Editing Japanese Red Army

{{Short description|Communist militant organization (1971–2001)}}
{{Distinguish|Red Army Faction (Japan)|United Red Army}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Expand Japanese|日本赤軍|date=January 15, 2025}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox militant organization
| name             = Japanese Red Army
| native_name      = 日本赤軍
| native_name_lang = ja
| logo             = 
| caption          = 
| dates            = 1971–2001
| leader           = {{ubl|[[Fusako Shigenobu]]|[[Tsuyoshi Okudaira]]}}
| motives          = [[Proletarian revolution]] in Japan, [[World revolution]]
| area             = Japan, Middle East, Europe, South Asia, Southeast Asia
| ideology         = {{ubl|[[Communism]]|[[Marxism–Leninism]]|[[Maoism]]|[[Anti-fascism]]|[[Anti-imperialism]]|[[Anti-Zionism]]}}
| position         = [[Far-left politics|Far-left]]
| crimes           = 
| attacks          = [[Lod Airport massacre]]<br>[[Japan Airlines Flight 404]]<br/>[[Japan Airlines Flight 472 (1977)|Japan Airlines Flight 472]]<br>[[Malaysian Airline System Flight 653]] (suspected)
| status           = Defunct; succeeded by the Rentai movement
| preceded by      = [[Red Army Faction (Japan)|Sekigunha]]
}}

The {{nihongo|'''Japanese Red Army'''|日本赤軍|Nihon Sekigun|extra=[[Abbreviation|abbr.]] '''JRA'''}} was a militant communist organization active from 1971 to 2001. It was designated a terrorist organization by Japan and the United States. The JRA was founded by [[Fusako Shigenobu]] and [[Tsuyoshi Okudaira]] in February 1971, and was most active in the 1970s and 1980s, operating mostly out of [[Lebanon]] with [[PFLP]] collaboration and funding from [[Muammar Gaddafi's Libya]], as well as [[Syria]] and [[North Korea]].{{sfn|Wright-Neville|2010|p=119}}{{sfn|Kapur|2018|p=152}}

After the [[Lod Airport massacre]], it sometimes called itself the '''Arab-JRA'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/japanese-red-army-jra|title = Japanese Red Army (JRA) &#124; Terrorist Groups &#124; TRAC}}</ref> The group was also variously known as the '''Anti-Imperialist International Brigade''' ('''AIIB'''), the '''Holy War Brigade''', and the '''Anti-War Democratic Front'''.{{sfn|Wright-Neville|2010|p=119-120}} The JRA's stated goals were to overthrow the [[Japanese government]] and the [[Emperor of Japan|monarchy]], as well as to start a world revolution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Japanese Red Army (JRA) Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB) |url=https://irp.fas.org/world/para/jra.htm |website=Intelligence Resource Program |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=1 October 2023}}</ref>

== History ==
[[Fusako Shigenobu]] had been a leading member in the {{Nihongo|[[Red Army Faction (Japan)|Red Army Faction]]|赤軍派|Sekigun-ha}} in Japan, whose roots lay in the [[Communist League (Japan)|Communist League]], part of the militant [[New Left in Japan]]. Advocating revolution through [[terrorism]],<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10576109008435816 Terrorist profile group – the Japanese red army] "The Japanese red army attempts to support through terrorism a worldwide Marxist Leninist revolution</ref> they set up their own group, declaring war on the state in September 1969. The police quickly arrested many of them, including founder and intellectual leader [[Takaya Shiomi]], who was in jail by 1970. The Red Army Faction lost about 200 members, and the remnants merged with the [[Maoist]] group Revolutionary Left Faction ({{Transliteration|ja|Kakumei sa-ha}}) to form the {{Nihongo|[[United Red Army]]|連合赤軍|Rengō Sekigun}} in July 1971. The United Red Army became notable during the [[Asama-Sanso incident]], when it [[purge|murdere]]d fourteen of its members on [[Mount Haruna]], before a week-long siege involving hundreds of police leaving a bystander and a police officer dead.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carpentras|first=Fabien|title=IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film – Memory Politics and Popular Culture – The Example of the United Red Army in the Manga Red (2006–2018)|journal=IAFOR Journal of Media, Communication & Film|publisher=The International Academic Forum (IAFOR)|pages=86|doi=10.22492/ijmcf|issn=2187-0667|doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Fusako Shigenobu]] had left Japan with only a handful of dedicated  people, but her group is said to have had about 40 members at its height and was, after the [[Lod Airport massacre]], one of the best-known armed leftist groups in the world.<ref>[http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=59 Japanese Red Army (JRA) Profile] The [[National Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism]] Terrorism Knowledge Base (online)</ref>

The JRA had close ties with the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]] (PFLP) and [[Wadie Haddad]].{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=144}} It was dependent on the PFLP for financing, training, and weaponry.{{Citation needed|date=December 2021}}

In April 2001, Shigenobu issued a statement from detention declaring the JRA had disbanded, and that their battles should henceforth be done by legal means.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/04/16/national/shigenobu-declares-end-of-japanese-red-army/ | title=Shigenobu declares end of Japanese Red Army| newspaper=The Japan Times Online| date=April 16, 2001}}</ref>

The National Police Agency publicly stated that a successor group was founded in 2001, called {{Nihongo|Rentai Movement|{{interlanguage link|ムーブメント連帯|ja|ムーブメント連帯}}|Mūbumento Rentai}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npa.go.jp/archive/keibi/syouten/syouten271/english/0301.html|title=Movements of the Japanese Red Army and the "Yodo-go" Group|access-date=September 7, 2011|publisher=Japanese National Police Agency}}</ref>

On February 15, 2022, the [[Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department]] renewed calls for arresting other ex-JRA terrorists who have not been arrested, including Kunio Bando and [[Kōzō Okamoto|Kozo Okamoto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20220215/p2g/00m/0na/029000c|title = Japan's police renew hunt for Red Army militants wanted since 1970s|newspaper = Mainichi Daily News|date = February 15, 2022}}</ref>

== Activities ==
{{prose|section|date=August 2020}}
During the 1970s and 1980s, JRA carried out a series of attacks in Japan and around the world, including:

* May 30, 1972: the [[Lod Airport massacre]]; a gun and [[grenade]] attack at Israel's Lod Airport in [[Tel Aviv]], now [[Ben Gurion International Airport]], killed 26 people; about 80 others were wounded.<ref>"In what became known as the Lod Airport Massacre three members of the terrorist group, Japanese Red Army, arrived at the airport aboard Air France Flight 132 from Rome. Once inside the airport they grabbed automatic firearms from their carry-on cases and fired at airport staff and visitors. In the end, 26 people died and 80 people were injured." ''[[CBC News]]'', ''[[The Fifth Estate (TV)|The Fifth Estate]]'', "Fasten Your Seatbelts: Ben Gurion Airport in Israel", 2007. Retrieved June 2, 2008.</ref> One of the three attackers then committed suicide with a grenade, another was shot in the crossfire. The only surviving attacker was [[Kōzō Okamoto]]. Many of the victims were [[Christian pilgrimage|Christian pilgrims]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Axell |first1=Albert |title=Japan's Suicide Gods |date=2002 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=London |page=x |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfNmAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9780582772328 }}</ref>
* July 1973: Red Army members led the hijacking of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 404]] over the Netherlands. The passengers and crew were released in Libya, where the hijackers blew up the aircraft.
* January 1974: the [[Laju incident]]; the JRA attacked a [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] facility in Singapore and took five [[hostage]]s; simultaneously, the PFLP [[1974 attack on the Japanese Embassy in Kuwait|seized the Japanese embassy]] in Kuwait. The hostages were exchanged for a [[ransom]] and safe passage to [[South Yemen]].
* September 13, 1974: [[1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague|the French Embassy in The Hague, Netherlands was stormed]]. The ambassador and ten other people were taken hostage and a Dutch policewoman, Joke Remmerswaal, was shot in the back, puncturing a lung. After lengthy negotiations, the hostages were freed in exchange for the release of a jailed Red Army member (Yatsuka Furuya), $300,000 and the use of an aircraft. The hostage-takers flew first to [[Aden]], [[South Yemen]], where they were not accepted and then to Syria. Syria did not consider hostage-taking for money revolutionary, and forced them to give up their ransom.<ref>Blood and Rage, The Story of the Japanese Red Army. {{Page needed|date=September 2011}}</ref>
* August 1975: the Red Army [[1975 AIA building hostage crisis|took more than 50 hostages at the AIA building]] housing several embassies in [[Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]. The hostages included the US consul and the Swedish chargé d'affaires. The gunmen won the release of five imprisoned comrades and flew with them to Libya.
* September 1977: The Red Army hijacked [[Japan Airlines Flight 472 (1977)|Japan Airlines Flight 472]] over India and forced it to land in [[Dhaka, Bangladesh]]. The Japanese Government freed six imprisoned members of the group and allegedly paid a $6M ransom.
* December 1977: a suspected lone member of the Red Army hijacked [[Malaysian Airline System Flight 653]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/25/comoros.crash/index.html|title=CNN – Ethiopia mourns crash victims – Nov. 25, 1996|website=[[CNN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223015303/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9611/25/comoros.crash/index.html|archive-date=December 23, 2004|access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref> The flight was carrying the Cuban ambassador to Tokyo, Mario Garcia. The Boeing 737 crashed killing all 100 passengers and crew on board.
* May 1986: the Red Army fired [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]] rounds at the embassies of Japan, Canada and the [[Embassy of the United States, Jakarta|United States]] in [[Jakarta, Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1013172.stm|title=Red Army's reign of terror|date=November 8, 2000|access-date=October 26, 2017|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
* November 1986:  The [[New Peoples Army]], a branch of the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]], kidnapped Nobuyuki Wakaouji, the branch manager of [[Mitsui & Co.]] in [[Manila]], [[Philippine]]s with a ransom of $10 million (1.2 billion yen) paid,<ref name="JTR">{{cite web | url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/01/28/national/10-million-paid-to-free-mitsui-exec-communists/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203013726/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2003/01/28/national/10-million-paid-to-free-mitsui-exec-communists/ | archive-date=December 3, 2021 | title=$10 million paid to free Mitsui exec: Communists | date=January 28, 2003 }}</ref> although there were initial demands for a ransom of $8 million.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/03/31/A-Japanese-executive-kidnapped-more-than-four-months-ago/5500544165200/ | title=A Japanese executive kidnapped more than four months ago... – UPI Archives }}</ref> According to CPP spokesman Gregorio Rosal, the kidnapping was condemned by the party. There is still speculation that the JRA helped in the abduction.<ref name="JTR"/>
* June 1987: a similar attack was launched on the British and United States embassies in [[Rome, Italy]].<ref name="BBC"/>
* April 1988: Red Army members [[1988 Naples bombing|detonated a car bomb outside of a USO recreational facility in Naples]], which killed 4 Italian civilians and 1 U.S. servicewoman, and injured 15 others.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Suro|first1=Roberto|last2=Times|first2=Special To the New York|date=15 April 1988|title=5 Die in Blast Outside U.S.O. in Naples|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/15/world/5-die-in-blast-outside-uso-in-naples.html|access-date=30 December 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="BBC"/>
* In the same month, JRA operative [[Yū Kikumura]] was arrested with explosives on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] highway, apparently to coincide with the USO bombing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/jra.htm|title = Japanese Red Army (JRA) Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB)}}</ref> He was convicted of these charges and served time in a United States prison until his release in April 2007.<ref name="YK">{{Cite web|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/48196ca21e.html|title = Refworld &#124; Country Reports on Terrorism 2007 – Japan}}</ref> Upon his return to Japan he was immediately arrested on suspicion of using fraudulent travel documents.

== Known members ==
* [[Fusako Shigenobu]], co-founder and leader, arrested in [[Osaka]], Japan, November 2000 and stood accused of orchestrating attacks, [[kidnapping]]s and [[wiktionary:Hijacking|hijackings]]. A court in Tokyo sentenced her in February 2006 to serve 20 years in prison for attempted murder, kidnapping and confinement for her part in helping to plan the [[1974 French Embassy attack in The Hague]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/94080fdcdb7a09e91698976b6f3c3eae|title=Japanese Red Army Founder Gets 20 Years|website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Shigenobu was released on May 28, 2022.
* [[Tsuyoshi Okudaira]], co-founder and leader, killed while carrying out the [[Lod Airport massacre]].
* Osamu Maruoka, former leader and hijacker of two aircraft, was arrested in November 1987 in Tokyo after entering Japan on a forged passport. Given a life sentence, he died in prison on May 29, 2011.<ref>[[Kyodo News]], "[http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20110530a6.html Ex-Red Army member Maruoka dies]", ''[[Japan Times]]'', May 30, 2011, p. 2.</ref>
* [[Haruo Wakō]], former leader, arrested in Lebanon in February 1997 before being deported to Japan to be sentenced further.<ref>{{Cite web|last=agencies|first=Guardian staff and|date=March 18, 2000|title=Red Army members expelled by Lebanon|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/18/terrorism|access-date=May 18, 2021|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Masao Adachi]], Kazuo Tohira, and [[Mariko Yamamoto (Japanese Red Army)|Mariko Yamamoto]] were also imprisoned in Lebanon on charges of forgery yet were subsequently sent to Jordan before being handed over to Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/mar/18/terrorism|title = Red Army members expelled by Lebanon|website = [[TheGuardian.com]]|date = March 18, 2000}}</ref>
* Kuniya Akagi, a collaborator of the JRA, was arrested after returning to Osaka from Pyongyang via Beijing in order to be questioned over the kidnapping of three Japanese nationals in Europe by North Korean spies in the 1980s. He is linked to [[Shirō Akagi]], who took part in the ''Yodo-go'' hijacking (See also: [[Japan Airlines Flight 351]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015173302/http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/408541 Man linked to Red Army Faction arrested upon return from Pyongyang.] Retrieved on June 9, 2007.</ref>
* [[Kunio Bando]], one of the hijackers of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1977)|Japan Airlines Flight 472]], is still on [[Interpol]]'s wanted list. He may have taken refuge in the Philippines in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Wanted+radical+Kunio+Bando+was+in+Philippines+in+2000%3a+sources.-a098259549|title=Wanted radical Kunio Bando was in Philippines in 2000: sources.|access-date=May 23, 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ayako Daidōji]], a former member of [[East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front]] who joined the JRA in 1979, is on the wanted list and still at large.
* Yukiko Ekida, a former member of [[East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front]] who joined the JRA in 1979, was arrested in March 1995 in Romania and subsequently [[deportation|deported]] to Japan. She received a sentence of 20 years for attempted murder and violating the explosives law in [[East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front|a series of bombings targeting large companies in 1974 and 1975]]. The trial of Ekida was originally started in 1975 but was suspended when she was released from prison in 1977. Her release was part of a deal with the Japanese Red Army during the hijacking of a Japanese airliner to Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Death+row+inmate+apologizes+to+victims+of+1974+bombing.-a055895554|title=Death row inmate apologizes to victims of 1974 bombing.|access-date=May 23, 2015}}</ref>
* Yatsuka Furuya (birth name: Yoshiaki Yamada) joined the JRA in 1973 and took part in the [[Laju incident|Laju ferry hijacking]] in Singapore in 1974. His arrest in Paris later that year precipitated the French Embassy attack to free Furuya, as the JRA was concerned he might reveal their organizational structure and plans to French police. Arrested again in 1986, he was imprisoned for a year, but was released after his sentence expired and is now free, albeit under constant police surveillance.
* [[Yū Kikumura]] was arrested with [[explosive]]s on the [[New Jersey Turnpike]] in 1988 and served over 18 years of a 30‑year prison sentence in the United States.<ref name="BOPProfile">"[http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Yu&Middle=&LastName=Kikumura&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=78&y=28 Yu Kikumura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604161124/http://www.bop.gov/iloc2/InmateFinderServlet?Transaction=NameSearch&needingMoreList=false&FirstName=Yu&Middle=&LastName=Kikumura&Race=U&Sex=U&Age=&x=78&y=28 |date=June 4, 2011 }}." [[Federal Bureau of Prisons]]. Retrieved on January 6, 2010.</ref> In April 2007, Kikumura was released from US incarceration and immediately arrested upon his return to Japan. He was released in October 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naharnet.com/domino/tn/NewsDesk.nsf/getstory?openform&6FAA2A763CE1415DC225737F003F7B01|title=Naharnet — Lebanon's leading news destination|work=Naharnet|access-date=May 23, 2015}}</ref>
* Hisashi Matsuda, one of the hostage takers at the AIA building siege in Kuala Lumpur, is on the wanted list and still at large.
* Akira Nihei, one of the hijackers of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1977)|Japan Airlines Flight 472]], is wanted and still at large.
* [[Jun Nishikawa (JRA member)|Jun Nishikawa]] – One of the attackers of the French Embassy at The Hague in 1974, was arrested in Stockholm before being released later that year as part of a deal with the Japanese government to free the hostages that JRA had taken in the AIA building siege in Kuala Lumpur. After 20 years in hiding, he was arrested in Bolivia and deported to Japan, where he was tried and sentenced to life in prison.
* [[Kōzō Okamoto]] is the only survivor of the group of three JRA terrorists (alongside Tsuyoshi Okudaira and Yasuyuki Yasuda) attacking [[Lod]] airport in 1972, now called [[Ben Gurion International Airport]].{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=144}}{{sfn|Pedahzur|2009|p=38}} He was jailed in Israel, but in May 1985, Okamoto was set free in an exchange of prisoners between Israeli and Palestinian forces.{{sfn|Smith|1994|p=144}} Subsequently, he was imprisoned in Lebanon for three years for [[forgery|forging]] [[Visa (document)|visas]] and passports. The Lebanese authorities granted Okamoto political [[refugee|asylum]] in 1999 for having participated in attacks against Israel and being allegedly tortured while serving his prison sentence in Israel.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|title=Red Army's reign of terror|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1013172.stm|access-date=May 30, 2017|work=BBC News|date=November 8, 2000}}</ref>
* [[Junzō Okudaira]] was one of the three Japanese Red Army (JRA) members who attacked the French embassy in The Hague in 1974 and was the person who detonated a car bomb in front of a USO club in Naples in 1988. As of 2022, he remains at large.
* Norio Sasaki, one of the hijackers of [[Japan Air Lines Flight 472 (1977)|Japan Airlines Flight 472]], is wanted and still at large.
* Hiroshi Sensui, a JRA militant living in the Philippines, was arrested by the [[Integrated National Police]] as part of anti-terrorist measures to prevent terrorist incidents from taking place [[1988 Summer Olympics|in the Seoul Olympic games]] after being tipped off by the Japanese National Police Agency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1298&dat=19880608&id=zfdNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6115,1361948|title=Alleged terrorist deported, tied to Olympic plot|access-date=February 19, 2012}}</ref><ref>Terrorism and guerrilla warfare: forecasts and remedies, page 171.</ref>
* Tsutomu Shirosaki, an alleged conspirator who fired two mortar shells towards the Embassy of Japan, United States and Canada from a room in President Hotel (now Pullman Hotel) in the [[Jakarta]], Indonesia on May 14, 1986. Nobody was injured in the incident as the bombs did not explode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2021301/japanese-red-army-member-pleads-not-guilty-over-1986-embassy|title=Japanese Red Army member pleads not guilty over 1986 embassy attack in Jakarta|website=www.scmp.com|date=September 21, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://theglobal-review.com/lama/content_detail.php?lang=id&id=522&type=2|title=Serangkaian Teror Bom Dulu dan Sekarang di Tanah Air|website=theglobal-review.com|access-date=October 9, 2020|language=id}}</ref> United States court sentenced Shirosaki to 30 years in prison in 1998 for attempted murder and other crimes in connection with the mortar attack. His prison sentence was shortened for good behaviour and he was released in January 2015. When Shirosaki returned to Japan the following month, Tokyo police arrested him for alleged arson and attempted murder in connection with the 1986 mortar attack. In November 2016, he was sentenced to 12 years in prison but he died in July 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/11/24/national/crime-legal/japanese-red-army-member-gets-12-year-sentence-86-jakarta-attack/|title=Japanese Red Army member gets 12-year sentence over '86 Jakarta attack|website=japantimes.co.jp|date=November 24, 2016|access-date=October 9, 2020}}</ref>
* Yoshimi Tanaka was arrested in Cambodia in 1996 and extradited to Japan. A Tokyo court sentenced him to 12 years in prison in 2002 for his involvement in the [[Japan Airlines Flight 351|Yodo-go hijacking]], in which a Japan Airlines plane was hijacked to North Korea.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-feb-14-mn-28013-story.html|title=Ex-Red Army Member Sentenced for Hijacking|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=May 30, 2017|date=February 14, 2002|last1=Reports|first1=From Times Wire}}</ref> He died in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2007/01/03/national/obituary-yoshimi-tanaka/|title=Obituary: Yoshimi Tanaka|publisher=Japan Times|access-date=May 30, 2017|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|date=January 3, 2007}}</ref>
* Kazue Yoshimura, reported to have taken part in the hostage crisis in [[The Hague]], was arrested by Peruvian [[DIRCOTE]] agents in [[Lima]] on May 25, 1996, after alleged contacts with members of the Maoist [[Shining Path]] (SP) insurgency (even possibly with then-head of the organization [[Comrade Feliciano]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/ca87fbdbdf85af14253e37c761c1c7a1|title=PERU: SUSPECTED JAPANESE RED ARMY TERRORIST TO BE DEPORTED – AP Archive|website=www.aparchive.com|access-date=October 26, 2017}}</ref> The trace to her arrest was established after the 1995 [[Bucharest]] capture of Yukiko Ekita with a false Peruvian passport. Yoshimura had first entered Peru in February 1993 with a Philippine passport and later returned with the name of Yoko Okuyama, supposedly intended on travelling to the [[coca]]-growing [[Huallaga Valley]], the last stronghold of the diminished Peruvian Maoist  insurgency as well as a drug-trafficking haven.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/06/world/peru-to-send-red-army-guerrilla-suspect-to-japan.html|title=Peru to Send Red Army Guerrilla Suspect to Japan|date=June 6, 1996|access-date=October 26, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> According to Peruvian ''[[Caretas]]'' magazine, she was intending on helping establish a JRA presence in South America and may have even established contacts with [[Jun Nishikawa (JRA member)|Jun Nishikawa]], another JRA operative later captured in Bolivia. Yoshimura was later deported to Japan by the government of [[Alberto Fujimori]] (a [[Japanese Peruvian]]), who stated that there was no proof against her despite the overwhelming intelligence data. The move was allegedly the result of pressure from the Japanese authorities. In December 1997, Yoshimura was sentenced to two and a half years imprisonment for passport [[Identity document forgery|forgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.caretas.pe/2000/1618/articulos/terruca.phtml|title=CARETAS HOME PAGE|website=www2.caretas.pe|access-date=October 26, 2017|archive-date=October 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012090559/http://www2.caretas.pe/2000/1618/articulos/terruca.phtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Films ==
* The 1971 ''Sekigun – PFLP. Sekai Sensō Sengen'', ''Red Army – PFLP: Declaration of World War'', shot on location in Lebanon, produced by [[Kōji Wakamatsu]]. Patricia Steinhoff translates its title ''Manifesto for World Revolution'' which makes perhaps more sense. A propaganda film for the Red Army sympathisers in Japan. One of the people showing the film around Japan with the producer was Mieko Toyama, a close friend of Fusako Shigenobu, who was murdered in the winter training camp massacre.
* A 1999 documentary by Rabih El-Amine ''Ahmad the Japanese, Lod-Roumié-Tokyo'' tells Okamoto's story from the perspective of five major personalities that knew him in Beirut.
* The 2009 Malaysian TV drama series ''Suatu Ketika... Soldadu Merah'' (Once Upon A Time... Red Soldier) is based on the [[1975 AIA building hostage crisis|1975 Kuala Lumpur attack]] of the Japanese Red Army.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706080903/http://ecentral.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F7%2F4%2Ftvnradio%2F6579409&sec=tvnradio ''Hostage Drama'']</ref>
* In 2010, [[Fusako Shigenobu]] and [[Masao Adachi]] were featured in the documentary ''[[Children of the Revolution (documentary)|Children of the Revolution]]'', which tells the story of Shigenobu and the Japanese Red Army through the eyes of [[Mei Shigenobu]].
* In the 2010 French-German TV Film [[Carlos (TV miniseries)|''Carlos'']], members of the Japanese Red Army feature when they stormed the French Embassy in The Hague and associating with the PFLP and the German Revolutionary Cells.
* The 2011 Bangladeshi film [http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/760433/complicating-the-history-of-the-left ''The Young Man Was, Part 1: United Red Army''] by visual artist [[Naeem Mohaiemen]] is about the 1977 hijacking of JAL 472 and the subsequent consequences inside Bangladesh.
* A 2012 documentary by [[Philippe Grandrieux]] and Nicole Brenez ''[[Masao Adachi]]. Portrait – First episode of the collection The Beauty May Have Strengthened Our Resoluteness'', shot on location in Tokyo, tells the daily life of Adachi and his reminiscences.

== See also ==
{{portal|Japan|Communism}}
* [[Red Army Faction (Japan)]]
* [[United Red Army]]
* [[East Asia Anti-Japan Armed Front]]
* [[Anti-Japaneseism]]
* [[Zengakuren]]
* [[New Left in Japan]]
* [[Communist League (Japan)]]
* [[Revolutionary Communist League, National Committee]]
* [[Japan Revolutionary Communist League (Revolutionary Marxist Faction)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* Andrews, William ''Dissenting Japan: A History of Japanese Radicalism and Counterculture, from 1945 to Fukushima''. London: Hurst, 2016. {{ISBN|978-1849045797}}
* {{cite book |last = Kapur |first = Nick |year = 2018 |title = Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo |publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] |location = Cambridge, MA |isbn = 978-0674984424 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pedahzur|first=Ami|year=2009|title=The Israeli Secret Services and the Struggle against Terrorism|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231140423}}
* {{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Brent L.|year=1994|title=Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0791417607}}
* {{Cite book|last=Wright-Neville|first=David|year=2010|title=Dictionary of Terrorism|publisher=Polity Press|isbn=978-0745643014}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/search/Results.aspx?page=1&casualties_type=&casualties_max=&perpetrator=3020&charttype=line&chart=overtime&ob=GTDID&od=desc&expanded=yes#results-table List of incidents attributed to the Japanese Red Army on the START database]

{{Communism in Japan}}
{{New Left in Japan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Japanese Red Army| ]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Cold War history of Japan]]
[[Category:Communist organizations in Japan]]
[[Category:Communist terrorism]]
[[Category:Defunct organizations designated as terrorist]]
[[Category:Far-left politics in Japan]]
[[Category:Guerrilla organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the United States]]
[[Category:Republicanism in Japan]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Japan]]
[[Category:Defunct communist militant groups]]