Editing James the Great

{{Short description|One of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus}}
{{distinguish|James the Less}}
{{redirect-multi|2|St. Jacob|St James the Great}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox saint
|honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
|name            = James the Great
|death_date      = AD 44
|feast_day       = 25 July ([[Western Christianity]]) <br/>30 April ([[Eastern Christianity]])<br/>30 December ([[Mozarabic rite|Hispanic Church]])
|image           = File:Peter Paul Rubens - St James the Apostle - WGA20192.jpg
|caption         = ''St James the Elder'' ({{circa|1612–1613}}) by [[Peter Paul Rubens]]
|birth_place     = [[Bethsaida]], [[Galilee]], [[Roman Empire]]
|death_place     = [[Jerusalem]], [[Judea (Roman province)|Judea]], Roman Empire
|titles          = Apostle and Martyr
|honored_in=All [[Christian denominations]] that venerate saints|beatified_date  =
|beatified_place =
|beatified_by    =
|canonized_date  = [[Pre-Congregation]]
|canonized_place =
|canonized_by    =
|attributes      = [[Red Martyr]], [[Scallop]], [[Pilgrim's hat]]
|patronage       = '''Places'''<br/>[[Spain]], [[Guatemala]], [[Seattle]], [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Levoča]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Cali]], [[Guayaquil]], [[Betis Church]], Guagua, [[Pampanga]], [[Badian, Cebu]], [[Bolinao, Pangasinan]], [[Ibaan, Batangas]], [[Pasuquin, Ilocos Norte]], [[Plaridel, Bulacan]], [[Paombong, Bulacan]], [[Paete, Laguna]], [[Sogod, Cebu]], [[Compostela, Cebu]], [[Santiago de Chile]] and some places of [[Mexico]].<br/>'''Professions'''<br/>[[Veterinarian]]s, [[Equestrianism|equestrian]]s, [[furrier]]s, [[Tanning (leather)|tanner]]s, [[pharmacist]]s, [[Oyster#Fishing from the wild|oyster fishers]], [[woodcarver]]s.
|issues          =
}}

'''James the Great'''{{efn|[[Aramaic]]: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܙܒܕܝ; [[Koine Greek|Greek]]: Ἰάκωβος τοῦ Ζεβεδαίου, ''Iákōbos tû Zebedaíou''; [[Latin]] ''Iacobus Maior''}} ([[Koine Greek|Koinē Greek]]: Ἰάκωβος, <small>romanized</small>: ''Iákōbos''; [[Syriac language|Aramaic]]: ܝܥܩܘܒ, <small>romanized</small>: ''Yaʿqōḇ''; died AD 44) was one of the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Twelve Apostles]] of [[Jesus]]. According to the [[New Testament]], he was the second of the apostles to die after [[Judas Iscariot]] and the first to be [[martyr]]ed.<ref name="bibleverse|Acts|12:2">{{bibleverse|Acts|12:2}}</ref> Saint James is the [[patron saint]] of [[Spain]] and, according to tradition, what are believed to be his remains are held in [[Santiago de Compostela]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]].

He is also known as '''James, son of Zebedee''', '''Saint James the Great''', '''Saint James the Greater''', '''St. James Son of Thunder''', '''St. James the Major''', '''Saint James the Elder''', or '''Saint Jacob, James the Apostle or [[Santiago (name)|Santiago]]'''.

==In the New Testament==
[[File:James the Great the Apostle. Detail of the mosaic in the Basilica of San Vitale. Ravena, Italy.jpg|thumb|James the Apostle, detail of the mosaic in the [[Basilica of San Vitale]], [[Ravenna]], 6th century]]
James was born into a family of Jewish fishermen on the [[Sea of Galilee]]. His parents were [[Zebedee]] and [[Salome (disciple)|Salome]]. Salome was a sister of Mary (mother of Jesus) which made James the Great a cousin of Jesus. James is styled "the Greater" to distinguish him from the Apostle [[James the Less|James "the Less,"]] with "greater" meaning older or taller, rather than more important. James the Great was the brother of [[John the Apostle]].{{sfn|Camerlynck|1910}}

James is described as one of the first disciples to join Jesus. The [[Synoptic Gospels]] state that James and John were preparing to fish with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to follow him.<ref>{{bibleverse|Matt.|4:21–22}}, {{bibleverse|Mk.|1:19–20}}</ref>

James, along with his brother John, and [[Saint Peter|Peter]], formed an informal [[triumvirate]] among the [[Apostles in the New Testament|Twelve Apostles]]. Jesus allowed them to be the only apostles present at three particular occasions during his public ministry, the [[raising of Jairus' daughter]],<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|5:37}}</ref> [[transfiguration of Jesus]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|17:1}}</ref> and [[Agony in the Garden|agony in the Garden of Gethsemane]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|26:37}}</ref> James and John<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|10:35–45}}</ref> (or, in another tradition, [[Salome (disciple)|their mother]]<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|20:20–28}}</ref>) asked Jesus to grant them seats on his right and left in his glory. Jesus rebuked them, asking if they were ready to drink from the cup he was going to drink from and saying the honor was not even for him to grant. The other apostles were annoyed with them. James and his brother wanted to call down fire on a [[Samaritans|Samaritan]] town, but were rebuked by Jesus.<ref>{{bibleverse|Lk|9:51-6}}</ref>

[[File:Shield with symbol of St. James the Great, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania).jpg|thumb|left|Shield with symbol of St. James the Great, [[Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)]]]]
The [[Acts of the Apostles]] records that "Herod the king" (usually identified with [[Herod Agrippa]]) had James executed by the sword.<ref name="bibleverse|Acts|12:2"/> Nixon suggests that this may have been caused by James' fiery temper,{{sfn|Nixon|1963|p=1354}} in which he and his brother earned the nickname ''[[Language of Jesus#Boanerges (Βοανηργές)|Boanerges]]'' or "Sons of Thunder".<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|3:17}}</ref> [[F. F. Bruce]] contrasts this story to that of the [[Liberation of Peter|Liberation of Saint Peter]], and writes that the proposition that "James should die while Peter should escape" is a "mystery of [[divine providence]]".{{sfn|Bruce|1964|p=237}}

==Veneration==
[[File:Rembrandt - Sankt Jakobus der Ältere.jpg|thumbnail|''Saint James the Elder'' was painted by [[Rembrandt]] in 1661. He is depicted clothed as a [[pilgrim]], with a [[Shell of Saint James|scallop]] shell on his shoulder, and his staff and [[pilgrim's hat]] beside him.]]

In the Catholic tradition, Saint James is the [[patron saint]] of [[Spain]] and, according to legend, his remains are held in [[Santiago de Compostela]] in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]. This name ''Santiago'' is the local evolution of the Latin [[genitive]] ''Sancti Iacobi'', "(church or sanctuary) ''of Saint James''" (evolved into a personal name in Spanish, and also in Portuguese as ''Tiago'' which spelled in ancient orthography as ''Thiago'' and still commonly used as a proper name, with its derivatives ''Diego''/''Diogo''). The traditional [[Christian pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] to the grave of the saint, known as the "[[Way of St. James]]", has been the most popular pilgrimage for Western European Catholics from the [[Early Middle Ages]] onwards, although its modern revival and popularity stem from [[Walter Starkie]]'s 1957 book, ''The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James''.{{sfn|Starkie|1957|p=}} Officially, 327,378 pilgrims registered in 2018 as having completed the final {{convert|100|km}} walk ({{convert|200|km}} by bicycle) to Santiago to qualify for a [[Camino de Santiago#Compostela|Compostela]].<ref name=cathedral /> When 25 July falls on a Sunday, it is a "Holy Year" (a [[Jacobean holy year]]) and a special east door is opened for entrance into Santiago Cathedral. Jubilee years follow a 6-5-6-11 pattern (except when the last year of a century is not a leap year, which can yield a gap of 7 or 12 years). In the 2004 Holy Year, 179,944<ref name=archicompostela /> pilgrims were received at Compostela. In the 2010 Holy Year, the number had risen to 272,412.<ref name=peregrinossantiago /> The most recent of such Holy Year was 2021; the next will be 2027.

===Feast===
{{main|Feast of Saint James}}
The feast day of St. James is celebrated on 25 July on the [[liturgical calendar]]s of the [[Roman Catholic]], [[Anglican]], [[Lutheran]] and certain other [[Protestant]] churches. The traditional reason why St. James' feast day is held on the 25th of July is the belief that he was martyred on this date in the year 44 AD. However, some historians argue that July 25th was chosen so as to coincide with the feast day of [[Saint Christopher]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeffery (Fresco) |date=2024-02-19 |title=The Feast of Saint James on July 25th |url=https://frescotours.com/the-feast-of-saint-james-on-july-25th/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=Fresco Tours |language=es}}</ref>

He is commemorated on 30 April in the [[Orthodox Christian liturgical calendar]] (for those churches which follow the traditional [[Julian Calendar]], 30 April currently falls on 13 May of the modern [[Gregorian Calendar]]) and on 30 June ([[12 apostles|Synaxis of the Apostles]]). The [[National Day of Galicia]] is also celebrated on 25 July: St James is its patron saint.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOG 1 do 01/01/1979 - DECRETO POLO QUE SE DECLARA DIA NACIONAL DE GALICIA O DIA 25 DE XULLO DE CADA ANO. |url=https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/1979/19790101/Anuncio956_gl.html |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=www.xunta.gal |language=gl}}</ref>

Saint James the Apostle is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with the [[Festival (Anglicanism)|Festival]] on 25 July.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref>

==Jerusalem==
The site of martyrdom is located within the [[Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem|Armenian Apostolic Cathedral of St. James]] in the [[Armenian Quarter]] of [[Jerusalem]]. The Chapel of Saint James the Great, located to the left of the sanctuary, is the traditional place where he was martyred when King Agrippa ordered him to be beheaded (Acts 12:1–2). His head is believed to be buried under the altar, marked by a piece of red marble and surrounded by six votive lamps.<ref name=christusrex />

==Spain==
===Mission in Hispania and burial at Compostela===
{{further| Camino de Santiago}}
The 12th century ''[[Historia Compostelana]]'' commissioned by [[Diego Gelmírez]] provides a summary of the legend of St. James, as it was believed at Compostela at that time. Two propositions are central to the legend: first, that James preached the gospel in [[Hispania]] as well as in the [[Holy Land]]; second, that after his [[martyr]]dom at the hands of [[Herod Agrippa]], his followers carried his body by sea to Hispania, where they landed at [[Padrón]] on the coast of [[Gallaecia|Galicia]], then carried it over land for burial at [[Santiago de Compostela]].<ref name="Esparza">{{Cite web |last=Esparza |first=Daniel |date=25 October 2021 |title=Two Jameses and a confusion of relics in Compostela |url=https://aleteia.org/2021/10/25/two-jameses-and-a-confusion-of-relics-in-compostela |website=Aleteia}}</ref>

After first going to [[Sardinia]] James embarked at [[Ancient diocese of Cartagena|Cartagena]] and started preaching the Gospel.<ref>{{Cite web|language=es|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4034292.pdf|title=LA PROMOCIÓN EPISCOPAL DE UNA NUEVA ICONOGRAFÍA EN EL SIGLO XVIII: SANTIAGO APÓSTOL ORIGEN DE LA FE EN LA DIÓCESIS DE CARTAGENA|access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref> According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January AD 40, the [[Virgin Mary]] appeared to James on the bank of the [[Ebro River]] at [[Caesaraugusta]], while he was preaching the Gospel in [[Hispania]]. She [[Our Lady of the Pillar|appeared upon a pillar]], and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar]], in [[Zaragoza]], Spain. Following that apparition, St. James returned to [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]], where he was beheaded by [[Herod Agrippa I]] in AD 44.{{sfn|Chadwick|1976|p=}}{{sfn|Fletcher|1984|p=}}

The [[translation (relics)|translation]] of his relics from [[Judaea (Roman province)|Judaea]] to Galicia in the northwest of Hispania was, in legend, accomplished by a series of miraculous events: his decapitated body was taken up by angels and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to [[Iria Flavia]] in Hispania, where a massive rock closed around his body.<ref name="Esparza" /> [[Galician mythology|Tradition]] has it that when the disciples of James, Theodore and Athanasius, arrived in [[Iria Flavia]], they approached [[Queen Lupa]] about giving them a place to bury his body.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Regional Government of Galicia |title=Legends of the Camino de Santiago |url=https://artsandculture.google.com/story/legends-of-the-camino-de-santiago-xunta-de-galicia/DQXhJRgM6pcE7w?hl=en-US |website=Google Arts and Culture}}</ref> Lupa appears in the ''[[Codex Calixtinus]]'' which further relates that she decides to trick the disciples and sends them to the governor of [[Duio (San Vicenzo)|Duio]] with the intent of having them killed. Sensing a trap, they escape the governor and return to the queen. Once again Lupa tries to deceive them and sends them to [[Pico Sacro]] (the Sacred Peak) to collect two of her oxen to carry the necessary material to build the tomb. She does not tell them that the mountain has a cave which is the entrance to [[Hell in Christianity|hell]] and is guarded by a dragon. However, the presence of the [[Christian cross|holy cross]] protects the disciples from harm and tames the bulls.<ref>{{Citation |last=Rodríguez |first=Eladio |title=Boi |work=Diccionario enciclopédico gallego-castellano |quote=Rodríguez attributes to this legend the origin of the popular saying "Boi bravo, vente ó carro, que o manda o Señor Santiago" (''English'' Brave ox, come to the cart, sent by Lord Santiago) |author-link=Eladio Rodríguez}}</ref><ref name="translatiomedia">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2021 |title=The Jacobean Legend of Queen Lupa |url=https://translatiomedia.com/en/the-jacobean-legend-of-queen-lupa |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=TranslatioMedia |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725063648/https://translatiomedia.com/en/the-jacobean-legend-of-queen-lupa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Upon witnessing the miraculous events, Lupa converts to [[Christianity]] and helps build the apostle's tomb in [[Libredon]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Senén |first=Felipe |author-link=:gl:Felipe Senén López |date=5 June 2016 |title=O "Bosque de Galicia": os bosques animados, Libredón, Ilicino.... |url=https://www.laopinioncoruna.es/opinion/2016/06/05/o-bosque-galicia-bosques-animados-24489966.html |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=La Opinión de A Coruña |language=es}}</ref>

The tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the 9th century, by [[Pelagius the Hermit|Pelayo]] in the [[Libredon]] forest in the time of [[Theodemir of Iria|Bishop Theodemir]] and king [[Alfonso II of Asturias|Alfonso II]].<ref name="Franco ">{{Cite book |last=Franco Taboada |first=Arturo |title=Los orígenes de Compostela: una historia dibujada |publisher=Antilia |year=1998 |isbn=8416460019 |language=es |author-link=:es:Arturo Franco Taboada}}</ref> These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at [[Santiago de Compostela]] became a famous pilgrimage site within the Christian world. The [[Way of St. James]] is a network of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago de Compostela through northern Spain.<ref name="Pierced Hearts">{{Cite web |title=St. James the Greater{{!}}Feast day:25 July |url=https://www.piercedhearts.org/theology_heart/life_saints/james_apostle.htm |website=Servants of the Pierced Hearts of Jesus and Mary}}</ref>

===Medieval "Santiago Matamoros" legend===
{{main|Saint James Matamoros}}
[[File:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo - St Jacobus in Budapest.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Saint James Matamoros|Saint James as the Moor-killer]] by [[Giovanni Battista Tiepolo]] ([[Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)|Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Budapest]]). His mantle is that of his military order.]]

An even later tradition states that he miraculously appeared to fight for the Christian army during the legendary [[battle of Clavijo]], and was henceforth called ''Santiago Matamoros'' (Saint James the [[Moors|Moor]]-slayer). ''[[Santiago y cierra España|¡Santiago, y cierra, España!]]'' ("St. James and strike for Spain") was the traditional [[battle cry]] of medieval Spanish (Christian) armies. [[Miguel de Cervantes]] has [[Don Quixote]] explaining that "the great knight of the russet cross was given by God to Spain as patron and protector".{{sfn|Cervantes|1863|p=441}}

===Emblem===
[[File:Cross Santiago.svg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Cross of Saint James]], the symbol of the [[Order of Santiago]]; the hilt is surmounted with a scallop.]]
James' emblem was the [[Shell of Saint James|scallop]] shell (or "[[Cockle (bivalve)|cockle]] shell"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes. The French term for a scallop is ''coquille St. Jacques'', which means "cockle (or mollusc) of [St.] Jacob". The German word for a scallop is ''Jakobsmuschel'', which means "Jacob's mussel (or clam)"; the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word is ''Jacobsschelp'', meaning "Jacob's shell". In [[Danish language|Danish]] and with the same meaning as in Dutch, the word is ''Ibskal'' – ''Ib'' being a Danish version of the name "Jakob" and ''skal'' meaning "shell".{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===Military Order of Santiago===
The military [[Order of Santiago]], named after Saint Tiago or Saint James, was founded in Spain in the 12th century to fight the [[Moors]]. Later, as in other [[Order of chivalry|orders of chivalry]], the membership became a mark of honor.<ref name="Billington">{{cite news |last1=Billington |first1=Rachel |title=Santiago's Golden Legend |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/10/01/magazine/santiago-s-golden-legend.html |work=[[The New York Times]] Magazine |date=1 October 1989}}</ref>

==Latter-day Saints==
[[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] teaches that in 1829 the Apostles James, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and [[John the Apostle|John]] appeared as heavenly messengers to [[Joseph Smith]] and [[Oliver Cowdery]] and conferred upon them the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek priesthood]] authority of [[apostolic succession]], and thus exclusively on earth to their organization.<ref>[[Doctrine and Covenants]] [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/27?lang=eng&id=p12#12].</ref>

According to the teaching, this occurred sometime after May 15, 1829, when [[John the Baptist]] similarly appeared to Smith and Cowdery and conferred upon them the [[Aaronic priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Aaronic]], or lesser, priesthood, stating that he was doing so under the direction of James, Peter and John.<ref>[[Doctrine and Covenants]] [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/13?lang=eng&id=p1#p1].</ref>

==In Islam==
The [[Quran]]ic account of the [[Disciple (Christianity)|disciples]] of [[Jesus in Islam|Jesus]] does not include their names, numbers, or any detailed accounts of their lives. Muslim [[exegesis]], however, more or less agrees with the [[New Testament]] list and says that the disciples included [[Peter in Islam|Peter]], [[Philip the Apostle|Philip]], [[Thomas the Apostle|Thomas]], [[Bartholomew the Apostle|Bartholomew]], [[Matthew the Apostle|Matthew]], [[Andrew the Apostle|Andrew]], James, [[Jude the Apostle|Jude]], [[John the Apostle|John]] and [[Simon the Zealot]].{{sfn|Noegel|Wheeler|2003|p=86|ps=:Muslim exegesis identifies the disciples of Jesus as Peter, Andrew, Matthew, Thomas, Philip, John, James, Bartholomew, and Simon}}

==See also==
* [[James, son of Alphaeus|James the Minor]]
* [[James the Just]]
* [[Apocryphon of James]] (also known as the Secret Book of James)
* [[Camino de Santiago]]
* [[Cathedral of St. James (disambiguation)|Cathedral of St. James]]
* [[Hand of St James the Apostle]]
* [[Military Order of Saint James of the Sword]]
* [[Peter of Rates]]
* [[Portal:Catholicism/Patron Archive/July 25|Saint James, son of Zebedee, patron saint archive]]
* [[James Matamoros]]
* [[St. James' Church (disambiguation)|St. James' Church]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==

{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=christusrex>{{Cite web |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/Ger/07santuarioGiacomoBig.jpg |title=Photo of altar in the Chapel of St. James the Great |access-date=25 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927121004/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/sbf/escurs/Ger/07santuarioGiacomoBig.jpg |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=archicompostela>{{cite web|url=http://www.archicompostela.org/peregrinos/Estadisticas/peregrinanos.htm|title=Peregrinos en los Últimos Años|language=es|trans-title=Pilgrims in the Last Years|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101094841/http://www.archicompostela.org/peregrinos/Estadisticas/peregrinanos.htm|archive-date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=peregrinossantiago>{{Cite web|url=http://www.peregrinossantiago.es/esp/wp-content/uploads/informes/peregrinaciones2010.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129033008/http://www.peregrinossantiago.es/esp/wp-content/uploads/informes/peregrinaciones2010.pdf|url-status=dead|title=La Peregrinación a Santiago en 2010|archive-date=29 November 2015|language=es|trans-title=}}</ref>

<ref name=cathedral>{{Cite web |title=Estadísticas antiguas |trans-title=Archived Statistics |author= |work=Catedral de Santiago |date= |access-date=26 July 2021 |url= https://oficinadelperegrino.com/estadisticas/?anio=2014&mes= |language=es |quote=Estadísticas antiguas }}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofacts0000bruc/mode/2up |title=Commentary on the Book of the Acts |date=1964 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |location=Grand Rapids |author-link=F. F. Bruce}}
*{{cite CE1913|volume=8|first=Achille|last= Camerlynck|wstitle=St. James the Greater}}
*{{Cite book |last=Chadwick |first=Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mObYAAAAMAAJ |title=Priscillian of Avila |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1976|isbn=978-0-19-826643-3 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Cervantes |first=Miguel de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnMPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA441 |title=Don Quixote de la Mancha: A Revised Translation Based on Those of Motteux, Jarvis and Smollett |publisher=D. Appleton |year=1863 |location=New York |authorlink=Miguel de Cervantes}}
*{{Citation |last=Fletcher |first=Richard A. |title=Saint James's Catapult: The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela |url=http://libro.uca.edu/sjc/sjc.htm |year=1984 |place=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon |isbn=978-0-19-822581-2}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kendrick |first=Thomas Downing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7k1AAAAIAAJ |title=St. James in Spain |publisher=Methuen |year=1960}}
*{{Cite book |last=Nixon |first=R. E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TEFmQwAACAAJ |title=The New Bible Dictionary |date=1963 |publisher=Inter-Varsity |editor-last=J. D. Douglas |location=London |chapter=Boanerges | page = [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015014729894&view=1up&seq=616&q1=Boanerges 596]}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Noegel |first1=Scott B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6aTXAAAAMAAJ |title=Historical Dictionary of Prophets in Islam and Judaism |last2=Wheeler |first2=Brandon M. |date=2003 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0810843059 |location=Lanham, MD}}
*{{Cite book |last=Starkie |first=Walter |title=The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James |date=1957 |publisher=E. P. Dutton |location=New York |oclc=28087235 |author-link=Walter Starkie}}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Barreiro|first1=Santiago|title=Pilgrims from the land of sagas: Jacobean devotion in medieval Iceland|journal=Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies|volume=12|issue=1|year=2019|pages=70–83|issn=1754-6559|doi=10.1080/17546559.2019.1705373|s2cid=214208796 }}
*{{cite book|publisher= Aguilar|location=Madrid|date= 1958|oclc=432856567|author-link=Walter Starkie|first=Walter |last=Starkie|title=El camino de Santiago: las peregrinaciones al sepulcro del Apóstol|language=es|translator=Amando Lázaro Ros}}
*{{cite book|publisher= Univ. of California Press|date= 1965|oclc=477436336|author-link=Walter Starkie|first=Walter |last=Starkie|title=The Road to Santiago. The Pilgrims of St. James}}
* Van Herwaarden, Jan (1 January 1980). "The origins of the cult of St James of Compostela". ''Journal of Medieval History'' 6 (1): 1–35.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Saint James the Greater|James the Great}}
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/251.html "St. James the Great, Apostle"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161009173446/http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-biography-of-st-james-the-great-apostle-martyr-saint-bible-book-writer-of-the-catholic-church.html The Life, Miracles and Martyrdom of St. James the Great: Apostle and Martyr of the Christian Church]
* [http://www.caminosantiagodecompostela.com The Way of St. James] Guide for the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela following St. James' footsteps.
* [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=101248 Apostle James the Brother of St John the Theologian] Orthodox [[icon]] and [[synaxarion]]
* [http://www.red2000.com/spain/santiago/history.html History]
* [http://www.christianiconography.info/jamesGreater.html St. James the Greater, Apostle] at the [http://www.christianiconography.info Christian Iconography] web site
* [http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/jamesGreater.htm St. James the Greater] from Caxton's translation of the Golden Legend
* [https://www.idealista.com/en/news/lifestyle-spain/2018/06/29/2590-patron-saint-spain-celebrated-santiago-july The patron saint of Spain, celebrated in Santiago in July]
* [https://name-james.com/translations Translations of the given name James in the world's languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716025653/https://name-james.com/translations |date=16 July 2023 }}

{{Apostles}}
{{New Testament people}}
{{Latin Church}}
{{Catholic saints}}
{{Coptic saints}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:44 deaths]]
[[Category:1st-century Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:Ancient Jewish fishers]]
[[Category:Angelic visionaries]]
[[Category:Anglican saints]]
[[Category:Christian martyrs executed by decapitation]]
[[Category:Christian missionaries in Spain]]
[[Category:Christian saints from the New Testament]]
[[Category:Marian visionaries]]
[[Category:People from Bethsaida]]
[[Category:Saints from the Holy Land]]
[[Category:Twelve Apostles]]