Editing Jaufre Rudel

{{Short description|French prince and troubadour}}
[[File:Jaufre rudel.jpg|thumb|Jaufre Rudel dies in the arms of Hodierna of Tripoli (from [[Troubadour#Table_of_chansonniers|chansonnier]] I, Lombardy, 13th century, ''Bib. Nat. Française 854, fol. 121v.'')<ref>{{cite web |title=BnF fr. 854, fol. 121v. |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8419245d/f256.item |website=BnF Gallica |access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>]]
'''Jaufre Rudel''' ('''Jaufré''' in [[modern Occitan]]) was the prince of [[Blaye]] (''Princes de Blaia'') and a [[troubadour]] of the early- to mid-12th century, who probably died during the [[Second Crusade]], in or after 1147. He is noted for developing the theme of "love from afar" (''amor de lonh'' or ''amour de loin'') in his songs.

Very little is known about his life, but a reference to him in a contemporary song by [[Marcabru]] describes him as being ''oltra mar''&mdash;across the sea, probably on the [[Second Crusade]] in 1147. Probably he was the son of Girard, also [[castellan]] of Blaye, and who was titled "prince" in an 1106 charter. Girard's father was the first to carry the title, being called ''princeps Blaviensis'' as early as 1090.<ref>[[Gaston Paris]] (1912), ''Mélanges de littérature française du moyen age'' (New York: Burt Franklin, {{ISBN|0-8337-4311-2}}), pp. 498&ndash;503.</ref> During his father's lifetime the suzerainty of Blaye was disputed between the [[counts of Poitou]] and the [[counts of Angoulême]]. Shortly after the succession of [[William VIII of Poitou]], who had inherited it from his father, Blaye was taken by [[Wulgrin II of Angoulême]], who probably vested Jaufre with it. According to one hypothesis, based on flimsy evidence, Wulgrin was Jaufre's father.

According to his legendary ''[[Vida (Occitan literary form)|vida]]'', or fictionalised biography, he was inspired to go on crusade upon hearing from returning pilgrims of the beauty of Countess [[Hodierna of Tripoli]], and that she was his ''amor de lonh'', his far-off love. The legend claims that he fell sick on the journey and was brought ashore in [[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]] a dying man. Countess Hodierna is said to have come down from her castle on hearing the news, and Rudel died in her arms. This romantic but unlikely story seems to have been derived from the enigmatic nature of Rudel's verse and his presumed death on the Second Crusade.

Seven of Rudel's poems have survived to the present day, four of them with music. His composition ''Lanquan li jorn'' is thought to be the model for the [[Minnesinger]] [[Walther von der Vogelweide]]'s crusade song ''Allerest lebe ich mir werde'' (''Palästinalied'').

==Rudel in legend and literature==
[[Image:Geoffroy Rudel.jpg|thumb|A Romantic portrayal of Jaufre singing to his love from the frontispiece of [[Étienne-François de Lantier|Étienne-François de Lantier's]]'s play "Geoffroy Rudel, ou le Troubadour" (1825)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf |first1=George |last2=Rosenstein |first2=Roy |title=The poetry of Cercamon and Jaufré Rudel |date=1983 |publisher=Garland |location=New York |page=92}}</ref>]]
Nineteenth-century [[Romanticism]] found his legend irresistible. It was the subject of poems by [[Ludwig Uhland]], [[Heinrich Heine]], [[Robert Browning]] (''Rudel to the Lady of Tripoli'') and [[Giosué Carducci]] (''Jaufré Rudel''). [[Algernon Charles Swinburne]] returned several times to the story in his poetry, in ''The Triumph of Time'', ''The Death of Rudel'' and the now-lost ''Rudel in Paradise'' (also titled ''The Golden House''). In ''The Triumph of Time'', he summarises the legend:

<blockquote><poem>There lived a singer in France of old
By the tideless dolorous midland sea.
In a land of sand and ruin and gold
There shone one woman, and none but she.
And finding life for her love's sake fail,
Being fain to see her, he bade set sail,
Touched land, and saw her as life grew cold,
And praised God, seeing; and so died he.</poem></blockquote>

<blockquote><poem>Died, praising God for his gift and grace:
For she bowed down to him weeping, and said
"Live"; and her tears were shed on his face
Or ever the life in his face was shed.
The sharp tears fell through her hair, and stung
Once, and her close lips touched him and clung
Once, and grew one with his lips for a space;
And so drew back, and the man was dead.</poem></blockquote>

Sir [[Nizamat Jung Bahadur]], of [[Hyderabad, Telangana|Hyderabad]], also wrote an epic poem on the subject, ''Rudel of Blaye'', in 1926.

The [[France|French]] [[dramatist]] [[Edmond Rostand]] took the legend of Rudel and Hodierna as the basis for his 1895 verse drama ''[[La Princesse Lointaine]]'', but reassigned the female lead from Hodierna to her jilted daughter [[Melisende of Tripoli|Melisende]], played by [[Sarah Bernhardt]]. However, there are older mentions of Rudel loving Melisende, such as [[Frederic Mistral]]'s 1878 Provençal dictionary ''[[Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige]]'' which states (translation): "Mélisende, Mélissande or Mélissène, countess of Tripoli, daughter of Aimeri de Lusignan, loved by the troubadour Geoffroi{{note|Geoffroi is one of the French forms of the Occitan name Jaufre.}} Rudel".<ref>The article ''Melisendo'' in [https://books.google.com/books?id=yYx--JBqDX4C&dq=%22Tr%C3%A9sor%20d%C3%B3u%20F%C3%A9librige%22%20and%20%22MELISENDO%22%20and%20%22troubadour%22&pg=PA315 Lou Tresor dóu Felibrige], volume 2, 1878.</ref>

More recently, [[Finland|Finnish]] [[composer]] [[Kaija Saariaho]] has written an [[opera]] about Rudel and Clémence (the name used for Hodierna) called ''[[L'amour de loin]]'', with a libretto by [[Amin Maalouf]], which was given its world premiere at the [[Salzburg Festival]] in 2000 and its US premiere at the [[Santa Fe Opera]] in 2002.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* Michael Barrington, ''Blaye, Roland, Rudel and the Lady of Tripoli: a study in the relations of poetry to life. A.D. 731 - 1950'' (Salisbury, 1953)
* Nick Riddle (ed) & [[Marcus Sedgwick]] (illustrator), ''Outremer: Jaufré Rudel and Melisande of Tripoli - a Legend of the Crusades'' (Cambridge, 1994) {{ISBN|0-9524327-0-6}}
* George Wolf & Roy Rosenstein, eds., "The Poetry of Cercamon and Jaufre Rudel" (New York, 1983)
* Yves Leclair, Roy Rosenstein, ''Chansons pour un amour lointain de Jaufre Rudel, édition bilingue occitan-français, présentation de Roy Rosenstein, préface et adaptation d'Yves Leclair'' (Gardonne, éditions fédérop, 2011) {{ISBN|978-2-85792-200-1}}

==External links==
*[http://trobar.org/troubadours/jaufre_rudel/ Jaufré Rudel: Complete Works] (in English and Provençal, with MIDIs of the extant melodies)
*[http://www.accademiajr.it/bibvirt/rostand.html Text of Rostand's ''La Princesse Lointaine''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718234316/http://www.accademiajr.it/bibvirt/rostand.html |date=2011-07-18 }}
*[http://web.mac.com/nickriddle/iWeb/Outremer/home.html Collected poetry and prose on the Rudel legend, essentially an online version of the Riddle/Sedgwick anthology (see above) plus extra material]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://jaufre-outremer.blogspot.com/ The afterlife of Jaufré Rudel], a growing resource of Rudel-related material and links
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[[Category:12th-century births]]
[[Category:1140s deaths]]
[[Category:12th-century French troubadours]]
[[Category:People from Gironde]]
[[Category:Medieval legends]]
[[Category:House of Taillefer]]
[[Category:Christians of the Second Crusade]]