Editing Jamestown, Virginia

{{short description|Town and fort established in the Virginia Colony}}
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{{Infobox settlement
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 | name                     = Jamestown, Virginia
 | other_name               = Jamestowne, Williamsburg
 | settlement_type          = Fort (1607) and Town (1619) <!-- based on what was mentioned in lead -->
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 | image_skyline            = 1639 Jamestown Church (2883847775).jpg
 | image_alt                = A small late-Gothic church with a ruined tower
 | image_caption            = The ruined tower of the 17th century [[Jamestown Church]]; the [[nave]] was reconstructed in 1907 on its original foundations
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<!-- maps and coordinates ------>
 | image_map                = Location of jamestown virginia.jpg
 | map_alt                  = 
 | map_caption              = Location of Jamestown in [[Virginia]]
 | pushpin_map              = USA Virginia#USA
 | pushpin_label            = Jamestown
 | pushpin_map_alt          = 
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 | pushpin_map_caption      = Location of Jamestown in [[Virginia]]
 | coordinates              = {{coord|37|12|33|N|76|46|39|W|region:US-VA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
 | subdivision_type         = [[Sovereign state|Present country]]
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 | subdivision_type1        = [[List of states and territories of the United States|State]]
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 | subdivision_type2        = [[List of former sovereign states|Historic Country]]
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 | subdivision_type3        = [[colonialism|Colony]]
 | subdivision_name3        = [[Colony of Virginia]]
<!-- established --------------->
 | established_title        = Established
 | established_date         = {{start date and age|May 14, 1607}}
 | established_title1       = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
 | established_date1        = 
 | extinct_title            = Abandoned
 | extinct_date             = Briefly in 1610; again after 1699
 | founder                  = [[London Company]]
 | named_for                = [[James VI and I|James I]]
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The '''Jamestown'''{{efn|Previously also written variously as '''James Town''', '''James Towne''', '''Jamestowne''', and '''James City'''.}} settlement in the [[Colony of Virginia]] was the first permanent [[British colonization of the Americas|English settlement]] in the [[Americas]]. It was located on the northeast bank of the [[James River]], about {{convert|4|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} southwest of present-day [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/06/pocahontas_wedding_re_enactment_john_rolfe_john_smith_and_native_americans.html |last1=Shapiro |first1=Laurie Gwen |title=Pocahontas: Fantasy and Reality |work=Slate |date=June 22, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140623013337/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2014/06/pocahontas_wedding_re_enactment_john_rolfe_john_smith_and_native_americans.html |archive-date=June 23, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was established by the [[London Company]] as "James Fort" on May 4, 1607 [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] (May 14, 1607 [[Old Style and New Style dates|N.S.]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apva.org/history/ |title=History of Jamestown |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=September 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323025545/http://www.apva.org/history/ |archive-date=March 23, 2009 }}</ref> and considered permanent, after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed failed attempts, including the [[Roanoke Colony]], established in 1585. Despite the dispatch of more supplies, only 60 of the original 214 settlers survived the 1609–1610 [[Starving Time]]. In mid-1610, the survivors abandoned Jamestown, though they returned after meeting a resupply convoy in the James River.

Jamestown served as the colonial capital from 1616 until 1699. In August 1619, the first recorded slaves from [[Africa]] to [[British North America]] arrived at present-day [[Old Point Comfort]], near the Jamestown colony, on a British [[privateer]] ship flying a Dutch flag. The approximately 20 Africans from present-day [[Angola]] had been removed by the British crew from a Portuguese slave ship.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824204846/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade/ |archive-date=August 24, 2019 |title=400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia |work=National Geographic |last=Deetz |first=Kelly Fanto |date=August 13, 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825070734/https://time.com/5653369/august-1619-jamestown-history/ |archive-date=August 25, 2019 |title=The First Africans in Virginia Landed in 1619. It Was a Turning Point for Slavery in American History – But Not the Beginning |magazine=Time |last=Waxman |first=Olivia B. |date=August 20, 2019 |access-date=March 3, 2022}}</ref> They most likely worked in the tobacco fields, under a system of race-based [[indentured servitude]].<ref>{{cite web|title=first documented Africans in Jamestown|url=http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown|publisher=The History Channel|access-date=October 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125032709/http://www.history.com/topics/jamestown|archive-date=November 25, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Angela (fl. 1619–1625) – Encyclopedia Virginia|url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/angela-fl-1619-1625/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528202138/https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/angela-fl-1619-1625/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2021-05-28|access-date=2021-05-28}}</ref> The modern conception of slavery in the British colonies was formalized in 1640, and fully entrenched in Virginia by 1660.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Royal African Company&nbsp;– Supplying Slaves to Jamestown|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-royal-african-company-supplying-slaves-to-jamestown.htm|publisher=NPS.gov|work=Historic Jamestowne|access-date=June 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530094446/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/the-royal-african-company-supplying-slaves-to-jamestown.htm|archive-date=May 30, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1676, Jamestown was deliberately burned during [[Bacon's Rebellion]], though it was rebuilt. In 1699, the colonial capital was moved to present-day [[Williamsburg, Virginia]]. In the 18th century, Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement and remains as an [[archaeology|archaeological]] site, [[Jamestown Rediscovery]], which houses museums and historical sites, including the [[Jamestown Settlement]] and the American Revolution Museum in Yorktown. Jamestown is one of three locations composing the [[Historic Triangle]] of [[Colonial Virginia]], along with [[Colonial Williamsburg|Williamsburg]] and Yorktown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/index.htm|title=Historic Jamestowne (U.S. National Park Service)|publisher=NPS.gov|work=Historic Jamestowne|date=August 3, 2009|access-date=September 21, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830092626/http://www.nps.gov/jame/index.htm|archive-date=August 30, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Not a typo|[[Historic Jamestowne]]}} is the archaeological site on Jamestown Island and is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site and [[Preservation Virginia]]. Jamestown Settlement, a living history interpretive site, is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation, a state agency of the Commonwealth of Virginia.

==Settlement==
{{main|History of Jamestown, Virginia (1607–1699)}}<!--this is the main article for a detailed history of Jamestown; the following is intended to be a summary of the key points for the casual reader-->
{{see also|Timeline of Jamestown, Virginia|List of Jamestown colonists|European colonization of the Americas}}
Spain, Portugal, and France moved quickly to establish a presence in the [[New World]], while other European countries moved more slowly. The English did not attempt to found colonies until many decades after the explorations of [[John Cabot]], and early efforts were failures—most notably the [[Roanoke Colony]], which vanished about 1590.

===1607–1609: Arrival and beginning===
<!--the following is intended to be a summary of the key points for the casual reader; a detailed articled exists at History of the Jamestown Settlement (1607–1699)-->
[[File:Jamestown Island (1958 base map).png|thumb|Map of [[Jamestown Island]], showing the terrain and location of the original 1607 fort]]
[[File:Marsh - Colonial National Historical Park (Robin Baranowski, NPS Photo) (8426448355).jpg|thumb|Salt [[marsh]]es along Jamestown Island; the ample wetlands on the island proved to be a breeding ground for [[mosquitoe]]s.]]
[[File:Jamestownzuniga.jpg|thumb|A map acquired by [[Pedro de Zúñiga y de la Cueva]], depicting the fort, {{Circa|1608}}]]
[[File:Page 445.JPG|thumb|Names of those on the Second Supply – Page 445 (or Page 72) "The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles", by Capt. John Smith<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/smith/smith.html|title=John Smith, 1580–1631. The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles: With the Names of the Adventurers, Planters, and Governours From Their First Beginning Ano: 1584. To This Present 1624. With the Procedings of Those Severall Colonies and the Accidents That Befell Them in All Their Journyes and Discoveries. Also the Maps and Descriptions of All Those Countryes, Their Commodities, People, Government, Customes, and Religion Yet Knowne. Divided Into Sixe Bookes. By Captaine Iohn Smith, Sometymes Governour in Those Countryes & Admirall of New England|website=docsouth.unc.edu|access-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106093503/http://www.docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/smith/smith.html|archive-date=January 6, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In 1606, English [[Jamestown supply missions#Original mission|colonists set sail]] with a [[First Virginia Charter|charter]] from the [[London Company]] to establish a colony in the New World. The fleet consisted of the ships ''[[Susan Constant]]'', ''[[Discovery (1602 ship)|Discovery]]'', and ''[[Godspeed (ship)|Godspeed]]'', all under the leadership of Captain [[Christopher Newport]]. They made a particularly long voyage of four months, including a stop in the [[Canary Islands]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virginiaplaces.org/vacities/7jamestown.html|title=Jamestown – Why There?|website=www.virginiaplaces.org|access-date=January 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929231954/http://www.virginiaplaces.org/vacities/7jamestown.html|archive-date=September 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hLfS4ZdARVAC&q=john+smith+canary+islands&pg=PA27|title=John Smith: English Explorer and Colonist|last1=Mello|first1=Tara Baukus|last2=Schlesinger|first2=Arthur M. Jr.|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9781438101132|language=en|access-date=October 18, 2020|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121055158/https://books.google.com/books?id=hLfS4ZdARVAC&q=john+smith+canary+islands&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Spain]], and subsequently [[Puerto Rico]], and finally departed for the American mainland on April 10, 1607.

The expedition made landfall on April 26, 1607, at a place which they named [[Cape Henry]]. Under orders to select a more secure location, they set about exploring what is now [[Hampton Roads]] and an outlet to the [[Chesapeake Bay]] which they named the [[James River]] in honor of King [[James VI and I|James I of England]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1007 |title=Extracts from account of Capt. John Smith |publisher=Etext.lib.virginia.edu |access-date=September 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928085017/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1007 |archive-date=September 28, 2013 }}</ref> [[Edward Maria Wingfield|Captain Edward Maria Wingfield]] was elected president of the governing council on April 25, 1607. On May 14, he selected a piece of land on a large peninsula some {{convert|40|mi|km|0|round=5}} inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. The river channel was a defensible strategic point due to a curve in the river, and it was close to the land, making it navigable and offering enough land for piers or wharves to be built in the future.<ref name="NPS excavation 1958">{{cite book|last=Cotter|first=John L.|title=Archeological Excavations at Jamestown (Archeological Research Series No. 4)|year=1958|publisher=National Park Service|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/archeologicalexc00cott/page/1 1]–3, 6|url=https://archive.org/details/archeologicalexc00cott|access-date=March 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175225/https://archive.org/details/archeologicalexc00cott|archive-date=March 3, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was uninhabited because the leaders of the nearby [[Native American tribes in Virginia|indigenous nations]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indians.vipnet.org/resources/writersGuide.pdf |title=Virginia Secretary of Natural Resources – Doug Domenech |publisher=Indians.vipnet.org |access-date=December 25, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224023658/http://indians.vipnet.org/resources/writersGuide.pdf |archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}</ref> considered the site too poor and remote for [[agriculture]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/an-unoccupied-site.htm |title=Historic Jamestowne – An Unoccupied Site (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=NPS.gov |work=Historic Jamestowne |date=June 22, 2009 |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901023819/http://www.nps.gov/jame/an-unoccupied-site.htm |archive-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish [[tide|tidal]] river water unsuitable for drinking.

The Jamestown settlers arrived in Virginia during a severe drought, according to a research study conducted by the Jamestown Archaeological Assessment (JAA) team in the 1990s. The JAA analyzed information from a study conducted in 1985 by David Stahle and others, who obtained drawings of 800-year-old [[Taxodium distichum|bald cypress]] trees along the [[Nottoway River|Nottoway]] and [[Blackwater River (Virginia)|Blackwater]] rivers. The lifespan of these trees is up to 1,000 years, and their rings offer a good indication of an area's annual amount of rainfall. The borings revealed that the worst drought in 700 years occurred between 1606 and 1612. This severe drought affected the Jamestown colonists and [[Powhatan]] tribe's ability to produce food and obtain a safe supply of water.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Blanton |first=Dennis B. |title=Drought as a Factor in the Jamestown Colony, 1607–1612 |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=34 |number=4 |date=2000 |pages=74–81 |doi=10.1007/BF03374329 |jstor=25616853 |pmid=17111498 |s2cid=32640793 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25616853 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201081533/http://www.jstor.org/stable/25616853 |archive-date=December 1, 2016}}</ref>

The settlers also arrived too late in the year to get crops planted.<ref name="autogenerated1">Kenneth C. Davis. Don't Know Much About History.</ref> Many in the group were either gentlemen or their manservants, both equally unaccustomed to the hard labor demanded by the harsh task of carving out a viable colony.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> One of these was [[Robert Hunt (chaplain)|Robert Hunt]], a former [[vicar]] of [[Reculver]], England, who celebrated the first known Anglican [[Eucharist]] in the territory of the future United States on June 21, 1607.<ref>{{ODNBweb|id= 14202 |title=Hunt, Robert (1568/9–1608)}}</ref>

Two-thirds of the settlers died before ships arrived in 1608 with supplies and [[Germans|German]] and [[Polish people|Polish]] [[Artisan|craftsmen]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apva.org/history/2ndsup.html |title=list of settlers in 1608 expedition |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=September 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090323025459/http://apva.org/history/2ndsup.html |archive-date=March 23, 2009 }}</ref><ref name="CR-JanBogdan-1975">{{cite web |author=Congressional Record |title=Congressional Record 1975 |url=http://www.mocavo.com/Congressional-Record-September-18-October-19-1975-Volume-121/916273/1650 |volume=121 |date=1975 |work=[[Congressional Record]] |access-date=October 1, 2014 |author-link=Congressional Record |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091829/http://www.mocavo.com/Congressional-Record-September-18-October-19-1975-Volume-121/916273/1650 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CR-JanBogdan-1976">{{cite web |author=Congressional Record |title=Congressional Record 1976 |url=http://www.mocavo.com/Congressional-Record-April-9-May-5-1976-Volume-122/441037/1269 |volume=122 |date=1976 |work=[[Congressional Record]] |access-date=October 1, 2014 |author-link=Congressional Record |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006082622/http://www.mocavo.com/Congressional-Record-April-9-May-5-1976-Volume-122/441037/1269 |archive-date=October 6, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> who helped to establish the first manufactories in the colony. As a result, glassware became the foremost American products to be exported to Europe at the time. [[Clapboard]] had already been sent back to England beginning with the first returning ship.

The delivery of supplies in 1608 on the [[Jamestown supply missions#First supply mission|first and second supply]] missions of Captain Newport had also added to the number of hungry settlers. It seemed certain at that time that the colony at Jamestown would meet the same fate as earlier English attempts to settle in North America, specifically the Roanoke Colony (Lost Colony) and the [[Popham Colony]], unless there was a major relief effort. The Germans who arrived with the second supply and a few others defected to the Powhatans, with weapons and equipment.<ref>{{cite book |last=Horn |first=James |date=2006 |title=A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=0-465-03094-7 |pages=123–124, 127}}</ref> The Germans even planned to join a rumored Spanish attack on the colony and urged the Powhatans to join it.<ref>Horn, 2006, pp. 129–130.</ref> The Spanish were driven off by the timely arrival in July 1609 of Captain [[Samuel Argall]] in ''Mary and John'', a larger ship than the Spanish reconnaissance ship ''La Asunción de Cristo''.<ref>Horn, 2006, p. 154–156.</ref> Argall's voyage also prevented the Spanish from gaining knowledge of the weakness of the colony. Don Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, was desperately seeking this information (in addition to spies) in order to get [[Philip III of Spain]] to authorize an attack on the colony.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letter from Pedro de Zuniga to the King of Spain, 1609 (Jamestown Adventure)|date=2004|publisher=John F. Blair|isbn=9780895874399|page=184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Af726xGIl1gC|access-date=June 4, 2020|archive-date=November 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121055158/https://books.google.com/books?id=Af726xGIl1gC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The investors of the Virginia Company of London expected to reap rewards from their speculative investments. With the second supply, they expressed their frustrations and made demands upon the leaders of Jamestown in written form. They specifically demanded that the colonists send commodities sufficient to pay the cost of the voyage, a lump of gold, assurance that they had found the South Sea, and one member of the lost Roanoke Colony. It fell to the third president of the council, [[John Smith (explorer)|Captain John Smith]], to deliver a bold and much-needed wake-up call in response to the investors in London, demanding practical laborers and craftsmen who could help make the colony more self-sufficient.<ref>Horn, 2006, pp. 128–129.</ref>

===1609–1610: Starving Time and third supply===
{{Main|Starving Time}}
[[File:Graveyard at Jamestowne Historic National Park - Sarah Stierch.jpg|thumb|A mass grave at Jamestown beneath the foundations of the later capitol buildings, which was later discovered by archaeologists]]
<!--the following is intended to be a summary of the key points for the casual reader; a detailed articled exists at History of the Jamestown Settlement (1607–1699)-->
After Smith was forced to return to England because of an explosion which gave him deep burn wounds during a trading expedition,<ref>''John Marshall,'' p. 44.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2024}} the colony was led by [[George Percy (governor)|George Percy]], who proved incompetent in negotiating with the native tribes. There are indications that those in London comprehended and embraced Smith's message. The third supply mission of 1609 was by far the largest and best equipped. They also had a new purpose-built flagship, ''[[Sea Venture]]'', constructed and placed in the most experienced of hands, Christopher Newport.

On June 2, 1609, ''Sea Venture'' set sail from [[Plymouth|Plymouth, England]], as the flagship of a seven-ship fleet (towing two additional [[Full-rigged pinnace|pinnaces]]) destined for Jamestown as part of the third supply mission, carrying 214 settlers.<ref name="apva.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.apva.org/history/ |title=History of Jamestown – Jamestown Rediscovery |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=October 26, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107053739/http://www.apva.org/history/ |archive-date=November 7, 2015 }}</ref> On July 24, the fleet ran into a strong storm, likely a [[hurricane]], and the ships were separated. Although some of the ships did make it to Jamestown, the leaders and most of the supplies had been aboard ''Sea Venture'', which fought the storm for three days before the Admiral of the company, Sir [[George Somers]], deliberately drove it onto the reefs of [[Bermuda]] to prevent its foundering. This allowed all aboard to be landed safely.<ref>Horn, James (2006). ''A Land as God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America'', pp. 158–160. New York: Basic Books. {{ISBN|0-465-03094-7}}.</ref> The survivors (including Lieutenant-General [[Thomas Gates (governor)|Sir Thomas Gates]], Captain Christopher Newport, [[Silvester Jourdain]], [[Stephen Hopkins (settler)|Stephen Hopkins]]—later of ''[[Mayflower]]''—and secretary [[William Strachey]]) were stranded on Bermuda for approximately nine months. During that time, they built two new ships, the pinnaces ''Deliverance'' and ''Patience''. The original plan was to build only one vessel, ''Deliverance'', but it soon became evident that it would not be large enough to carry the settlers and all of the food (salted pork) that was being sourced on the islands.<ref>Evans, Cerinda W. (1957). ''Some Notes On Shipbuilding and Shipping in Colonial Virginia''. Williamsburg, Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corp. p. 7.</ref>

While the third supply was stranded in Bermuda, the colony at Jamestown was in even worse shape. The settlers faced rampant starvation for want of additional provisions. During this time, lack of food drove people to eat snakes and even boil the leather from shoes for sustenance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=LaCombe |first1=Michael |title=Political Gastronomy: Food and Authority in the English Atlantic World |date=2012 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |page=53 |language=en-us}}</ref> Only 60 of the original 214 settlers at Jamestown survived.<ref name="apva.org" /> There is historical and scientific evidence that the settlers at Jamestown had turned to [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] during the starving time.<ref>{{cite news |author=O'Brien |first=Jane |date=May 1, 2013 |title='Proof' Jamestown settlers turned to cannibalism |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22362831 |url-status=live |access-date=May 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502014046/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-22362831 |archive-date=May 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-02/cannibalism/4664156|title=Skull proves settlers resorted to cannibalism|work=ABC News|date=May 2, 2013|access-date=May 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502062754/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-05-02/cannibalism/4664156|archive-date=May 2, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelso |first=William M. |title=Jamestown: The Truth Revealed |publisher=University of Virginia Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780813939933 |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |language=en-us |oclc=964303596}}</ref>

The ships from Bermuda arrived in Jamestown on May 23, 1610.<ref>Vaughan (1991), p. 41.</ref><ref>Evans, Cerinda W. (1957). ''Some Notes On Shipbuilding and Shipping in Colonial Virginia''. Williamsburg, Virginia 350th Anniversary Celebration Corporation. p. 5.</ref><ref>Vaughan, Alden T., and Vaughan, Virginia Mason (1991). ''Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History'', pp. 38–40. Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-45817-X}}.</ref> Many of the surviving colonists were near death, and Jamestown was judged to be unviable. Everyone was boarded onto ''Deliverance'' and ''Patience'', which set sail for England. However, on June 10, 1610, the timely [[Jamestown supply missions#"Fourth" supply mission|arrival of another relief fleet]], bearing Governor [[Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr]] (who would eventually give his name to the colony of [[Delaware]]), which met the two ships as they descended the James River, granted Jamestown a reprieve. The colonists called this ''The Day of Providence''. The fleet brought supplies and additional settlers.<ref>Woodward, Hobson. ''A Brave Vessel: The True Tale of the Castaways Who Rescued Jamestown and Inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest''. Viking (2009).</ref> All the settlers returned to the colony, though there was still a critical shortage of food.

Relations between the colonists and the Powhatans quickly deteriorated after De La Warr's arrival, eventually leading to conflict. The [[Anglo-Powhatan Wars|Anglo-Powhatan War]] lasted until [[Samuel Argall]] captured [[Powhatan (Native American leader)|Wahunsenacawh's]] daughter Matoaka, better known by her nickname [[Pocahontas]], after which the chief accepted a treaty of peace.

===1610–1624: Rising fortunes===
<!--the following is intended to be a summary of the key points for the casual reader; a detailed articled exists at History of the Jamestown Settlement (1607–1699)-->
Due to the [[aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] backgrounds of many of the colonists, a historic drought and the communal nature of their workload, progress through the first few years was inconsistent. By 1613, six years after Jamestown's founding, the organizers and shareholders of the Virginia Company were desperate to increase the efficiency and profitability of the struggling colony. Without stockholder consent the Governor, Sir [[Thomas Dale]], assigned {{convert|3|acre|m2|adj=on}} plots to its "[[ancient planter]]s" and smaller plots to the settlement's later arrivals. Measurable economic progress was made, and the settlers began expanding their planting to land belonging to local native tribes. That this turnaround coincided with the end of a drought that had begun the year before the English settlers' arrival probably indicates multiple factors were involved besides the colonists' ineptitude.<ref name="Stahle">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/drought/drght_james.html "The lost colony and Jamestown droughts."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913074343/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/drought/drght_james.html|date=September 13, 2009}}, Stahle, D. W.; M. K. Cleaveland; D. B. Blanton; M. D. Therrell; and D. A. Gay. 1998. ''Science'' 280: 564–567.</ref>

Among the colonists who survived the Starving Time was [[John Rolfe]], who carried with him a cache of untested [[tobacco]] seeds from Bermuda, which had grown wild there after being planted by shipwrecked Spaniards years before.<ref>{{cite web|title=John Rolfe|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/john-rolfe.htm|publisher=NPS.gov|work=Historic Jamestowne|access-date=June 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530093741/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/john-rolfe.htm|archive-date=May 30, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1614, Rolfe began to successfully harvest tobacco.<ref>''John Marshall,'' p. 52.</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=August 2024}} Prosperous and wealthy, he married Pocahontas, bringing several years of peace between the English and natives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apva.org/history/pocahont.html |title=history of Pocahontas |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=September 22, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417025121/http://www.apva.org/history/pocahont.html |archive-date=April 17, 2009 }}</ref> However, at the end of a public relations trip to England, Pocahontas became sick and died on March 21, 1617.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm |title=Historic Jamestowne – Pocahontas: Her Life and Legend (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=NPS.gov |work=Historic Jamestowne |date=January 4, 2008 |access-date=September 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901024035/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/pocahontas-her-life-and-legend.htm |archive-date=September 1, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, her father also died. Powhatan's brother, a fierce warrior named [[Opechancanough]], became head of the [[Tsenacommacah|Powhatan Confederacy]]. As the English continued to appropriate more land for tobacco farming, relations with the natives worsened.

Because of the high cost of the trans-Atlantic voyage at this time, many English settlers came to Jamestown as [[Indentured servitude|indentured servants]]: in exchange for the passage, room, board, and the promise of land or money, these immigrants would agree to work for three to seven years. Immigrants from continental Europe, mainly Germans, were usually [[redemptioner]]s—they purchased some portion of their voyage on credit and, upon arrival, borrowed or entered into a work contract to pay the remainder of their voyage costs.<ref>Gary Walton; ''History of the American Economy''; p. 32.</ref>

In 1619, the first representative assembly in America, the General Assembly, convened in the [[Jamestown Church]], "to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia" which would provide "just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting." Initially, only men of English origin were permitted to vote. On June 30, 1619, in what was the [[1619 Jamestown craftsmen strike|first recorded strike in Colonial America]], the [[Jamestown Polish craftsmen|Polish artisans]] protested and refused to work if not allowed to vote.<ref name="MSO-2007">{{cite web |last=Odrowaz-Sypniewska |first=Margaret |title=Poles and Powhatans in Jamestown, Virginia (1606–1617) |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/AmPoles.html |date=June 29, 2007 |publisher=self-published |access-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902201526/http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/AmPoles.html |archive-date=September 2, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JamestownColony">{{cite web |last1=Holshouser |first1=Joshua D. |last2=Brylinsk-Padnbey |first2=Lucyna |last3=Kielbasa |first3=Katarzyna |title=Jamestown: The Birth of American Polonia 1608–2008 (The Role and Accomplishments of Polish Pioneers in the Jamestown Colony) |url=http://www.pac1944.org/jamestown/roles-and-accomp.htm |date=July 2007 |work=[[Polish American Congress]] |access-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724124454/http://pac1944.org/jamestown/roles-and-accomp.htm |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="DB-2002">{{cite book |last=Badaczewski |first=Dennis |title=Poles in Michigan |url=http://spuscizna.org/spuscizna/history-usa1.html |date=February 28, 2002 |publisher=[[Michigan State University Press]] |isbn=978-0870136184 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311081232/http://spuscizna.org/spuscizna/history-usa1.html |archive-date=March 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> On July 21, 1619, the court granted the Poles equal [[Suffrage|voting rights]].<ref name="JamestownMarker">{{cite web |last=Obst |first=Peter J. |title=Dedication of Historical Marker to Honor Jamestown Poles of 1608 – The First Poles in Jamestown |url=http://www.poles.org/Jamestown_Marker/ |date=July 20, 2012 |work=Poles.org |access-date=October 7, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011093338/http://www.poles.org/Jamestown_Marker/ |archive-date=October 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Afterwards, the labor strike was ended, and the artisans resumed their work.<ref name="DB-2002" /><ref name="JamestownStrike">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=Spuscizna – History of Poles in the USA |url=http://spuscizna.org/history.htm |work=The Spuscizna Group |access-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001146/http://spuscizna.org/history.htm |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="JSmith-1624">{{cite book |last=Smith |first=John |title=The generall historie of Virginia, New England & the Summer Isles, together with The true travels, adventures and observations |chapter-url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/lhbcbbib:@field(NUMBER+@band(lhbcb+0262a)) |date=1624 |volume=1 |chapter=VII |pages=150–184 |publisher=[[American Memory]] |access-date=October 3, 2014 |title-link=The Generall Historie of Virginia, New-England, and the Summer Isles |archive-date=January 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109124728/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem%2Flhbcbbib%3A%40field%28NUMBER+%40band%28lhbcb+0262a%29%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FTS-1911">{{cite book |last=Seroczynski |first=Felix Thomas |title=Poles in the United States |url=http://spuscizna.org/spuscizna/history-usa1.html |publisher=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]] |volume=XII |date=1911 |access-date=October 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311081232/http://spuscizna.org/spuscizna/history-usa1.html |archive-date=March 11, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual land ownership was also instituted, and the colony was divided into four large "boroughs" or "incorporations" called "citties" by the colonists. Jamestown was located in [[James City (Virginia Company)|James Cittie]].

Of the [[First Africans in Virginia|first documented African slaves]] to arrive in [[British North America|English North America]], on the frigate ''[[White Lion (privateer)|White Lion]]'' in August 1619,<ref name="auto1"/> were an African man and woman, later named Antoney and Isabella. Listed in the 1624 census in Virginia, they became the first African family recorded in Jamestown.<ref>{{cite news |last=Brown |first=DeNeen L. |date=August 24, 2018 |title=Slavery's bitter roots: In 1619, '20 And odd Negroes' arrived in Virginia |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/24/slaverys-bitter-roots-in-1619-20-and-odd-negroes-arrived-in-virginia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825170115/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2018/08/24/slaverys-bitter-roots-in-1619-20-and-odd-negroes-arrived-in-virginia/ |archive-date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> Their baby, named William Tucker, became the first documented African child baptized in British North America. Another of the early enslaved Africans to be purchased at the settlement was [[Angela (enslaved woman)|Angela]], who worked for Captain William Peirce.<ref name="auto2"/>

After several years of strained coexistence, Chief Opechancanough and his Powhatan Confederacy attempted to eliminate the English colony once and for all. On the morning of March 22, 1622, they attacked outlying plantations and communities up and down the James River in what became known as the [[Indian massacre of 1622]]. More than 300 settlers were killed in the attack, about a third of the colony's English-speaking population.<ref name="Stahle" /> Dale's development at [[Henricus]], which was to feature a college to educate the natives, and [[Wolstenholme Towne]] at [[Martin's Hundred]], were both essentially wiped out. Jamestown was spared only through a timely warning by a Virginia Indian employee. There was not enough time to spread the word to the outposts.

Of the 6,000 people who came to the settlement between 1608 and 1624, only 3,400 survived.<ref name="Stahle" />
<!--During these first years of the colony, many of the people lived in cavelike holes dug into the ground, and in the winter of 1609–1610, they were
:″...driven through insufferable hunger to eat those things which nature most abhorred, the flesh and excrements of man as well of our own nation as of an Indian, digged by some out of his grave after he had laid buried there days and wholly devoured him; others, envying the better state of body of any whom hunger has not yet so much wasted as their own, lay wait and threatened to kill and eat them; one among them slew his wife as she slept in his bosom, cut her in pieces, salted her and fed upon her till he had clean devoured all parts saving her head...″-->
<!--(Through their son, [[Thomas Rolfe]], many of the [[First Families of Virginia]] trace both Virginia Indian and English roots.) -->

===1624–1699: Later years===
In 1624, King James revoked the Virginia Company's charter, and Virginia became a [[Crown colony|royal colony]]. Despite the setbacks, the colony continued to grow. Ten years later, in 1634, by order of [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]], the colony was divided into the original eight [[shires of Virginia]], in a fashion similar to that practiced in England. Jamestown was located in [[James City Shire]], soon renamed the "County of James City", better known in modern times as [[James City County, Virginia]], the nation's oldest county.

Another large-scale "Indian attack" occurred in 1644. In 1646 Opechancanough was captured, and while he was in custody an English guard shot him in the back—against orders—and killed him. Subsequently, the Powhatan Confederacy began to decline. Opechancanough's successor signed the first peace treaties between the Powhatan Indians and the English. The treaties required the Powhatan to pay yearly tribute payment to the English and confined them to reservations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/powhatan-indian-lifeways.htm |title=Historic Jamestowne – Powhatan |publisher=NPS.gov |work=Historic Jamestowne |date=January 4, 2008 |access-date=September 22, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924132642/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/powhatan-indian-lifeways.htm |archive-date=September 24, 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A generation later, during [[Bacon's Rebellion]] in 1676, Jamestown was burned and eventually rebuilt. During its recovery, the Virginia legislature met first at Governor [[William Berkeley (governor)|William Berkeley]]'s nearby [[Green Spring Plantation]], and later at [[Middle Plantation (Virginia)|Middle Plantation]], which had been started in 1632 as a fortified community inland on the [[Virginia Peninsula]], about {{convert|8|mi|km}} distant.<ref name="Davidson">{{cite web |author=How Jamestown Got Us Started |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/content/four-centuries?page=2 |title=Four Centuries &#124; American History Lives at American Heritage |publisher=Americanheritage.com |access-date=December 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226210017/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/four-centuries?page=2 |archive-date=December 26, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> When the statehouse burned again in 1698, this time accidentally, the legislature again temporarily relocated to Middle Plantation and was able to meet in the new facilities of the [[College of William & Mary]], which had been established after receiving a royal charter in 1693. Rather than rebuilding at Jamestown again, the capital of the colony was moved permanently to Middle Plantation in 1699. The town was renamed [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], to honor the reigning monarch, [[William III of England|King William III]]. A capitol building and "Governor's Palace" were erected there in the following years.

==Aftermath and preservation==
[[File:Jamestown Virginia ruin.JPG|thumb|An 1854 image of the ruins of Jamestown showing the tower of the old [[Jamestown Church]], built in the 17th century]]
After the move of the capital to Williamsburg, Jamestown declined. Those who lived in the general area attended services at Jamestown's church until the 1750s, when it was abandoned. By the mid-18th century, the land was heavily cultivated, primarily by the Travis and Ambler families. In 1831, David Bullock purchased Jamestown from the Travis and Ambler families.

===American Civil War===
During the [[American Civil War]], in 1861 [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] [[William (Orgain) Allen|William Allen]], who owned the Jamestown Island, occupied Jamestown with troops he raised at his own expense with the intention of blockading the James River and [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] from the Union Navy.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> He was joined by Lieutenant [[Catesby ap Roger Jones]], who directed the building of batteries and conducted ordnance and armor tests for the first Confederate [[ironclad warship]], [[CSS Virginia|CSS ''Virginia'']], which was under construction at the [[Norfolk Naval Shipyard|Gosport Naval Shipyard]] in [[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]] in late 1861 and early 1862.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> Jamestown had a peak force of 1,200 men.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" />

During the [[Peninsula campaign]], which began later that spring, Union forces under General [[George B. McClellan]] moved up the peninsula from [[Fort Monroe]] in an attempt to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> The Union forces captured [[Yorktown, Virginia|Yorktown]] in April 1862, and the [[Battle of Williamsburg]] was fought the following month.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> With these developments, Jamestown and the lower James River were abandoned by the Confederates.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> Some of the forces from Jamestown and the crew of ''Virginia'' relocated to [[Drewry's Bluff]], a fortified and strategic position high above the river about {{convert|8|mi|km}} below Richmond. There they successfully blocked the Union Navy from reaching the Confederate capital.

Once in Federal hands, Jamestown became a meeting place for runaway slaves, who burned the Ambler house, an 18th-century plantation house, which along with the old church was one of the few remaining signs of old Jamestown.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" /> When Allen sent men to assess the damage in late 1862, they were killed by the former slaves.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War">{{cite web|last=Riggs|first=David F.|title=Jamestown During the Civil War|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/jamestown-during-the-civil-war.htm|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=March 4, 2014|date=April 12, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131003303/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/jamestown-during-the-civil-war.htm|archive-date=January 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the Confederate surrender at [[Appomattox Court House National Historical Park|Appomattox Courthouse]], the oath of allegiance was administered to former Confederate soldiers at Jamestown.<ref name="COLO NPS Civil War" />

===Preservation and early archaeology===
{{see also|Jamestown Rediscovery}}
[[File:Detroit Photographic Company (0845).jpg|thumb|Ruins of Jamestown Church at the turn of the 20th century, prior to the Tercentennial in 1907]]
In the years after the Civil War, Jamestown became quiet and peaceful once again. In 1892, Jamestown was purchased by Edward Barney. The following year, Barney donated 22½ acres of land, including the ruined church tower, to the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities, now known as [[Preservation Virginia]]. By this time, erosion from the river had eaten away the island's western shore. Visitors began to conclude that the site of James Fort lay completely underwater. With federal assistance, a [[sea wall]] was constructed in 1900 to protect the area from further erosion. The archaeological remains of the original 1607 fort, which had been protected by the sea wall, were not discovered until 1996.

In 1932, [[George C. Gregory|George Craghead Gregory]] of Richmond was credited with discovering the foundation of the first brick statehouse (capitol) building, circa 1646, at Jamestown on the land owned by Preservation Virginia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/popular/15/ps15-1.htm |title=NPS Publications: Popular Study Series |publisher=Nps.gov |date=October 20, 2001 |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106093527/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/popular/15/ps15-1.htm |archive-date=January 6, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 1936, Gregory, who was active with the [[Virginia Historical Society]], founded the [[Jamestowne Society]] for descendants of stockholders in the [[Virginia Company of London]] and the descendants of those who owned land or who had domiciles in Jamestown or on Jamestown Island prior to 1700.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamestowne.org/ |title=Welcome to the Jamestowne Society! |publisher=Jamestowne.org |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19961230060435/http://jamestowne.org/ |archive-date=December 30, 1996 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Colonial National Monument was authorized and established by the [[U.S. Congress]] in 1930. In 1934, the [[National Park Service]] obtained the remaining {{convert|1500|acre|ha|abbr=off}} portion of Jamestown Island which had been under private ownership by the Vermillion family. The National Park Service partnered with Preservation Virginia to preserve the area and present it to visitors in an educational manner. On June 5, 1936, the national monument was re-designated a [[national historical park]] and became known as [[Colonial National Historical Park]].

Beginning in 1936, [[J.C. Harrington]] worked on the NPS's excavations at Jamestown. In 1954, [[John L. Cotter]] took charge of field projects at Jamestown, conducted with the site's 350th anniversary (1957) in mind. Cotter worked with [[Edward B. Jelks]] and Harrington to survey the area's colonial sites. In 1957 Cotter and J. Paul Hudson co-authored [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16277/16277-h/16277-h.htm ''New Discoveries at Jamestown'']. Cotter contributed, along with Jelks, Georg Neumann, and Johnny Hack, to the 1958 report ''Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown''.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite journal |last1=Roberts |first1=Daniel G. |last2=Cotter |first2=John L. |year=1999 |title=A Conversation with John L. Cotter |journal=Historical Archaeology |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=6–50 |doi=10.1007/BF03374288 |jstor=25616685 |s2cid=164104247}}</ref>

In the present time, as part of the [[Colonial National Historical Park]], the Jamestown Island area is home to two heritage tourism sites related to the original fort and town. Nearby, the [[Jamestown-Scotland Ferry]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://virginiadot.org/travel/ferry-jamestown.asp |title=Jamestown-Scotland Ferry |publisher=Virginia Dot |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100115180036/http://www.virginiadot.org/travel/ferry-jamestown.asp |archive-date=January 15, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> service provides a link across the navigable portion of the James River for vehicles and affords passengers a view of Jamestown Island from the river.

==={{Not a typo|Historic Jamestowne}}===
{{Main|Historic Jamestowne}}
In 1996, {{Not a typo|Historic Jamestowne}} gained renewed importance when the [[Jamestown Rediscovery]] project began excavations in search of the original James Fort site, originally in preparation for the quadricentennial of Jamestown's founding. The primary goal of the archaeological campaign was to locate archaeological remains of "the first years of settlement at Jamestown, especially of the earliest fortified town; <nowiki>[and the]</nowiki> subsequent growth and development of the town".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apva.org/pubs/94reprt.html |title=1994 Interim Field Report – Jamestown Rediscovery |publisher=Apva.org |access-date=September 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106081545/http://www.apva.org/pubs/94reprt.html |archive-date=January 6, 2009 }}</ref>

Visitors to {{Not a typo|Historic Jamestowne}} can view the site of the original 1607 James Fort, the 17th-century church tower and the site of the 17th-century town, as well as tour an archaeological museum called the Archaearium and view many of the close to two million artifacts found by Jamestown Rediscovery. They also may participate in [[living history]] ranger tours and archaeological tours given by the Jamestown Rediscovery staff. Visitors can also often observe archaeologists from the Jamestown Rediscovery Project at work, as archaeological work at the site continues. {{As of|2014}}, the archaeological work and studies are ongoing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/|title=Where are we digging now?|work=Historic Jamestown|publisher=Historic Jamestowne (Preservation Virginia)|access-date=March 4, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321180336/http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/|archive-date=March 21, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to their newsletter and website, new discoveries are frequently reported in the local newspaper, the ''[[Virginia Gazette]]'' based in nearby Williamsburg, and by other news media, often worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |last=Billings |first=Malcolm |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6616037.stm |title=Programmers &#124; From Our Own Correspondent &#124; Putting Jamestown into context |work=BBC News |date=May 3, 2007 |access-date=September 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929225804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6616037.stm |archive-date=September 29, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Jamestown Settlement===
{{main|Jamestown Settlement}}
Jamestown Settlement is a living-history park and museum located {{convert|1.25|mi|km}} from the original location of the colony and adjacent to Jamestown Island. Initially created for the celebration of the 350th anniversary in 1957, Jamestown Settlement is operated by the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation, and largely sponsored by the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]]. The museum complex features a reconstruction of a Powhatan village, the James Fort as it was {{circa|lk=no|1610}}–1614, and seagoing replicas of the three ships that brought the first settlers, ''[[Susan Constant]]'', ''[[Godspeed (ship)|Godspeed]]'', ''[[Discovery (1602 ship)|Discovery]]''.

==Commemorations==
With the national independence of the United States established by the end of the 18th century, Jamestown came to be looked at as a starting point. Its founding in 1607 has been regularly commemorated, with the most notable events being held every fifty years.

===200th anniversary===
The [[wikt:bicentennial|bicentennial]] of Jamestown on May 13–14, 1807, was called the Grand National Jubilee.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology">{{cite web|title=Chronology of Jamestown Commemorations|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/chronology-of-jamestown-commemorations.htm|publisher=Colonial National Historical Park (National Park Service)|access-date=March 4, 2014|date=April 15, 1999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208104821/http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/chronology-of-jamestown-commemorations.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Over 3,000 people attended the event, many arriving on vessels which anchored in the river off the island.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> May 13 was the opening day of the festival, which began with a procession which marched to the graveyard of the old church, where the attending bishop delivered the prayer.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> The procession then moved to the Travis mansion, where the celebrants dined and danced in the mansion that evening.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> Also during the festivities, students of the College of William & Mary gave orations. An old barn on the island was used as a temporary theater, where a company of players from Norfolk performed.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> Attending were many dignitaries, politicians, and historians. The celebration concluded on May 14 with a dinner and toast at the [[Raleigh Tavern]] in Williamsburg.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" />

===250th anniversary (1857)===
In 1857, the Jamestown society organized a celebration marking the 250th anniversary of Jamestown's founding.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> According to the Richmond ''Enquirer'', the site for the celebration was on {{convert|10|acre|m2}} on the spot where some of the colonists' houses were originally built.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> However, it is also speculated that the celebration was moved further east on the island closer to the Travis grave site, in order to avoid damaging Major [[William (Orgain) Allen|William Allen]]'s corn fields.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" />

The attendance was estimated at between 6,000 and 8,000 people.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> Sixteen large steam ships anchored offshore in the James River and were gaily decorated with streamers.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> Former US President [[John Tyler]] of nearby [[Sherwood Forest Plantation]] gave a 2½ hour speech, and there were military displays, a grand ball and fireworks.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" />

===300th anniversary (1907): Jamestown Exposition===
{{main|Jamestown Exposition}}
[[File:Jamestown Tercentennial Monument.JPG|thumb|The Jamestown Tercentenary Monument<!--proper name, the file name is incorrect-->, erected on Jamestown Island in 1907, which stands {{convert|103|ft|m}} tall]]
The 100th anniversary of the Surrender at Yorktown in 1781 had generated a new interest in the historical significance of the colonial sites of the Peninsula. Williamsburg, a sleepy but populated town of shops and homes, was still celebrating Civil War events. However, as the new century dawned, thoughts turned to the upcoming 300th anniversary of the founding of Jamestown. The Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (now known as [[Preservation Virginia]]) started the movement in 1900 by calling for a celebration honoring the establishment of the first permanent English colony in the New World at Jamestown to be held on the 300th anniversary in 1907.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypress.com/history/dp-nws-jamestown-expo-1907-20170511-story.html|title='Meet us on the War Path!': 1907 Jamestown Exposition drew millions to Hampton Roads|first=Mark St John|last=Erickson|website=dailypress.com|date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=August 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830024225/https://www.dailypress.com/history/dp-nws-jamestown-expo-1907-20170511-story.html|archive-date=August 30, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

As a celebration was planned, virtually no one thought that the actual isolated and long-abandoned original site of Jamestown would be suitable for a major event because Jamestown Island had no facilities for large crowds. The original fort housing the Jamestown settlers was believed to have been long ago swallowed by the [[James River (Virginia)|James River]]. The general area in James City County near Jamestown was also considered unsuitable, as it was not very accessible in the day of [[railroad|rail travel]] before automobiles were common.

As the tricentennial of the 1607 Founding of the Jamestown neared, around 1904, despite an assumption in some quarters that Richmond would be a logical location, leaders in [[Norfolk, Virginia|Norfolk]] began a campaign to have a celebration held there. The decision was made to locate the international exposition on a mile-long frontage at [[Sewell's Point]] near the mouth of [[Hampton Roads]]. This was about {{convert|30|mi|km}} downstream from Jamestown in a rural section of [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk County]]. It was a site which could become accessible by both long-distance passenger railroads and local streetcar service, with considerable frontage on the harbor of Hampton Roads. This latter feature proved ideal for the naval delegations which came from points all around the world.

The [[Jamestown Exposition]] of 1907 was one of the many [[world's fairs]] and expositions that were popular in the early part of the 20th century. Held from April 26, 1907, to December 1, 1907, attendees included US President [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] of Germany, the Prince of Sweden, [[Mark Twain]], [[Henry H. Rogers]], and dozens of other dignitaries and famous persons. A major naval review featuring the United States' [[Great White Fleet]] was a key feature. U.S. Military officials and leaders were impressed by the location, and the Exposition site later formed the first portion of the large U.S. [[Naval Station Norfolk]] in 1918 during [[World War I]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Jamestown_Ter-Centennial_Exposition_of_1907|title=Jamestown Ter-Centennial Exposition of 1907|website=www.encyclopediavirginia.org|access-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719221140/https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Jamestown_Ter-Centennial_Exposition_of_1907|archive-date=July 19, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.earthstation9.com/index.html?1907_jam.htm|title=Earth Station Nine|website=www.earthstation9.com|access-date=July 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100921060108/http://earthstation9.com/index.html?1907_jam.htm|archive-date=September 21, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Founding of Jamestown 3 stamps 1907 issue.JPG|center|upright=2.6|thumb|{{center|<big>Jamestown commemorative stamps, issue of 1907</big><br>The U.S. Post Office issued a set of stamps, on the 300th anniversary of the founding of the<br>Jamestown colony.}}]]

===350th Anniversary (1957): Jamestown Festival===
[[File:Queen elizabeth and prince phillip.gif|thumb|[[Queen Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom and her consort [[Prince Philip]] inspect the replica of ''Susan Constant'' at Jamestown Festival Park on October 16, 1957]]
With America's increased access to automobiles, and with improved roads and transportation, it was feasible for the 350th anniversary celebration to be held at Jamestown itself in 1957. Although erosion had cut off the land bridge between Jamestown Island and the mainland, the isthmus was restored and new access provided by the completion of the National Park Service's [[Colonial Parkway]] which led to Williamsburg and [[Yorktown, Virginia|Yorktown]], the other two portions of Colonial Virginia's [[Historic Triangle]]. There were also improvements of state highways. The north landing for the popular [[Jamestown Ferry]] and a portion of [[State Route 31 (Virginia)|State Route 31]] were relocated.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" />

Major projects were developed by non-profit, state and federal agencies. [[Jamestown Festival Park]] was established by the [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] adjacent to the entrance to Jamestown Island. Full-sized replicas of the three ships that brought the colonists, ''[[Susan Constant]]'', ''[[Godspeed (ship)|Godspeed]]'', and ''[[Discovery (1602 ship)|Discovery]]'' were constructed at a shipyard in [[Portsmouth, Virginia|Portsmouth]], [[Virginia]] and placed on display at a new dock at Jamestown, where the largest, ''Susan Constant'', could be boarded by visitors. On Jamestown Island, the reconstructed [[Jamestown Glasshouse]], the Memorial Cross and the visitors center were completed and dedicated.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> A loop road was built around the island.

Special events included army and navy reviews, air force fly-overs, ship and aircraft christenings and even an outdoor drama at [[Cape Henry, Virginia|Cape Henry]], site of the first landing of the settlers.<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> This celebration continued from April 1 to November 30 with over a million participants, including dignitaries and politicians such as the British Ambassador and U.S. Vice President [[Richard Nixon]].<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> The highlight for many of the nearly 25,000 at the Festival Park on October 16, 1957, was the visit and speech of Queen [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom]] and her consort, [[Prince Philip]].<ref name="COLO NPS Commemorations Chronology" /> Queen Elizabeth II loaned a copy of [[Magna Carta]] for the exhibition. It was her first visit to the United States since ascending the throne.

The 1957 Jamestown Festival was so successful that tourists still kept coming long after the official event was completed. Jamestown became a permanent attraction of the [[Historic Triangle]], and has been visited by families, school groups, tours, and thousands of other people continuously ever since.
<!--For the 300th anniversary of the settlement in 1907, transportation considerations at the isolated location did not even bring Jamestown into serious contention as the venue for its own celebration. Instead, the [[Jamestown Exposition]] was held 25 miles away, at [[Sewell's Point]] on [[Hampton Roads]] in the former [[Norfolk County, Virginia|Norfolk County]].

During [[World War I]], the Sewell's Point site of the Jamestown Exposition had become part of the massive [[Naval Station Norfolk]], the largest Navy Base in the world. That site was unavailable.

In the 1930s, the U.S. [[National Park Service]] (NPS) had acquired the rest of the land at Jamestown Island, and turned it over to the [[Colonial National Historical Park]]. Portions of the NPS's bucolic [[Colonial Parkway]] had been completed between [[Colonial Williamsburg]] and [[Yorktown, Virginia|Yorktown]].

For the 350th anniversary, plans were made for Jamestown to host its own celebration. In anticipation, the remaining portion of the Colonial Parkway linking Jamestown to the other two points of the [[Historic Triangle|Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia]] was rushed to completion. For vehicular access, the [[isthmus]] linking the island to the mainland was restored by the NPS as part of the Colonial Parkway project. The [[Commonwealth of Virginia]] relocated the [[Glass House Point]] landing for the [[Jamestown Ferry]] and created the [[Jamestown Festival Park]] on adjacent land to the isthmus leading to the island (or peninsula) itself. Replicas of the three ships which had brought the original colonists were built, and placed on display.

The 1957 Jamestown Festival celebration was a huge success. Among many notable events, it featured a visit by U.S. Vice-President [[Richard M. Nixon]] and a state visit by Queen [[Elizabeth II of Great Britain]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]]. After 1957, tourism and interest in Jamestown became continuous, with both the state and the NPS's Colonial National Historical Park maintaining their complementary year-round attractions.-->

===400th anniversary: Jamestown 2007===
{{main|Jamestown 2007}}
 {{multiple image
  | width   = 150
  | footer  = Coins released in commemoration of the 400th anniversary
  | image1  = Virginia quarter, reverse side, 2000.jpg
  | alt1   =
  | caption1 = Virginia [[State Quarters|State Quarter]] (Reverse)
  | image2  = 
  | alt2   =
  | caption2 = [[Obverse and reverse|Obverse]] of [[Jamestown 400th Anniversary silver dollar]], the "Three Faces of Diversity" of Jamestown
  | image3 = Jtg5dobv.JPG
  | caption3 = Obverse of the [[Jamestown 400th Anniversary gold five dollar coin]]
 }}
Early in the 21st century, new accommodations, transportation facilities and attractions were planned in preparation for the quadricentennial of the founding of Jamestown. Numerous events were promoted under the banner of [[America's 400th Anniversary]] and promoted by the Jamestown 2007 Commission. The commemoration included 18 months of statewide, national and international festivities and events, which began in April 2006 with a tour of the new replica ''Godspeed''.

In January 2007, the [[Virginia General Assembly]] held a session at Jamestown. On May 4, 2007, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] of the United Kingdom and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Philip]] attended a ceremony commemorating the 400th anniversary of the settlement's arrivals, reprising the honor they paid in 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/05/05/nqueen05.xml |title=Telegraph Dead Link |access-date=April 19, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005150345/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F05%2F05%2Fnqueen05.xml |archive-date=October 5, 2007 }}</ref>

In addition to the Virginia State Quarter, Jamestown was also the subject of two [[United States commemorative coin]]s celebrating the 400th anniversary of its settlement. A [[Jamestown 400th Anniversary silver dollar|silver dollar]] and a [[Jamestown 400th Anniversary gold five dollar coin|gold five dollar coin]] were issued in 2007.

=== 2019 Commemoration ===
In 2019 Jamestown, in cooperation with [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], held a commemoration that marked the 400th anniversary of three landmark events in American history: the first meeting of the General Assembly, the arrival of the first Africans to English North America, and the first Thanksgiving.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyisfun.org/jamestown-settlement/2019-commemoration/|title=2019 Commemoration – History Is Fun|website=Jamestown Settlement & Yorktown Victory Center|language=en-US|access-date=August 10, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810013331/http://www.historyisfun.org/jamestown-settlement/2019-commemoration/|archive-date=August 10, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=85 photos from events in Jamestown and Richmond to commemorate 400 years of democracy in America |url=https://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/government-politics/photos-from-events-in-jamestown-and-richmond-to-commemorate-years/collection_bf7ec862-7750-5b1e-9ece-e7e0f8f78984.html |access-date=July 31, 2019 |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731131623/https://www.richmond.com/news/virginia/government-politics/photos-from-events-in-jamestown-and-richmond-to-commemorate-years/collection_bf7ec862-7750-5b1e-9ece-e7e0f8f78984.html |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
* A fictional romantic adventure set at Jamestown, ''[[To Have and to Hold (Johnston novel)|To Have and to Hold]]'', was the [[Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1900s|bestselling novel in the United States in 1900]]. The novel was later adapted into two feature films, in [[To Have and to Hold (1916 film)|1916]] and [[To Have and to Hold (1922 film)|1922]].
* A highly fictionalized version of the Jamestown settlement is depicted in the animated [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] film ''[[Pocahontas (1995 film)|Pocahontas]]'' (1995) as well as its direct-to-video sequel ''[[Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World]]'' (1998). Among other inaccuracies it is shown as being near mountains, when it was actually located on the [[Tidewater region]].
* A feature-length film, [[The New World (2005 film)|''The New World'']] (2005), directed by [[Terrence Malick]], covers the story of Jamestown's colonization. Although the historical details are accurate in most ways, the plot focuses on a dramatized relationship between [[John Smith (explorer)|John Smith]], played by [[Colin Farrell]], and [[Pocahontas]], played by [[Q'orianka Kilcher]]. It also features [[John Rolfe]], played by [[Christian Bale]]. Many scenes were filmed on-location along the [[James River (Virginia)|James]] and [[Chickahominy River]]s and at Henricus Historical Park in [[Chesterfield County, Virginia|Chesterfield County]], Virginia.
* Another feature-length film, ''First Landing: The Voyage from England to Jamestown'' (2007), documents the 1607 landing of English colonists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0878671/|title=''First Landing'' at the Internet Movie Database|publisher=IMDb|access-date=February 16, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216142209/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0878671/|archive-date=February 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2017, [[Sky 1]] launched a new series based in Jamestown. [[Jamestown (TV series)|The series]], named after its eponymous setting, revolves around the societal change triggered by the arrival of women to the settlement to marry the male citizens of the area, and is made by the producers of [[Downton Abbey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiumherald.com/2016/04/21/downton-abbey-creator-carnival-films-produce-jamestown/ |title='Downton Abbey' creator Carnival Films to produce 'Jamestown' |access-date=April 21, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818073925/http://www.premiumherald.com/2016/04/21/downton-abbey-creator-carnival-films-produce-jamestown/ |archive-date=August 18, 2016 }}</ref>
* The story of [[Bartholomew Gosnold]] and the establishment of Jamestown is told in the 2018 musical ''To Look For America''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tolookforamerica.co.uk|title=To Look For America|website=To Look For America|language=en|access-date=May 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529203330/https://www.tolookforamerica.co.uk/|archive-date=May 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> written by [[Richard Digance]] and [[Eric Sedge]].
* In the ''[[For All Mankind (TV series)|For All Mankind]]'' TV series, a fictional [[moonbase|lunar base]] of the United States, erected in the lunar south pole region, is named after Jamestown.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Attribution==
* {{NPS|title=Jamestown During the Civil War|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/jamestown-during-the-civil-war.htm}}
* {{NPS|title=Chronology of Jamestown Commemorations|url=http://www.nps.gov/jame/historyculture/chronology-of-jamestown-commemorations.htm}}

==Further reading==
* Christopher M. B. Allison, "Jamestown's Relics: Sacred Presence in the English New World." Essay. In Conversations: An Online Journal of the Center for the Study of Material and Visual Cultures of Religion (2016). {{doi|10.22332/con.ess.2016.2}} [http://mavcor.yale.edu/conversations/essays/jamestown-s-relics-sacred-presence-english-new-world Jamestown's Relics: Sacred Presence in the English New World]
* Bernard Bailyn, ''The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America: The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675'' (Vintage, 2012)
* Warren M. Billings (Editor), ''The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1700'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2007)
* Warren M. Billings, "A Little Parliament; The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century"; (Richmond, The Library of Virginia, in partnership with Jamestown 2007/Jamestown Yorktown Foundation. 2004)  
* Dorothy Hoobler and Thomas Hoobler, ''Captain John Smith: Jamestown and the Birth of an American Dream'' (John Wiley and Sons, 2006)
* James Horn, ''A Land as God Made It'' (Perseus Books, 2005)
* James Horn, "1619; Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy"; (New York, Basic Books, 2018)
* Margaret Huber, ''Powhatan Lords of Life and Death: Command and Consent in Seventeenth-Century Virginia'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2008)
* William M. Kelso, ''Jamestown, The Buried Truth'' (University of Virginia Press, 2006)
* James M. Lindgren, Preserving the Old Dominion: Historic Preservation and Virginia Traditionalism (University of Virginia, 1993)
* A. Bryant Nichols Jr., ''Captain Christopher Newport: Admiral of Virginia'' (Sea Venture, 2007)
* David A. Price, ''Love and Hate in Jamestown'' (Alfred A. Knopf, 2003)
* Helen C. Rountree, ''The Powhatan Indians of Virginia: Their Traditional Culture'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 2013)
* Ed Southern (Editor), ''Jamestown Adventure, The: Accounts of the Virginia Colony, 1605–1614'' (Blair, 2011)
* Jocelyn R. Wingfield, ''Virginia's True Founder: [[Edward Maria Wingfield]] and His Times'' (Booksurge, 2007)
* Benjamin Woolley, ''Savage Kingdom: The True Story of Jamestown, 1607, and the Settlement of America'' (Harper Perennial, 2008)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jamestown, Virginia}}
{{EB1911 poster|Jamestown (Virginia)|Jamestown, Virginia}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416033022/http://www.apva.org/jr.html APVA web site for the Jamestown Rediscovery project]
* [http://www.historicjamestowne.org/ Historic Jamestowne]
** [http://www.historicjamestowne.org/the_dig/ Where are We Digging Now?]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416122442/http://www.jamestown1607.org/ Jamestown 1607]
* [http://www.historyisfun.org/ Jamestown Settlement and Yorktown Victory Center]
* [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/ Virtual Jamestown]
* [http://www.nps.gov/jame/ National Park Service: Jamestown National Historic Site]
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16277/16277-h/16277-h.htm ''New Discoveries at Jamestown''] by John L. Cotter and J. Paul Hudson, (1957) at [[Project Gutenberg]]
* [http://www.qsl.net/wa4chq/godspeed.html Following in Godspeeds Wake]
* [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/james-i/jamestown/ Jamestown records on The UK National Archives' website]
* [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/paspahegh/timeline.html Archaeology of the Paspahegh settlement]

{{James City County, Virginia}}
{{Thirteen Colonies}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Jamestown, Virginia| ]]
[[Category:1607 establishments in the Colony of Virginia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Virginia]]
[[Category:Former colonial and territorial capitals in the United States]]
[[Category:Former English colonies]]
[[Category:History of Bermuda]]
[[Category:Incidents of cannibalism]]
[[Category:James River (Virginia)]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1607]]
[[Category:Populated places in colonial Virginia]]
[[Category:Populated places in James City County, Virginia]]
[[Category:Populated places on the James River (Virginia)]]
[[Category:Unincorporated communities in Virginia]]