Editing James I of Aragon

{{Short description|King of Aragon from 1213 to 1276}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = James I
| image        = Jaime I de Aragón.jpg
| caption      = Jaume in 1265, giving orders to a guard in the royal palace
| succession   = [[King of Aragon]]<br/>[[Count of Barcelona]]
| reign        = 12 September 1213 – 27 July 1276
| coronation   = 
| predecessor  = [[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II]]
| successor    = [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]]
| spouses      = {{plainlist|
*{{marriage|[[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor of Castile]]|1221|1229|end=annulled}}
*{{marriage|[[Violant of Hungary]]|1235|1251|end=died}}
*[[Teresa Gil de Vidaure]]}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Violant of Aragon|Violant, Queen of Castile]]
*[[Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena|Constance, Lady of Villena]]
*[[Peter III, King of Aragon]]
*[[James II, King of Majorca]]
*[[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella, Queen of France]]}}
| issue-link   = #Marriages and children
| issue-pipe   = among others...
| house        = [[House of Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| father       = [[Peter II of Aragon]]
| mother       = [[Maria of Montpellier]]
| birth_date   = 2 February 1208
| birth_place  = [[Montpellier]]
| death_date   = 27 July 1276 (aged 68)
| death_place  = [[Alzira, Valencia]]
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Poblet Monastery]]
}}

'''James I the Conqueror''' ([[Catalan language|Catalan]]/[[Valencian language|Valencian]]: ''Jaume I or Jaume el Conqueridor''; [[Aragonese language|Aragonese]]: ''Chaime I'' ''o Conqueridor''; {{langx|es|Jaime I de Aragón or Jaime I el Conquistador}}; 2 February 1208&nbsp;– 27 July 1276) was [[King of Aragon]], [[Count of Barcelona]], and [[Lord of Montpellier]] from 1213 to 1276; [[Kings of Majorca|King of Majorca]] from 1231 to 1276; and [[King of Valencia]] from 1238 to 1276. His long reign of 62 years is not only the longest of any [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] monarch, but one of the [[longest monarchical reigns in history]], ahead of [[Hirohito]] but remaining behind [[Queen Elizabeth II]], [[Queen Victoria]], and [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies]].

King James I saw the expansion of the [[Crown of Aragon]] in three directions: [[Languedoc]] to the north, the [[Balearic Islands]] to the southeast, and [[Kingdom of Valencia|Valencia]] to the south. By [[Treaty of Corbeil (1258)|a treaty]] with [[Louis IX of France]], he achieved the renunciation of any possible claim of French suzerainty over the [[County of Barcelona]] and the other [[Catalan counties]], while he renounced northward expansion and taking back the once Catalan territories in [[Occitania]] and vassal counties loyal to the County of Barcelona, lands that were lost by his father [[Peter II of Aragon]] in the [[Battle of Muret]] during the [[Albigensian Crusade]] and annexed by the [[Kingdom of France]], and then decided to turn south. His great part in the ''[[Reconquista]]'' was similar in [[Iberian Peninsula|Mediterranean Spain]] to that of his contemporary [[Ferdinand III of Castile]] in [[Andalusia]]. One of the main reasons for this formal renunciation of most of the once Catalan territories in [[Languedoc]] and [[Occitania]], and any expansion into them, is that he was raised by the [[Knights Templar]] [[Crusaders]], who had defeated his father, who was fighting for [[the Pope]] alongside the French. It was thus effectively forbidden for him to try to maintain the traditional influence of the Count of Barcelona that previously existed in [[Occitania]] and [[Languedoc]].

As a legislator and organiser, he occupies a high place among the [[Monarchies in Europe|European kings]]. King James I compiled the ''[[Llibre del Consolat de Mar]]'',<ref name="Chaytor96 " /> which governed maritime trade and helped establish Aragonese supremacy in the [[Mediterranean Region|western Mediterranean]]. He was an important figure in the development of the [[Catalan language]], sponsoring [[Catalan literature]] and writing a quasi-autobiographical chronicle of his reign: the ''[[Llibre dels fets]]''.

==Early life and reign until majority==
James was born at [[Montpellier]] as the only son of [[Peter II of Aragon]] and [[Marie of Montpellier]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2004|page=113}} As a child, James was made a pawn in the power politics of [[Provence]], where his father was engaged in struggles helping the [[Cathar]] [[Heresy in Christianity|heretics]] of [[Albi]] against the [[Albigensian Crusade]] led by [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon IV de Montfort]], [[Earl of Leicester]], who were trying to exterminate them. Peter endeavoured to placate the northern [[Crusaders]] by arranging a marriage between his two-year-old son James and Simon's daughter, [[Amicie de Montfort]].{{sfn|Nicholson|2004|page=113}} He entrusted the boy to be educated in Montfort's care in 1211, but was soon forced to take up arms against him, dying at the [[Battle of Muret]] on 12 September 1213. Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese appealed to [[Pope Innocent III]], who insisted that Montfort surrender him. James was handed over to the [[papal legate]] [[Peter of Benevento]] at [[Carcassonne]]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} in May or June 1214.

James was then sent to [[Monzón]], where he was entrusted to the care of [[Guillem de Montredó]],<ref>Juan Garcia Atienza: The Knights Templar in the Golden Age of Spain, p. 149</ref> the head of the [[Knights Templar]] in Aragon and Provence; the regency meanwhile fell to his great-uncle [[Sancho, Count of Provence|Sancho, Count of Roussillon]], and his son, the king's cousin, [[Nuño Sánchez|Nuño]]. The kingdom was given over to confusion until, in 1217, the Templars and some of the more loyal nobles brought the young king to [[Zaragoza]].<ref name="Chaytor82">Chaytor, 82.</ref>

In 1221, he was married to [[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor]], daughter of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]]. The next six years of his reign were full of rebellions on the part of the nobles. By the Peace of Alcalá of 31 March 1227, the nobles and the king came to terms.<ref name="Chaytor82" />

==Acquisition of Urgell==
In 1228, James faced the sternest opposition yet from a vassal. [[Guerau IV de Cabrera]] occupied the [[County of Urgell]] in opposition to [[Aurembiax of Urgell|Aurembiax]], the heiress of [[Ermengol VIII of Urgell|Ermengol VIII]], who had died without sons in 1208. Although Aurembiax's mother, Elvira, had made herself a protégée of James's father, upon her death in 1220 Guerau occupied the county and displaced Aurembiax, claiming that a woman could not inherit.

James intervened on behalf of Aurembiax, to whom he owed protection. He bought Guerau off and allowed Aurembiax to reclaim her territory, which she did at [[Lleida]], probably also becoming one of James' earliest mistresses.<ref>Chaytor, 83.</ref> She surrendered Lleida to James and agreed to hold Urgell in fief for him. On her death in 1231, James exchanged the Balearic Islands for Urgell with her widower, [[Infante Pedro, Count of Urgell|Peter of Portugal]].

==Relations with France and Navarre==
From 1230 to 1232, James negotiated with [[Sancho VII of Navarre]], who desired his help against his nephew and closest living male relative, [[Theobald IV of Champagne]]. James and Sancho negotiated a treaty whereby James would inherit Navarre on the old Sancho's death, but when this occurred in 1234, the Navarrese nobles elevated Theobald to the throne instead, and James disputed it. [[Pope Gregory IX]] was required to intervene.<ref>Chaytor, 86.</ref> In the end, James accepted Theobald's succession.

James endeavoured to form a state straddling the [[Pyrenees]] in order to counterbalance the power of France north of the river [[Loire]]. As with the much earlier [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] attempt, this policy was victim to physical, cultural, and political obstacles. As in the case of Navarre, he declined to launch into perilous adventures. By the [[Treaty of Corbeil (1258)|Treaty of Corbeil]], signed in May 1258, he ended his conflict with [[Louis IX of France]], securing the renunciation of any historical French claims to sovereignty over [[Principality of Catalonia|Catalonia]], including the County of Barcelona.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

==Reconquest==
{{anchor|reconquest}}
[[File:Jaume I, Cantigas de Santa Maria, s.XIII.jpg|thumb|The [[Moors]] request permission from James I, taken from ''The Cantigas de Santa María'']]

After his false start at uniting Aragon with the [[Kingdom of Navarre]] through a scheme of mutual adoption, James turned to the south and the [[Balearic Islands]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. On 5 September 1229, the troops from Aragon, consisting of 155 ships, 1,500 horsemen and 15,000 soldiers, set sail from Tarragona, Salou, and Cambrils, in southern Catalonia,<ref name="Herradón">{{Cite book |last= Herradón |first= Oscar|title= Jaime I el Conquistador, el rey cruzado (James I the Conqueror, king of the crusades) |series= Historia de Iberia Vieja: revista de historia de España (History of Ancient Iberia: review of the history of Spain) |number= 39|issn= 1699-7913|year= 2008 |page=15}}</ref> to conquer Majorca from  [[Abu Yahya Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abi Imran al-Tinmalali|Abu Yahya]], the semi-independent Almohad governor of the island. Although a group of Aragonese knights took part in the campaign because of their obligations to the king, the [[conquest of Majorca]] was mainly a Catalan undertaking, and Catalans would later make up the majority of Majorca's settlers. James conquered [[Majorca]] on 31 December 1229, and [[Menorca]] (1232) and [[Ibiza]] (1235) were later acquired during the reconquest.

[[Conquest of Valencia (1238)|Valencia capitulated]] to Aragonese rule on 28 September 1238,{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} following an extensive campaign that included the [[Siege of Burriana]] and the decisive [[Battle of the Puig]],{{sfn|Burns|1973|p=35}} where the Aragonese commander, [[Bernat Guillem de Montpeller|Bernat Guillem I d'Entença]], who was also the king's cousin, died from wounds received in action.
Chroniclers say James used [[gunpowder]] in the siege of [[Museros]] castle.

During his remaining two decades after Corbeil, James warred with the [[Moors]] in [[Murcia]], on behalf of his son-in-law [[Alfonso X of Castile]]. On 26 March 1244, the two monarchs signed the [[Treaty of Almizra]] to establish their zones of expansion into [[Andalusia]] so as to prevent squabbling between them. Specifically, it defined the borders of the newly created [[Kingdom of Valencia]]. James signed it on that date, but Alfonso did not affirm it until much later. According to the treaty, all lands south of a line from [[Biar]] to [[Villajoyosa]] through [[Busot]] were reserved for Castile.

==Crusade of 1269==
{{main|Catalan Crusade}}
[[File:Vidal Mayor Primera recopil·lació dels Furs d'Aragó.jpg|thumb|First compilation of the Fueros of Aragon, carried out by the bishop of Huesca Vidal de Canellas in 1247. Vidal Mayor.]]

[[Abaqa]], the "Khan of Tartary" (actually the [[Ilkhan]]), corresponded with James in early 1267, inviting him to join forces with the [[Mongols]] and go on [[crusade]].<ref>Chaytor, 90.</ref> James sent an ambassador to Abaqa in the person of [[Jayme Alaric de Perpignan]], who returned with a Mongol embassy in 1269.<ref name=Runciman330>Runciman, ''History of the Crusades'', pp. 330–332</ref> [[Pope Clement IV]] tried to dissuade James from crusading, regarding his moral character as sub-par, and Alfonso X did the same. Nonetheless, James, who was then [[Conquest of Murcia (1265–66)|campaigning]] in [[Murcia]], made peace with [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad I]], the [[Nasrid dynasty|Sultan of Granada]], and set about collecting funds for a crusade. After organising the government for his absence and assembling a fleet at Barcelona in September 1269, he was ready to sail east. The troubadour [[Olivier lo Templier]] composed a song praising the voyage and hoping for its success. A storm, however, drove him off course, and he landed at [[Aigues-Mortes]]. According to the continuator of [[William of Tyre]], he returned via Montpellier ''por l'amor de sa dame Berenguiere'' ("for the love of his lady Berengaria") and abandoned any further effort at a crusade.

James's sons [[Pedro Fernández de Híjar|Pedro Fernández]] and [[Fernán Sánchez de Castro|Fernán Sánchez]], who had been given command of part of the fleet, did continue on their way to [[Akko|Acre]], where they arrived in December. They found that [[Baibars]], the [[Mameluke]] Sultan of [[Egypt]], had broken his truce with the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] and was making a demonstration of his military power in front of Acre. During the demonstration, Egyptian troops hidden in the bushes ambushed a returning Frankish force that had been in [[Galilee]]. James's sons, initially eager for a fight, changed their minds after this spectacle and returned home via [[Sicily]], where Fernán Sánchez was knighted by [[Charles of Anjou]].

==Patronage of art, learning, and literature==
[[File:Generalitat95.jpg|thumb|200px|Posthumous portrait in the [[Generalitat Valenciana]]]]
James built and consecrated the [[La Seu Vella|Cathedral of Lleida]], which was constructed in a style transitional between [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] with little influence from [[Islamic architecture|Moorish styles]].<ref name="Chaytor96">Chaytor, 96.</ref>

James was a patron of the [[University of Montpellier]], which owed much of its development to his impetus.<ref name="Chaytor96" /> He also founded a ''[[studium generale|studium]]'' at Valencia in 1245 and received privileges for it from [[Pope Innocent IV]], but it did not develop as splendidly.<ref name="Chaytor96" /> In 1263, James presided over a debate in [[Barcelona]] between the Jewish [[rabbi]] [[Nahmanides]] and [[Pablo Christiani]], a prominent ''[[converso]]''.

James was the first great sponsor and patron of vernacular Catalan literature. Indeed, he may himself be called "the first of the Catalan prose writers."<ref name="Chaytor93">Chaytor, 93.</ref> James wrote or dictated at various stages a chronicle of his own life in Catalan, ''[[Llibre dels fets]]'', the first autobiography by a Christian king. As well as being a fine example of autobiography, the "Book of Deeds" expresses concepts of the power and purpose of monarchy, examples of loyalty and treachery in the [[feudalism|feudal]] order, and medieval military tactics.  More controversially, some historians have looked at these writings as a source of [[Catalan people|Catalan]] identity, separate from that of [[Occitania]] and [[Roman Empire|Rome]].

James also wrote the ''[[Libre de la Saviesa]]'' or "Book of Wisdom." The book contains proverbs from various authors, reaching from the time of [[King Solomon]] to nearly his own time with [[Albertus Magnus]]. It even contains maxims from the medieval Arab philosophers and from the ''[[Apophthegmata Philosophorum]]'' of [[Honein ben Ishak]], which was probably translated at Barcelona during his reign. A [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] translator by the name of Jehuda was employed at James's court during this period.<ref name="Chaytor93" />

Though James was himself a prose writer and sponsored mostly prose works, he had an appreciation of verse.<ref name="Chaytor94">Chaytor, 94.</ref> In consequence of the [[Albigensian Crusade]], many [[troubadour]]s were forced to flee southern France and many found refuge in Aragon. Notwithstanding his early patronage of poetry, by the influence of his confessor [[Ramon de Penyafort]], James brought the [[Inquisition]] into his realm in 1233 to prevent any vernacular translation of the [[Bible]].<ref name="Chaytor94" />

==Succession==
[[File:Momia Jaume I.jpg|thumb|221x221px|Mummified head of James, exhumed in 1856]]
The favour James showed his illegitimate offspring led to protest from the nobles, and to conflicts between his legitimate and illegitimate sons. When one of the latter, [[Fernando Sánchez de Castro|Fernán Sánchez]], who had behaved with gross ingratitude and treason toward his father, was slain by the legitimate son [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter]], the old king recorded his grim satisfaction.{{cn|date=February 2022}}

In his will, James divided his states between his sons by [[Violant of Hungary|Yolanda of Hungary]]: the aforementioned Peter received the Hispanic possessions on the mainland and [[James II of Majorca|James]] received the [[Kingdom of Majorca]], which included the Balearic Islands, the counties of [[Roussillon]] and [[Cerdanya]], and the Lordship of Montpellier. The division inevitably produced fratricidal conflicts. In 1276, the king fell very ill at [[Alzira, Valencia|Alzira]] and resigned his crown, intending to retire to the [[Poblet Monastery|monastery of Poblet]], but he died at Valencia on 27 July.

His mummified body was later exhumed in 1856, when the monastery was under repair. A photograph of the king was taken.  The photograph of the head of the mummy clearly shows the wound in the left eyebrow that the king himself explained in a passage from his [[Llibre dels fets]] (Book of Deeds):
<blockquote>
As I was coming with the men, I happened to turn my head towards the town in order to look at the Saracens, who had come out in great force, when a cross-bowman shot at me, and hit me beside the sun-hood, and the shot struck me on the head, the bolt lighting near the forehead. It was God's will it did not pass through the head, but the point of the arrow went half through it. In anger I struck the arrow so with my hand that I broke it: the blood came out down my face; I wiped it off with a mantle of  "sendal" I had, and went away laughing, that the army might not take alarm.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Chronicle of James I, King of Aragon, Surnamed The Conqueror|url=http://libro.uca.edu/chronicleofjames/deeds08.pdf|work=Chapter CCLXVI|access-date=18 October 2012|author=Translated by John Forster|language=ca}}</ref></blockquote>

==Marriages and children==
James first married, in 1221, [[Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)|Eleanor]], daughter of [[Alfonso VIII of Castile]] and [[Leonora of England|Eleanor of England]]. Though he later had the marriage annulled, his one son by her was declared legitimate:
* [[Alfonso of Aragon (son of James I)|Alfonso]] (1229–1260), married [[Constance of Béarn]], Viscountess of [[Marsan]]{{sfn|Linehan|2011|p=85}}

In 1235, James remarried to [[Violant of Hungary|Yolanda]], daughter of [[Andrew II of Hungary]] by his second wife Yolande de Courtenay. They had numerous children:
* [[Violant of Aragon|Yolanda]], also known as Violant, (1236–1301), married [[Alfonso X of Castile]]{{sfn|Previté-Orton|1952|p=902}}
* [[Constance of Aragon, Lady of Villena|Constance]] (1239–1269), married [[Manuel of Castile]], son of [[Ferdinand III of Castile|Ferdinand III]]
* [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] (1240–1285), successor in Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia
* [[James II of Majorca|James II]] (1243–1311), successor in Balearics and Languedoc
* Ferdinand (1245–1250)
* [[Sancha of Aragon (nun)|Sancha]] (1246–before 1275), died in the [[Holy Land]].<ref name="(Spain)1956">{{cite book|author=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (Spain)|title=Homenaje a Millás-Vallicrosa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElUvAAAAMAAJ|year=1956|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|page=230}}</ref>
* [[Isabella of Aragon, Queen of France|Isabella]] (1248–1271), married [[Philip III of France]]
* Maria (1248–1267), nun
* [[Sancho of Aragon (1250-1275)|Sancho]] (1250–1275), [[Archbishop of Toledo]]
* Eleanor (born 1251, died young)

James married thirdly [[Teresa Gil de Vidaure]], but only by a private document, and left her when (as he claimed) she developed [[leprosy]].
* [[James, Lord of Xèrica|James]] ({{Circa|1255}}–1285), lord of [[Xèrica]]
* [[Peter, Lord of Ayerbe|Peter]] (1259–1318), lord of [[Ayerbe]]

The children in the third marriage were recognised in his last will as being in the line of succession to the throne, should the senior lines fail.

James also had several lovers, both during and after his marriages, and fathered several illegitimate sons.

By Blanca d'Antillón:
*[[Fernán Sánchez de Castro|Fernán Sánchez]] (or Fernando Sánchez) (1240–1275), Baron of Castro

By Berenguela Fernández:
* [[Pedro Fernández de Híjar|Pedro Fernández, Baron of Híjar]]

By Elvira Sarroca:
* Jaume Sarroca (born 1248), [[Bishop of Huesca]] from 1273 to 1290

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |title=Islam Under the Crusaders: Colonial Survival in the Thirteenth-Century Kingdom of Valencia |first=Robert Ignatius |last=Burns |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1973 }}
* [[Chaytor, H. J.]] ''[http://libro.uca.edu/chaytor/achistory.htm A History of Aragon and Catalonia]''. London: Methuen, 1933.
*{{cite book|author1-link=Peter Linehan|first=Peter |last=Linehan | title=Spain, 1157–1300: A Particle Inheritance |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2011 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Nicholson|first1=Helen J.|title=The Crusades|date=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313326851|url=https://archive.org/details/crusades00nich|url-access=registration|quote=James I of Aragon.}}
*{{cite book |title=The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History |volume=II The Twelfth Century to the Renaissance |first=Charles William |last=Previté-Orton |publisher=Cambridge at the University Press |year=1952 }}
* ''The book of deeds of James I of Aragon. A translation of the medieval Catalan Libre dels fets''. Trans. Damian Smith and Helen Buffery (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003) (Crusade Texts in Translation, 10.) Pp. xvii + 405 incl. 5 maps.
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=James I. of Aragon}}

==External links==
* libro.uca.edu
** [http://libro.uca.edu/chronicleofjames/chronicle.htm Full online book – The Chronicle of James I of Aragon]
** [http://libro.uca.edu/worlds/chron.htm The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror&nbsp;– Robert I. Burns, S.J., ed.]
** [http://libro.uca.edu/ck/chron.htm The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia&nbsp;– Robert Ignatius Burns, S.J.]
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1232barcelona3.html Medieval Sourcebook:] e-text of James's grant of trade privileges to Barcelona, 1232, freeing the city from tolls and imposts with his realms
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1258barcelona4.html The Barcelona Maritime Code of 1258]
* [[c:File:Quia_super_limitibus_Cathalonie_et_Aragonum.jpg|Quia super limitibus Cathalonie et Aragonum]] 1243, original document in which James I of Aragon officially writes down the border delimitations between Catalonia and Aragon with all the pertinent lords as witnesses.

{{s-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Barcelona]]|2 February|1208|27 July|1276}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Peter II of Aragon|Peter II]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]<br>[[List of Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona]]|years=1213–1276}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]]}}
|-
{{S-new|rows=2}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Valencian monarchs|King of Valencia]]|years=1238–1276}}
|-
{{S-ttl|title=[[Kingdom of Majorca|King of Majorca]]|years=1231–1276}}
{{S-aft|rows=2|after=[[James II of Majorca|James II]]}}
|-
{{S-bef|before=[[Marie of Montpellier|Marie]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lords of Montpellier|Lord of Montpellier]]|years=1219–1276}}
{{s-end}}

{{Aragonese monarchs}}
{{Infantes of Aragon}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:James 1 Of Aragon}}
[[Category:1208 births]]
[[Category:1276 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century Aragonese monarchs]]
[[Category:People from Montpellier]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Majorca]]
[[Category:Counts of Barcelona]]
[[Category:Lords of Montpellier]]
[[Category:Medieval child monarchs]]
[[Category:Aragonese infantes]]
[[Category:Medieval Catalan-language writers]]
[[Category:House of Aragon]]
[[Category:Burials at the Poblet Monastery]]