Editing Jammu and Kashmir (state)

{{Short description|State administered by India (1952–2019)}}
{{About|the former state|the current union territory|Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|the former princely state|Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)}}
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{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| common_name = Jammu and Kashmir
| conventional_long_name = State of Jammu and Kashmir
| nation = India
| status_text = [[States and union territories of India#Former states|Region formerly administered by India as a state]]
| capital = [[Srinagar]] (May–October)<br/> [[Jammu]] (November–April)<ref name="Darbar Move">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |title=What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about? |author=The Hindu Net Desk |date=8 May 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110135648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/what-is-the-darbar-move-in-j-k-all-about/article18409452.ece |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live  }}</ref>{{efn|Government offices were [[Darbar Move|shifted twice a year.]]}}
| year_start = 1952
| date_start = 17 November
| event_start = Abolition of monarchy
| event1      = [[Article 370#Presidential order of 1954|Presidential order of 1954]]
| date_event1 = 14 May 1954
| year_end = 2019
| date_end = 31 October
|event_end = [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019|Reorganized]] into [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]
| p1 = Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
| flag_p1 = 
| s1 = Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)
| s2 = Ladakh
| flag_s1 = 
| flag_s2 = 
| symbol_type = Emblem
| image_coat = Emblem of Jammu & Kashmir.svg
| image_map = Kashmir_region_2004.jpg
| image_map_caption = Map of Jammu and Kashmir
| image_flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg
| legislature = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislature]]
| house1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council]] (36 seats)
| house2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] (89 seats)
| political_subdiv = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|22 districts]]
| title_leader = [[List of governors of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]]
| leader1 = [[Karan Singh]] (''first'')
| year_leader1 = 1952–1965 as ''Sadr-e-Riyasat''; 1965–1967
| leader2 = [[Satya Pal Malik]] (''last'')
| year_leader2 = 2018–2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Satya Pal Malik sworn in as Jammu and Kashmir governor |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |work=The Economic Times |agency=Press Trust of India |date=23 August 2018 |access-date=31 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823110106/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/satya-pal-malik-sworn-in-as-jammu-and-kashmir-governor/articleshow/65512757.cms |archive-date=23 August 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>
| title_deputy = [[List of chief ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|Chief Minister]]
| deputy1 = [[Sheikh Abdullah]] (''first'')
| year_deputy1 = 1952–1953 as ''Prime Minister''
| deputy2 = [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (''last'')
| year_deputy2 = 2016–2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/bjp-pdp-alliance-ends-in-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-modi-govt-did-everything-to-normalise-situation-says-ram-madhav-4542011.html|title=BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state|work=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=19 June 2018|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>
| footnotes =
|native_name=|demonym=|today=}}

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'''Jammu{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|æ|m|uː}} {{respell|JAM|oo}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|dʒ|ʌ|m|uː}} {{respell|JUM|oo}}.<ref name="EPD">{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link= Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title= English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher= Cambridge University Press |orig-date=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=978-3-12-539683-8 }}</ref>}} and Kashmir'''{{efn|Pronounced variably as {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|ʃ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|KASH|meer}} or {{IPAc-en|k|æ|ʃ|ˈ|m|ɪər}} {{respell|kash|MEER}}.<ref name="EPD"/>}} was a region formerly administered by [[India]] as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger [[Kashmir]] region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] since the mid-20th century.<ref name=britannica-jammu-kashmir>{{citation|last1=Akhtar|first1=Rais|last2=Kirk|first2=William|title=Jammu and Kashmir, State, India|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jammu-and-Kashmir |access-date=7 August 2019}} (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."</ref><ref name="Osmańczyk2003">{{citation|last1=Osmańczyk|first1=Edmund Jan|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fSIMXHMdfkkC&pg=PA1191|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93922-5|pages=1191–}} Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan.  It has borders with Pakistan and China."</ref> The underlying region of this state were parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]], whose western districts, now known as [[Azad Kashmir]], and northern territories, now known as [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], are administered by Pakistan. The [[Aksai Chin]] region in the east, bordering [[Tibet]], has been under Chinese control since 1962.

After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]] of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act]], which contained provisions to split the state into two [[Union territory|union territories]] – [[Ladakh]] in the east and the residuary [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in the west, with effect from 31 October 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|title=Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=5 August 2019|agency=PTI|date=5 August 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805100108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/article-370-to-be-scrapped-jk-will-ceases-to-be-a-state-2-union-territories-created/articleshow/70531899.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.

== Establishment ==
After the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]], the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] was divided between India (which controlled the regions of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir Valley]], and [[Ladakh]]) and Pakistan (which controlled [[Gilgit–Baltistan]] and [[Azad Kashmir]]).<ref name="britannica-kashmir"/> Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] signed the [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] on 26 October 1947 after an invasion by Pakistani tribesmen. [[Sheikh Abdullah]] was appointed as the [[Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] as part of an interim government by Maharaja Hari Singh in March 1948.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhushan Daz Gupta|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=184|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> In order to integrate the provisions of the instrument of accession relating to the powers of the state and Indian government, the [[Constituent Assembly of India]] drew up the draft provision named Article 306-A, which would later become [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]].<ref name="Waseem">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=79|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|pages=79–81|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=9789811610196|date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

A [[Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir|constituent assembly]] for Jammu and Kashmir was convened to frame a new constitution for the state in October 1951, after an [[1951 Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly election|election]] in which all the seats were won by the [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]] party of Abdullah.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBBfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT124|title=The Power of the Ballot: Travail and Triumph in the Elections|author1=Vipul Maheshwari|author2=Anil Maheshwari|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|page=124|date=28 March 2022|isbn=9789354353611 }}</ref>

Abdullah reached an agreement termed as the "Delhi Agreement" with [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the Prime Minister of India, on 24 July 1952. It extended provisions of the [[Constitution of India]] regarding citizenship and [[fundamental rights]] to the state, in addition to the jurisdiction of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. Agreements were also reached on issues of abolishing the monarchy, as well as the state being allowed a separate flag and official language. The Delhi Agreement spelt out the relationship between the central government and the state through recognizing the autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir, while also declaring it as an integral part of India and granting the central government control of several subjects that were not a part of the instrument of accession.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|pages=91–93|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

The government of Jammu and Kashmir quickly moved to adopt the provisions of the agreement.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpTpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=Jammu and Kashmir|author=Jyoti Bhusan Das Gupta|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=200|date=6 December 2012|isbn=9789401192316 }}</ref> The recommendations of the Drafting Committee on the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir regarding the monarchy were accepted by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir on 21 August 1952. The [[Jammu and Kashmir Constitution Act 1939]] was amended in November 1952 to adopt the resolutions and the monarchy was officially abolished on 12 November. The regent [[Karan Singh]] was formally elected as the ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' or head of state by the Constituent Assembly and was later recognized by the [[President of India]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91|title=Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmad Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|page=94|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> The amendments incorporating the provisions into the state constitution entered into force on 17 November.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2tsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA222|title=Jammu & Kashmir: A Victim|author1=Daya Sagar|author2=Daya Ram|publisher=[[Prabhat Prakashan]]|page=222|date=15 June 2020|isbn=9788184303131 }}</ref>

===Integration with India===

Abdullah however sought to make  Article 370 permanent and began calling for the secession of the state from India, which led to his arrest in 1953.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bwqe_JdLDUYC&pg=PA179|title=Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia|author=Bibhu Prasad Routray|year=2012 |department=Chapter: Autonomy and Armed Separatism in Jammu and Kashmir|page=179|editor=Michelle Ann Miller|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9789814379977 }}</ref> [[Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad]] then became the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constituent Assembly of the state passed a resolution in February 1954, extending some provisions of the Constitution of India and formally ratifying the accession of the state to India per the Instrument of Accession. A [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Presidential Order]] was passed on 14 May 1954 to implement the Delhi Agreement, drawing its validity from the resolution of the Constituent Assembly.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT712|title=Constitutional Questions and Citizens' Rights: An Omnibus Comprising Constitutional Questions in India: The President, Parliament and the States and Citizens' Rights, Judges and State Accountability|author=[[A. G. Noorani]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|page=712|date=5 December 2005|isbn=978-0-19-908778-5 }}</ref><ref name = "Schofield">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=94}}</ref>

The new [[Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir]] was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmhjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|title=Historical Title, Self-Determination and the Kashmir Question|author=Fozia Nazir Lone|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|page=250|date=17 May 2018|isbn=9789004359994 }}</ref> Following this, the state constituent assembly dissolved itself and [[1957 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|elections]] were held for the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] in 1957, with the National Conference winning 68 out of 75 seats.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BK9FEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-Century Conflict|author=[[Sumantra Bose]]|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|page=39|isbn=9780300256871|year=2021}}</ref>

In 1956–57, China constructed a road through the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] area of Ladakh. India's belated discovery of this road culminated in the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962; China has since administered Aksai Chin.<ref name="britannica-kashmir">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|title=Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005093248/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kashmir-region-Indian-subcontinent|archive-date=5 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], India and Pakistan signed the [[Simla Agreement]], recognising a [[Line of Control]] in Kashmir, and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through [[India-Pakistan relations|bilateral negotiations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmir Fast Facts |url=https://edition-m.cnn.com/2013/11/08/world/kashmir-fast-facts/index.html?r=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2F |website=CNN | date=8 November 2013 |access-date=12 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 1964, the Indian government extended provisions of Articles 356 and 357 of the Constitution of India, which allowed for [[President's rule]] in the state.<ref name="Hafeez">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yca-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=[[Hafeez Malik]]|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|page=184|date=27 July 2016|isbn=9781349105731 }}</ref>
In April 1965, the legislative assembly approved renaming the positions of ''Sadar-i-Riyasat'' to [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Governor]] and ''Wazir-i-Azam'' (Prime Minister) to [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]. Though the change had no actual effect on the legal structure of the state, it conveyed that the government of Jammu and Kashmir was equal to that of any other Indian state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2l9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|title= India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: The Covert War in Kashmir, 1947-2004|author=[[Praveen Swami]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=69|date=19 October 2006|isbn=9781134137527 }}</ref>

Despite Nehru releasing the imprisoned Abdullah in April 1964 to initiate dialogue with Pakistan, it viewed these developments as leading to the inseparability of Jammu and Kashmir from India and launched an [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|armed conflict]],<ref name="Hafeez"/> infiltrating Kashmir during [[Operation Gibraltar]] in August 1965. However, it ultimately failed in its objective and both countries returned to the status quo after the [[Tashkent Declaration]] of 1966.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ud_fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40|title= Kashmir's Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession|author=Matthew J. Webb|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=69|date=13 February 2012|isbn=9781136451454 }}</ref> The government of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]] meanwhile rapidly extended many provisions of the Indian Constitution to further integrate the state into India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtwzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Waseem Ahmed Sofi|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref>

The failure of Pakistan in the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani war]] weakened the Kashmiri nationalist movement and Abdullah dropped demands of secession. Under the [[Indira–Sheikh Accord]] of 1975, he recognised the region as a part of India, the state legislature requiring the approval of the President to make laws, and the Parliament of India being able to promulgate laws against secessionism. In return, Article 370 was left untouched and Abdullah became the Chief Minister of the state. The region remained mostly peaceful until his death in 1982.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEBBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT149|title= Autonomy of a State in a Federation: A Special Case Study of Jammu and Kashmir|author=Kaushik Roy|editor=[[Scott Gates (academic)|Scott Gates]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|page=149|date=2 March 2017|isbn=9781351877091 }}</ref>

== Kashmir insurgency ==
In the late 1980s, discontent over the high-handed policies of the union government and allegations of the rigging of the [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]<ref name="Schofield_1">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=137}}</ref> triggered a violent uprising and [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|armed insurgency]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |title=1989 Insurgency |publisher=Kashmirlibrary.org |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044335/http://www.kashmirlibrary.org/kashmir_timeline/kashmir_chapters/1987-1998_detailed.shtml |archive-date=26 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1720/17200800.htm|title=Contours of militancy|access-date=16 November 2016}}</ref> which was backed by Pakistan.<ref name = "Schofield_3">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|p=210}}</ref> Pakistan claimed to be giving its "moral and diplomatic" support to the separatist movement.<ref name="bbc2015" /> The [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of [[Pakistan]] has been accused by [[India]] and the international community of supporting, supplying arms and training [[mujahideen]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ali|first1=Mahmud|title=Pakistan's shadowy secret service|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|access-date=22 February 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=9 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221224921/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6033383.stm|archive-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last1=Rashid|first1=Ahmed|title=Nato's top brass accuse Pakistan over Taliban aid|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|access-date=22 February 2017|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 October 2006|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222113552/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530756/Natos-top-brass-accuse-Pakistan-over-Taliban-aid.html|archive-date=22 February 2017}}</ref> to fight in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="Talib">{{cite news|last1=Gall|first1=Carlotta|title=At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 January 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231131515/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/21/world/asia/21quetta.html|archive-date=31 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph.co.uk"/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Jehl|first1=Douglas|last2=Dugger|first2=Celia W.|last3=Barringer|first3=Felicity|title=Death of Reporter Puts Focus On Pakistan Intelligence Unit|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|access-date=21 February 2017|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=25 February 2002|archive-date=2 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502010653/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/world/nation-challenged-suspects-death-reporter-puts-focus-pakistan-intelligence-unit.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015, former [[President of Pakistan]] [[Pervez Musharraf]] admitted that Pakistan had supported and trained insurgent groups in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan supported, trained terror groups: Pervez Musharraf|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|access-date=21 February 2017|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605051514/http://www.business-standard.com/article/international/pakistan-supported-trained-terror-groups-pervez-musharraf-115102800015_1.html|archive-date=5 June 2017}}</ref> India has repeatedly called Pakistan to end its "cross-border terrorism" in Kashmir.<ref name="bbc2015" />

Since 1989, a prolonged, bloody conflict between the Islamic militant separatists and the [[Indian Army]] took place, both of whom have been accused of widespread [[Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir|human rights abuses]], including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.{{refn|group=note|Sources that detail human right abuses in Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name = "HRW_military">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522132246/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/2.htm#_Toc144362271|archive-date=22 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|title=India and Human Rights in Kashmir&nbsp;– The Myth&nbsp;– India Together|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509060306/http://indiatogether.org/peace/kashmir/articles/indhr.htm|archive-date=9 May 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Schofield_4">{{Harvnb|Schofield|2003|pp=148, 158}}</ref><ref name = "HRW_militants">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|title=India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527144336/http://hrw.org/reports/2006/india0906/7.htm#_Toc144362296|archive-date=27 May 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|title=Kashmir troops held after rape|access-date=2 June 2008|work=BBC News|date=19 April 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218120041/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/south_asia/1940088.stm|archive-date=18 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Shujaat Bukhari">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|title=219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989|quote=The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil|access-date=31 December 2007|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325203907/http://www.hindu.com/2010/03/24/stories/2010032461230900.htm|archive-date=25 March 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "P.L. AIMA">{{cite web|url=http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|title=Not myth, but the truth of migration|quote=The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the audio and video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. This evidence also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples.|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124175152/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2010/Nov/12/not-myth-but-the-truth-of-migration-23.asp|archive-date=24 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name = "Tahir Nadeem Khan">{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|title=Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly|quote=A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months.|publisher=The Indian News|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322101302/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pregnant-woman-in-doda-accuses-lashkar-militants-of-gang-raping-her-repeatedly_100151075.html|archive-date=22 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name = "Kanchan Gupta">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|title=19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror|quote=Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse... In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill.|publisher=[[Rediff]]|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126101005/http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/jan/19kanch.htm|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>}} Several new militant groups with radical Islamic views emerged and changed the ideological emphasis of the movement to Islamic. This was facilitated by a large influx of Islamic "Jihadi" fighters (mujahadeen) who had entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] in the 1980s.<ref name="bbc2015">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|title=India Pakistan – Timeline|publisher=BBC News|access-date=10 April 2015|work=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222035446/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1989.stm|archive-date=22 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

By 1999, 94 out of the 97 subjects in the Union List and 260 out of 395 articles of the Constitution of India had become applicable in the state, though it retained some of its autonomy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgdGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211|title= Kashmir After 2019: Completing the Partition|editor1=Werner Menski|editor2=Muneeb Yousuf
|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|page=127|date=17 June 2021|isbn=9789811610196 }}</ref> Article 370 had meanwhile become mostly symbolic.<ref name="Waseem"/>

The insurgency affected the state's economy. [[Doda district]], rich in high-grade [[sapphire]], had active mines until 1989; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |title=Sapphire-rich Kashmir |author=Haroon Mirani |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=20 June 2008 |access-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091102130509/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/06/20/stories/2008062050010100.htm |archive-date=2 November 2009 }}</ref> Industrial development was also constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | title = Power shortage to hit India Inc | date = 2 April 2008 | publisher = Rediff News | access-date = 25 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121026013942/http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/02power.htm | archive-date = 26 October 2012 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all }}</ref> Tourism, which was also integral for the economy alongside agriculture and horticulture,<ref name="SDR3A">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|title=CHAPTER III : Socio-Economic and Administrative Development|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130192441/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch3a.pdf|archive-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SDR4">{{cite web|url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|title=CHAPTER IV : Potential Sectors of State Economy|work=Jammu & Kashmir Development Report|publisher=State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India|access-date=5 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902133139/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_jandk/sdr_jkch4.pdf|archive-date=2 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency in the 1980s, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and by the late 2000s, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 18 March 2009|title=Foreign tourists flock Kashmir|access-date=18 March 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=18 March 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109091716/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200903181221.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Police in Kashmir confronting violent protestors December 2018.jpg|thumb|right|Police and protesters confronting each other in Kashmir, 2018]]
Following the [[2008 Kashmir unrest]], secessionist movements in the region were boosted.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|work=Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008|title=In Kashmir, there's azadi in air|author=Avijit Ghosh|access-date=28 January 2009|date=17 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103113005/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/In_Kashmir_theres_azadi_in_the_air/articleshow/3372070.cms|archive-date=3 January 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1838586,00.html | magazine=Time | title=Valley of Tears | date=4 September 2008 | access-date=5 May 2010 | first=Jyoti | last=Thottam | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505142414/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1838586%2C00.html | archive-date=5 May 2010 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[2016–17 Kashmir unrest]] resulted in the death of over 90 civilians and the injury of over 15,000.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|title=Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?|date=2 January 2017|work=[[Firstpost]]|last1=Yasir|first1=Sameer|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202050228/http://www.firstpost.com/india/kashmir-unrest-what-was-the-real-death-toll-in-the-state-in-2016-3183290.html|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|title=After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns|date=23 January 2017|publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]]|last1=Akmali|first1=Mukeet|access-date=27 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126190856/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/front-page/after-15000-injuries-govt-to-train-forces-in-pellet-guns/239453.html|archive-date=26 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush in Anantnag in June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|work=Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017|title=Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir|author=Express Web Desk|access-date=20 June 2017|date=16 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619142401/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/five-policemen-killed-in-militant-ambush-in-anantnag-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-4707495/|archive-date=19 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> An [[2019 Pulwama attack|attack]] on an Indian police convoy in Pulwama, in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed militant group [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]].<ref name="IT everything">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104624/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pulwama-attack-2019-everything-about-jammu-and-kashmir-terror-attack-on-crpf-by-terrorist-adil-ahmed-dar-jaish-e-mohammad-1457530-2019-02-16 |date=18 February 2019 }}, India Today, 16 February 2019.</ref>

== Revocation of special status and reorganisation ==
In August 2019, both houses of the [[Parliament of India]] passed resolutions to [[Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir|amend Article 370]] and extend the [[Constitution of India]] in its entirety to the state, which was implemented as a constitutional order by the [[President of India]].<ref name=Venkataramanan>{{citation |author=K. Venkataramanan |title=How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 August 2019 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |access-date=8 August 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129154838/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="co272">{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3 |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |website=The Gazette of India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805094806/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf |archive-date=5 August 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the same time, the parliament also passed the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019]], which contained provisions to split the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two [[union territories]]: [[Ladakh]] and the residuary [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref name="Indian Express">[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805144345/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/jammu-kashmir-bifurcation-ladakh-union-territory-key-takeaways-from-reorganisation-bill-article-370-amit-shah-5880177/ |date=5 August 2019 }}, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.</ref>

The reorganisation act was assented to by the [[President of India]], and came into effect on 31 October 2019.<ref name="Gazette2">{{citation|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|title=In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act.|date=9 August 2019|access-date=9 August 2019|author=Ministry of Home Affairs|work=[[The Gazette of India]]|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809153916/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210412.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to these measures, the union government locked down the [[Kashmir Valley]], increased security forces, imposed [[Section 144]] that prevented assembly, and placed political leaders such as former Jammu and Kashmir chief ministers [[Omar Abdullah]] and [[Mehbooba Mufti]] under house arrest.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 Article 370 Jammu And Kashmir LIVE Updates: "Abuse Of Executive Power," Rahul Gandhi Tweets On Article 370 Removal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806211931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/article-370-jammu-and-kashmir-live-updates-resolution-to-revoke-article-370-in-lok-sabha-today-2080833 |date=6 August 2019 }}, NDTV, 6 August 2019.</ref> Internet and phone services were also blocked.<ref name="Ratcliffe">{{cite news |last1=Ratcliffe |first1=Rebecca |title=Kashmir: Pakistan will 'go to any extent' to protect Kashmiris |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=6 August 2019 |date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813083232/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/aug/06/india-kashmir-pakistan-will-go-to-any-extent-to-protect-kashmiris-special-status |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 Inside Kashmir's lockdown: 'Even I will pick up a gun'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813132112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-49294301 |date=13 August 2019 }}, BBC News, 10 August 2019.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India revokes Kashmir's special status: All the latest updates |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |website=aljazeera |access-date=10 August 2019 |archive-date=13 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813140034/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/08/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-latest-updates-190806134011673.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Jammu-Kashmir-Ladakh.svg|thumb|right|The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir]] (green), [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] (orange) and [[Ladakh]] (blue)]]

The state of Jammu and Kashmir consisted of three [[Divisions of India|divisions]]: the [[Jammu Division]], the [[Kashmir Division]] and [[Ladakh]] which were further divided into 22 districts.<ref name=MHA>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |title=Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs |access-date=28 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208212815/http://mha.nic.in/uniquepage.asp?Id_Pk=306 |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref> The [[Siachen Glacier]], while under Indian military control, did not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]], [[Ramban district|Ramban]], [[Reasi district|Reasi]], [[Samba district|Samba]], [[Bandipora district|Bandipora]], [[Ganderbal district|Ganderbal]], [[Kulgam district|Kulgam]] and [[Shopian district|Shopian]] were districts formed in 2008.<ref name=MHA/>

===Districts===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-bottom: 0;"
|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!rowspan=2| Division 
!rowspan=2| Name 
!rowspan=2| Headquarters 
!| Before 2007<ref>{{citation |url=https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |title=Divisions & Districts |work=Jamu & Kashmir Official Portal |date=2012 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206180631/https://jk.gov.in/jammukashmir/?q=divisions |url-status=live }}</ref>
!colspan=5| After 2007

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) 
!| Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) 
!| Area <br/>(sq miles) 
!| Rural Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) 
!| Urban Area <br/>(km<sup>2</sup>) 
!| Ref.

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=11|[[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
||[[Kathua district]] 
|| [[Kathua]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2651|0}} 
| {{convert|2502|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2458.84|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.16|2}} 
|| <ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |page=8 |work=Census of India 2011, Part A |title=District Census Handbook Kathua |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=20 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201120172907/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0107_PART_A_DCHB_KATHUA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Jammu district]] 
|| [[Jammu (city)|Jammu]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3097|0}} 
| {{convert|2342|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2089.87|2}} <!-- Part A page 116 says 209810.70 hectares (2,098.1070 km<sup>2</sup>) Part B page 24 says 2,089.87 km<sup>2</sup>-->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|252.13|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 51, 116 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116185556/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0121_PART_A_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |pages=13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Jammu, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055111/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0121_PART_B_DCHB_JAMMU.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Samba district]] 
|| [[Samba, Jammu|Samba]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|904|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|865.24|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.76|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=9, 34, 36, 100 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054240/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0122_PART_A_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |pages=10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Samba, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055129/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0122_PART_B_DCHB_SAMBA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Udhampur district]] 
|| [[Udhampur]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4550|0}} 
| {{convert|2637.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2593.28|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|43.72|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Udhampur |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055036/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0119_PART_B_DCHB_UDHAMPUR.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Reasi district]] 
|| [[Reasi]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|1719|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1679.99|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|39.01|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 37, 88 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054200/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0120_PART_A_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |pages=9, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Reasi, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055054/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0120_PART_B_DCHB_REASI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Rajouri district]] 
|| [[Rajouri]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2630|0}} 
| {{convert|2630|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2608.11|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|21.89|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=11, 107 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053915/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0106_PART_A_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |pages=9, 10, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Rajouri, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054900/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0106_PART_B_DCHB_RAJOURI.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Poonch district, Jammu and Kashmir|Poonch district]] 
|| [[Poonch (town)|Poonch]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1674|0}} 
| {{convert|1674|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1649.92|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.08|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=9, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part A |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053841/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0105_PART_A_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |pages=11, 13, 24 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Punch, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054835/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0105_PART_B_DCHB_PUNCH.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Doda district]] 
|| [[Doda, Jammu and Kashmir|Doda]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|11691|0}} 
| {{convert|8912.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|8892.25|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|19.75|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |pages=9, 12, 99 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Doda, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054946/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0116_PART_B_DCHB_DODA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ramban district]] 
|| [[Ramban (Jammu and Kashmir)|Ramban]] 
|style="text-align:center"| new district 
| {{convert|1329.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1313.92|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|15.08|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |pages=10, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ramban, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055000/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0117_PART_B_DCHB_RAMBAN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kishtwar district]] 
|| [[Kishtwar]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|1644.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1643.37|2}}<!-- Page 9 says 1643.65, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 --> 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|0.63|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |pages=9, 10, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kishtwar, Part B |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116055015/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0118_PART_B_DCHB_KISHTWAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 9 says the rural area is 1643.65 km<sup>2</sup>, whilst pages 10 and 22 says 1643.37 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division 
|| [[Jammu Division|Jammu]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|26293|0}} 
| {{convert|26293|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|25794.95|2}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|498.05|2}} 
|| 

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=11 |[[Kashmir valley|Kashmir]]
||[[Anantnag district]] 
|| [[Anantnag]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3984|0}} 
| {{convert|3574|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|3475.76|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|98.24|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |page=9 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053354/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0114_PART_A_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054309/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0114_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTNAG.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kulgam district]] 
|| [[Kulgam]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|410|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 12 says 404 but page 22 says 410. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|360.20|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.80|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053742/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0115_PART_A_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054749/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0115_PART_B_DCHB_KULGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km<sup>2</sup>, but page 22 says 410 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Pulwama district]] 
|| [[Pulwama]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1398|0}} 
| {{convert|1086.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1047.45|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|38.55|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054654/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0112_PART_B_DCHB_PULWAMA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Shopian district]] 
|| [[Shopian]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|312.00|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B pages 12 and 22 say 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>. -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|306.56|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|5.44|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053726/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0113_PART_A_DCHB_SHUPIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |pages=12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054712/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0113_PART_B_DCHB_SUPHIYAN.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km<sup>2</sup>, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Budgam district]] 
|| [[Budgam]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1371|0}} 
| {{convert|1361|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A says 1371, Part B says 1371 (page 11) and 1361 (pages 12 and) -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1311.95|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.05|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=10, 46 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053410/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0102_PART_A_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054333/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0102_PART_B_DCHB_BADGAM.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A says the district area is 1371 km<sup>2</sup>, Part B says 1371 km<sup>2</sup> (page 11) and 1361 km<sup>2</sup> (page 12s and 22).</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Srinagar district]] 
|| [[Srinagar]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2228|0}} 
| {{convert|1978.95|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part A page 48 shows the district with an area of 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011 -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|1684.42|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|294.53|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |pages=11, 48 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053602/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0110_PART_A_DCHB_SRINAGAR.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km<sup>2</sup> in 2001 and 1978.95 km<sup>2</sup> in 2011.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Ganderbal district]] 
|| [[Ganderbal]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|259|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} <!-- Part B page 11 says 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup> -->
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|233.60|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|25.40|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |pages=11, 12 and 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054514/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0111_PART_B_DCHB_GANDERBAL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km<sup>2</sup>, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km<sup>2</sup>.</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Bandipora district]] 
|| [[Bandipore|Bandipora]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| new district 
| {{convert|345|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|295.37|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|49.63|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=10, 47 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053429/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0109_PART_A_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |pages=11, 20 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054400/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0109_PART_B_DCHB_BANDIPORE.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Baramulla district]] 
|| [[Baramulla]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4588|0}} 
| {{convert|4243|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|4179.44|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|63.56|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=11 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053447/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0108_PART_A_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054424/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0108_PART_B_DCHB_BARAMULA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Kupwara district]] 
|| [[Kupwara]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2379|0}} 
| {{convert|2379|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2331.66|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|47.34|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |page=7 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053817/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0101_PART_A_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |pages=11, 12 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054812/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0101_PART_B_DCHB_KUPWARA.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division 
|| [[Srinagar]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15948|0}} 
| {{convert|15,948.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|15226.41|2}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|721.54|2}} 
||

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
|rowspan=3| [[Ladakh]]
||[[Kargil district]] 
|| [[Kargil town|Kargil]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14036|0}} 
| {{convert|14036|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|14033.86|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|2.14|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |page=10 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part A |date=July 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116053632/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/01/0104_PART_A_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}<br/>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |pages=11, 12, 22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Kargil, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054607/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0104_PART_B_DCHB_KARGIL.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|-style="vertical-align:top;"
||[[Leh district]] 
|| [[Leh]] 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45110|0}} 
| {{convert|45110.0|km2|sqmi|disp=table|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|45085.99|2}} 
|style="text-align:right;"| {{round|24.01|2}} 
||<ref>{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |page=22 |work=Census of India 2011 |title=District Census Handbook Leh, Part B |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054453/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0103_PART_B_DCHB_LEH%20(LADAKH).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

|- style="background:lightblue; vertical-align:top;"
||Total for division 
|| [[Leh]] and [[Kargil]] 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59146.00|0}} 
| {{convert|59,146.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|59119.85|2}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|26.15|2}} 
||

|-class=sortbottom 
|colspan=3| Total 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|101387|0}} 
| {{convert|101387.00|km2|sqmi|disp=tablecen|0|adj=ri0}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|100141.21|2}} 
|style="text-align:center;"| {{round|1245.74|2}} 
||
|}

==Demographics==
{{Historical population
| source = [[Census of India]]<ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131957/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| footnoate = † 1951 and 1991 populations are estimated
| 1961 | 3560976    
| 1971 | 4616632    
| 1981 | 5987389    
| 1991 | 7837051   
| 2001 | 10143700  
| 2011 | 12541302  
}}

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a [[Muslim]]-majority population.<ref>Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245</ref> In the [[Census of India]] held in 1961, the first to be conducted after the formation of the state, [[Islam]] was practised by 68.31% of the population, while 28.45% followed [[Hinduism]]. The proportion of population that practised Islam fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|title=Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses|date=29 December 2016|access-date=30 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230105841/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/share-of-muslims-and-hindus-in-jk-population-same-in-1961-2011-censuses/|archive-date=30 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the 2011 census, the last to be conducted in the state, Islam was practised by about 68.3% of the state population, while 28.4% followed Hinduism and small minorities followed [[Sikhism]] (1.9%), [[Buddhism]] (0.9%) and [[Christianity]] (0.3%).<ref name="2011census">{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], [[Government of India]] |year=2011 |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=13 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The state's official language was [[Urdu]], which occupied a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir; the language functioned as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bhat|first1=M. Ashraf|title=Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir|date=9 September 2011|publisher=LANGUAGE IN INDIA|edition=11}}</ref> The first language of less than 1% of the population, it was regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, and broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Farouqi|first1=Ather|title=Redefining Urdu Politics in India|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Pandharipande"/> The dominant position of Urdu has been criticised for rendering Kashmiri into a functional "minority language", effectively restricting its use to households and family.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{citation |last=Pandharipande |first=Rajeshwari |title=Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India |url=http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |journal=International Journal on Multicultural Societies |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2002 |pages=3–4 |access-date=21 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615133850/http://www.unesco.org/most/vl4n2pandhari.pdf |archive-date=15 June 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="KachruKachru2008">{{citation|last1=Kachru|first1=Braj B.|last2=Kachru|first2=Yamuna|last3=Sridhar|first3=S. N.|title=Language in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA132|date=27 March 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46550-2|pages=132–}}</ref>

==Government==
Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state that had special autonomy under [[Article 370]] of the [[Constitution of India]], which stipulated that no law enacted by the [[Parliament of India]], except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, would be extendable to Jammu and Kashmir unless it was ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021020626/http://www.indiatodaygroup.com/itoday/20000703/states.html|url-status=dead|title=States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today|archive-date=21 October 2007}}</ref> The state was able to define the [[Permanent residents (Jammu and Kashmir)|permanent residents]] of the state who alone had the privilege to vote in state elections, the right to seek government jobs and the ability to own land or property in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldstory.php?storyid=46240 |title=Sorry |publisher=Indianexpress.com |access-date=18 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> By virtue of this autonomy, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state to have an official [[Flag of Jammu and Kashmir|state flag]], hoisted alongside India's [[Flag of India|national flag]], and had a separate constitution.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|access-date=28 April 2015|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052545/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/maintain-sanctity-of-state-flag-says-jk-govt/article6990160.ece|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Designed by the then-ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir featured a [[plough]] on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes on the flag represented the three distinct administrative divisions of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J&K.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507200338/http://jkgad.nic.in/statutory/Rules-Costitution-of-J%26K.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir|archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir had a multi-party democratic system of governance and had a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir state that came under Pakistani control; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |title=Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507120652/http://www.kashmir-information.com/LegalDocs/140.html |archive-date= 7 May 2013 | url-status=dead|publisher=Kashmir-information.com |access-date=16 April 2013 }}</ref> After a [[delimitation]] in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|title=The vacant seats|author=Luv Puri|access-date=9 April 2009|location=Chennai, India|date=24 October 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106233528/http://www.hindu.com/2002/10/24/stories/2002102403261300.htm|archive-date=6 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Jammu and Kashmir Assembly had a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in other state assemblies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=27 October 2005 |title=It is introspection time for Congress in J&K |author=Rasheeda Bhagat |access-date=9 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106150533/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/27/stories/2005102700451000.htm |archive-date=6 January 2006}}</ref> This anomaly arose because Jammu and Kashmir accepted the provision in the [[Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India]] but did not accept its repeal in the [[Forty-Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Forty-fourth Amendment]].<ref>[https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ No need for constitutional amendment to bring J&K under 'one nation, one election': BJP] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920133756/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/no-need-for-constitutional-amendment-to-bring-jk-under-one-nation-one-election-bjp/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, Greater Kashmir, 22 June 2019.</ref><ref>Meenakshi Lekhi, [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ Why isn't Kashmir 'secular', Cong & NC must answer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920130750/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/Chargesheet/why-isn-t-kashmir-secular-cong-ncp-must-answer/ |date=20 September 2019 }}, The Economic Times blog, 9 January 2014.</ref>

=== Central provisions ===
In 1990, an [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]] of India, which gave special powers to the Indian security forces, including the detaining of individuals for up to two years without presenting charges, was enforced in Jammu and Kashmir,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904052546/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Armedforces%20_J%26K_%20Splpowersact1990.pdf The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990"] Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Huey |first=Caitlin |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |title=Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir |work=U.S. News & World Report |date=28 March 2011 |access-date=6 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430022351/http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2011/03/28/amnesty-international-cites-human-rights-abuse-in-kashmir |archive-date=30 April 2013 |url-status=live  }}</ref> a decision which drew criticism from [[Human Rights Watch]] and Amnesty International for violating human rights.<ref>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm "India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911131209/http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/08/18/india19628.htm |date=11 September 2008 }} [[Human Rights Watch]]. Retrieved 11 September 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|title=India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir|date=July 2015|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161110032240/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/07/india-accountability-still-missing-for-human-rights-violations-in-jammu-and-kashmir/|archive-date=10 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Security forces claimed that many missing people were not detained, but had crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|title=Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|access-date=30 July 2012|work=BBC News|date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825172700/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-14660253|archive-date=25 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=The Kashmir dispute after six years |journal=[[International Organization]] |volume=7 |pages=498–510 |number=4 |year=1953 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300007256 |s2cid=155022750  |issn=0020-8183 }}
* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |author-link=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ |ref={{sfnref|Korbel, Danger in Kashmir|1966}}|isbn=9781400875238 }}
* {{citation
| last       = Schofield
| first      = Victoria
| year       = 2003
| title      = Kashmir in Conflict
| publisher  = I.B.Tauris
| isbn       = 978-1-86064-898-4
| url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC
}}
* {{citation |last1=Snedden |first1=Christopher |date=2003 |title=Kashmir: The Untold Story |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGO0qkqA2X0C |location=New Delhi |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=9780143030874}}
* {{citation |last=Varshney |first=Ashutosh |author-link=Ashutosh Varshney |chapter=Three Compromised Nationalisms: Why Kashmir has been a Problem |editor=Raju G. C. Thomas |title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 191–234] |chapter-url=https://apps.cndls.georgetown.edu/courses/rudolph/g238/files/Varshney-_1992-Why-Kashmir.pdf |url=https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonka00thom/page/191 }}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |first=Sumantra |last=Bose |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-674-01173-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/00book939526581 }}
* {{citation |title=Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir |first=Mridu |last=Rai | publisher=C. Hurst & Co |year=2004 |isbn=978-1850656616}}

{{Regions and administrative territories of Kashmir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir (state)| ]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2019 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Disputed territories in Asia]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1952]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]