12|location=New York}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Rye Chronicle|date=July 17, 1958|location=Rye, New York|page=1|title=Yacht Club celebrating its 75th Anniversary}}</ref> He owned the steam yacht [[Atalanta (1883)]]. In 1880, he purchased the [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] mansion [[Lyndhurst (mansion)|Lyndhurst]] (sometimes spelled "Lindhurst"), to use as a country house.

On December 2, 1892, Gould died of [[tuberculosis]], then referred to as consumption, and was interred in the [[Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx|Woodlawn Cemetery, The Bronx, New York]]. For tax purposes, his fortune was conservatively estimated at $72 million (equivalent to ${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|72000000|1892}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}), which he willed in its entirety to his family.<ref name="tycoon"/>

At the time of his death, Gould was a benefactor in the reconstruction of the [[Reformed Church]] of [[Roxbury, New York]], now known as the Jay Gould Memorial Reformed Church.<ref>[http://www.churches.rca.org/gouldchurch/history.htm History of the Reformed Church of Roxbury, Delaware County, New York] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222102/http://www.churches.rca.org/gouldchurch/history.htm |date=September 23, 2008 }}, churches.rca.org; accessed May 3, 2014.</ref> It is located within the [[Main Street Historic District (Roxbury, New York)|Main Street Historic District]] and listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1988.<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2009a}}</ref> The family mausoleum was designed by Francis O'Hara.

==Descendants==
[[File:(King1893NYC) pg522 JAY GOULD'S MAUSOLEUM, AT WOOOLAWN CEMETERY.jpg|thumb|The mausoleum of Jay Gould]]

Gould married Helen Day Miller (1838–1889) in 1863. Their children were:

* [[George Jay Gould I]] (1864–1923), married [[Edith Kingdon|Edith M. Kingdon]] (1864–1921)<ref name="New York Times">{{cite news |date=May 17, 1923 |title=George J. Gould Dies in Villa in France. Leaves $30,000,000. With His Second Wife and Her Children Near, He Yearned for His Sons. Last Malady a Secret. Death Holds Up Litigation With Family Over His Father's Estate. First Became Ill in March. Had Apparently Regained Health When He Suffered a Relapse. |newspaper=The New York Times |location=Mentone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/05/17/archives/george-j-gould-dies-in-villa-in-france-leaves-30000000-with-his.html |page=1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=May 23, 2008 |quote=George Jay Gould died this morning at 3:30 o'clock at the Villa Zoralde, Cap Martin, where he had been living for some months with his wife and her two children. His death, it was stated at the villa, came quietly and was expected, as he had never rallied from the illness from which he had been suffering all Winter.}}</ref> 
** [[Kingdon Gould Sr.]] (1887–1945), married Annunziata Camilla Maria Lucci (1890–1961)<ref>{{cite news|title=Kingdon Gould, 58, Long a Financier. Grandson of Founder of Family Fortune Dies. Once on Rail Boards. Officer In 1918.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1945/11/08/archives/kingdon-gould-58-long-a-financier-grandson-of-founder-of-family.html|newspaper=The New York Times |page=17 |date=November 8, 1945 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 19, 2008}}</ref>
** [[Jay Gould II]] (1888–1935), married Anne Douglass Graham<ref>{{cite news|title=Jay Gould Is Dead. Court Tennis Star. Grandson of the Financier Had Held Championship for Quarter of Century.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1935/01/28/archives/jay-gould-is-dead-court-tennis-star-grandson-of-the-financier-had.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=January 28, 1935 |page=15 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 21, 2007}}</ref>
** [[Marjorie Gould Drexel|Marjorie Gould]] (1891–1955), married [[Anthony Joseph Drexel III]]
** [[Helen Vivien Gould|Helen, Lady Decies]] (1893–1931), married [[John Graham Hope DeLaPoer Horsley Beresford]] (1866–1945)<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady Decies Dies at 38 in London. Former Helen Vivien Gould Was Principal in Brilliant International Wedding of 1911. Was Noted As Hostess. Her Entertaining Was a Feature of British Capital. Husband Is Distinguished Irish Peer.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/02/03/archives/lady-decies-dies-at-38-in-london-former-helen-vivien-gould-was.html|newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |date=February 3, 1931 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 26, 2007}}</ref>
** George Jay Gould II (1896–1963), married Laura Carter<ref>{{cite news |title=He Is George Jay Gould, Jr. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89965544/he-is-george-jay-gould-jr/ |newspaper=The New York Times |location=Lakewood, New Jersey |page=5 |date=May 15, 1896 |access-date=December 3, 2021 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
** Edith Catherine Gould (1901–1937), married [[Carroll Livingston Wainwright I]] (1899–1967), then Sir Hector Murray MacNeal<ref>{{cite news|title=Lady MacNeal Dies. Was Edith Gould. Granddaughter of Financier, 36, Succumbs at Estate in East Hampton. Wife of British Knight. Wrote Autobiography Telling of Family Life ...|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/09/12/archives/lady-mneal-dies-was-edith-gould-granddaughter-of-financier-36.html|newspaper=The New York Times |page=N7 |date=September 12, 1937 |access-date=August 22, 2008 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
** [[Gloria Gould]] (1906–1943), married Henry A. Bishop II, then Walter McFarlane Barker<ref>{{cite news|title=Gloria Gould Barker Is Drowned In Swim Pool at Arizona Home. Mrs. W.M. Barker Drowns In A Pool. Victim of Accident.|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0B17FD3F59147B93C4A81783D85F478485F9|agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |date=August 16, 1943|access-date=June 7, 2008 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* [[Edwin Gould I]] (1866–1933), married Sarah Cantine Shrady<ref name="NYT07131933">{{cite news|date=July 13, 1933|title=Edwin Gould Dies Suddenly at 67. Son of Railroad Financier and Builder Was Noted for Benefactions to Children. Left School of Finance. Made $1,000,000 Profit Operating Alone in Wall Street Before Father Forgave Him.|newspaper=The New York Times |page=19 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/13/archives/edwin-godld-dies-suddenly-at-67-son-of-railroad-financier-and.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 6, 2008|quote=Edwin Gould, second son of the late Jay Gould, financier and railroad builder, died suddenly of a heart attack shortly after ...}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015215/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,753859,00.html Gould]; ''Time''; July 31, 1933</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |page=25 |date=October 15, 1951 |title=Mrs. Edwin Gould Dies in Hospital; Widow of Financier's Son Was Daughter of Surgeon Who Attended President Grant.}}</ref> 
** Edwin Gould Jr. (1894–1917), died on [[Jekyll Island]] in 1917<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101122135227/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745814,00.html Sublimed Gould]; ''Time''; July 24, 1933</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8923634/the-new-york-times/ |newspaper=The New York Times |location=Brunswick, Georgia |pages=1, [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/8923650/the-new-york-times/ 3] |title=Edwin Gould, Jr., Killed on Hunt with Own Gun; Was Clubbing 'Coon Caught in Trap When Trigger Caught, Firing the Weapon. Shot Severed Artery. |date=February 26, 1917 |access-date=December 3, 2021 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>
** Frank Miller Gould (c. 1895–1945), married Florence Amelia Bacon, died on January 13, 1945<ref name=NYT07131933/><ref>''The New York Times''; January 14, 1945</ref>
* [[Helen Miller Gould|Helen Gould]] (1868–1938), married Finlay Johnson Shepard (1867–1942)<ref name="http">{{cite news|date=December 21, 1938|title=Mrs. F.J. Shepard Dies of a Stroke. Former Helen Gould, Famous for Philanthropy, Stricken at Her Summer Home Gave Away Much of Fortune. Mrs. Finley J. Shepard Is Stricken at 70. Philanthropist and Daughter of Jay Gould Got Permission to Marry. Wed at Lyndhurst. Benefactions in War With Spain. Descendant of Pioneers.|newspaper=The New York Times |page=1|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/21/archives/mrs-f-j-shepard-dies-of-a-stroke-former-helen-gould-famous-for.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 18, 2007|quote=Mrs. Finley J. Shepard of New York, the former Helen Gould, who was famous for her philanthropies in many fields, died at her Summer home here at 12:15 this morning, after being in a coma for more than 24 hours. She had suffered an apoplectic stroke ten days ago, and had been ill for two months. Her age was 70 years.}}</ref> They adopted three children.<ref>{{cite book|last=Snow|first=Alice Northrop|title=The Story of Helen Gould|year=1943|publisher=F. H. Revell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6QbGQAACAAJ}}</ref>
* [[Howard Gould]] (1871–1959), married Viola Katherine Clemmons on October 12, 1898, then actress [[Grete Mosheim]] in 1937<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|date=September 15, 1959|title=Howard Gould dies here at 88... [l]ast surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier, yachtsman, auto racer.|newspaper=The New York Times |page=39 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1959/09/15/archives/howard-gould-dies-here-at-88-last-surviving-son-of-jay-gould-rail.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 21, 2007|quote=Howard Gould, last surviving son of Jay Gould, the railroad financier, died Sunday in Doctors Hospital. He was 88 years old. Although Mr. Gould's residence ...}}</ref>
* [[Anna Gould|Anna, Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord]] (1875–1961), married [[Paul Ernest Boniface]], [[Comte de Castellane]] (1867–1932), then [[Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, Duke of Sagan|Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord]], 5th Duke of Talleyrand, 5th Duc of Dino, 4th Duke von Sagan, and Prince of Sagan (1858–1937).<ref name="select.nytimes.com">{{cite news|date=November 30, 1961|title=Duchesse de Talleyrand Is Dead. Youngest daughter of Jay Gould|newspaper=The New York Times |page=37 |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0A14F6355912738DDDA90B94D9415B818AF1D3 |url-access=subscription |access-date=August 6, 2008|quote=The Duchesse de Talleyrand-Périgord, daughter of the late Jay Gould, American railroad financier, died today in Paris where she passed most of her life.}}</ref> 
**Children with Boniface:
*** Marie Louise Boniface de Castellane (1896–?), died during infancy or early childhood
*** Antoine Boniface, Marquis de Castellane (1896–1946), married Yvonne Patenôtre<ref>{{cite news|title=Son of Ann Gould succumbs in Paris.|quote=Marquis De Castellane Held French Embassy Posts in London During 1940. Paris, Feb. 7, 1946. The death of Marquis de Castellane, son of the late Count Boni de Castellane and the former Anna Gould of New York, who eventually became Duchess de Talleyrand-Périgord, was announced today.|newspaper=The New York Times |page=18 |date=February 8, 1946}}</ref>
*** Georges Paul Ernest Boniface de Castellane (1897 or 1899–1944), married Florinda Fernández y Anchorena (1901–?)
*** Georges Gustave Boniface de Castellane (c. 1898–1946)
*** Jay Boniface de Castellane (1902–1956)
** Children with Talleyrand:
*** Howard de Talleyrand, duc de Sagan (1909–1929), he killed himself when told that he could not immediately marry a girl he met in school<ref>{{cite news|title=Talleyrand Motel|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732494,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027211909/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,732494,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2010|work=Time magazine|date=June 3, 1929|access-date=July 21, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anna Gould's Son, Self-Wounded, Dies. Howard De Talleyrand, Prince De Sagan, 19, Succumbs In Paris After 11 Days. Parent's At His Bedside |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=5 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E1D71330E33ABC4151DFB3668382639EDE|date=May 29, 1929 |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 21, 2007}}</ref>
*** Helen Violette de Talleyrand-Périgord (1915–2003), married James Robert de Pourtales on March 29, 1937, then [[Gaston Palewski]] (1901–1984)
* [[Frank Jay Gould]] (1877–1956), married Helen Kelley; then Edith Kelly; then [[Florence Gould|Florence La Caze]] (1895–1983)<ref name="Riviera 1899">{{cite news|date=April 1, 1956|title=Frank Jay Gould Dead on Riviera. Youngest Son of Rail Empire Maker was 78. Built Up Resort of Juan-les-Pins Heir to $10,000,000 N.Y.U. Graduate of 1899.|agency=Associated Press |newspaper=The New York Times |page=88 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1956/04/01/archives/frank-jay-gould-dead-on-riviera-youngest-son-of-rail-empire-maker.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 6, 2008|quote=Frank Jay Gould died today at his apartment at Juanles-Pins on the French Riviera. He was 78 years old}}</ref>
<!--==In popular culture==-->
<!-- NOTE: Please DO NOT list mentions in passing in pop songs, video games, movies, novels, etc. etc. Please list ONLY significant works that are entirely devoted to Gould in some manner. -->

==See also==

* [[Allegheny Transportation Company]]
* [[Gouldsboro, Pennsylvania]]
* [[Lyndhurst (house)|Lyndhurst]], his country estate on the Hudson River
* [[Paragould, Arkansas]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist|35em}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{cite book |last=Ackerman |first=Kenneth D. |year=2011 |orig-year=1988 |title=The Gold Ring: Jim Fisk, Gould, and the Black Friday, 1869 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sg38WpmtTKoC |location=New York |publisher=Dodd, Mead & Co. |isbn=978-0-396-09065-6 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book |last=Brands |first=H. W. |author-link=H.W. Brands |year=2012 |title=The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace |url=https://archive.org/details/manwhosavedunion0000bran |url-access=registration |publisher=Doubleday |location=New York |isbn=978-0-385-53241-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Renehan |first=Edward |year=2006 |title=Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-4QhGQAACAAJ |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0465068869}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Jean Edward |author-link=Jean Edward Smith |year=2001 |title=Grant |url=https://archive.org/details/grant00smit |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=0-684-84927-5}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Ronald C. |year=2016 |title=American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPNRCwAAQBAJ |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-5883-6992-5}}

==Further reading==
; Newspaper articles
* [//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Death_of_Jay_Gould_%28Brooklyn_Eagle%2C_front_page_2_December_1898%29.gif Death of Jay Gould in the ''Brooklyn Eagle'']
* {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89966905/george-gould-is-married/ |title=George Gould is Married |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |page=1 |date=September 15, 1886}}
* {{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/89967003/howard-gould-marries/ |title=Howard Gould marries |newspaper=The New York Times |page=1 |date=October 13, 1898}}
* {{cite news|title=Howard Gould dies here at 88; last surviving son of Jay Gould, rail financier—yachtsman, auto racer|newspaper=The New York Times |page=39 |date=September 15, 1959}}

; Books
* {{cite book |last=Gordon|first=John S.|year=1999 |title=[[The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000]]|publisher=Scribner |isbn=978-0684832876 }}
* {{cite book |last=Grodinsky|first=Julius|year=1981|title=Jay Gould, His Business Career, 1867–1892|publisher=Arno Press|isbn=978-1258168681|page=627}}
* {{cite book |last=Hilferding|first=Rudolf|year=1981|title=Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|location=New York|isbn=978-0415436649}}
* {{cite book |last=Josephson|first=Matthew|year=1962|title=The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Klein|first=Maury|year=1997|title=The Life and Legend of Jay Gould|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0801857713}}
* Klein, Maury. "[http://www.thebhc.org/sites/default/files/beh/BEHprint/v015/p0055-p0068.pdf Jay Gould: A Revisionist Interpretation]". ''Business and Economic History'' 2d ser., 15 (1986): 55–68. {{JSTOR|23702860}}.
* {{cite book |last=Kotz|first=David M.|year=2008|title=Neoliberalism and Financialization|publisher=University of Massachusetts |location=Amherst|url=http://people.umass.edu/dmkotz/Neolib_and_Fin_08_03.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last=Morris|first=Charles R.|year=2005|title=The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy|publisher=Holt|location=New York|isbn=0-8050-7599-2|url=https://archive.org/details/tycoonshowandrew00morr}}
* {{cite book |last=Renehan|first=Edward J.|year=2005|title=The Dark Genius of Wall Street: The Misunderstood Life of Jay Gould, King of the Robber Barons|publisher=BasicBooks|location=New York|isbn=0-465-06885-5|url=https://archive.org/details/darkgeniusofwall00rene}}
* Steinmetz, Greg. (2022). ''American Rascal: How Jay Gould Built Wall Street's Biggest Fortune''. Simon & Schuster. {{ISBN|978-1982107406}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=Richard |author-link=Richard White (historian)|title=Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|date=2011|isbn=978-0-393-06126-0|url=https://archive.org/details/railroadedtransc00whit_0}}
* {{cite book |last=White|first=Trumbull|year=1892|title=The Wizard of Wall Street and His Wealth|publisher=Mid-Continent Publishing Co.|location=Philadelphia|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66148}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Jay Gould}}
{{wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Jay Gould}}
* [http://www.economist.com/node/5323698 Excerpts from Gould's ''New York Times'' obituary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061116222752/http://www.explorepahistory.com/odocument.php?docId=198 Obituary] by the ''[[Iowa City Press-Citizen|Iowa City Daily Citizen]]''
* [http://www.dcnyhistory.org/goulds.html History of Delaware County and Border Wars of New York]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gould, Jay}}
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[[Category:American cartographers]]
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[[Category:Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)]]
[[Category:Burials in the Jay Gould Mausoleum]]
[[Category:American people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:19th-century deaths from tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Charles W. Fairbanks]]
[[Category:Gould family|Jay Gould]]
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[[Category:Tuberculosis deaths in New York (state)]]
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