Editing James Francis Edward Stuart

{{Short description|Jacobite pretender (1688–1766)}}
{{redirect|Chevalier de St. George|composer and conductor|Chevalier de Saint-Georges}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = James Francis Edward Stuart
| title        = [[Prince of Wales]]
| image        = Prince James Francis Edward Stuart by Alexis Simon Belle.jpg
| succession   = [[Jacobitism|Jacobite pretender]]
| caption      = Portrait from the studio of [[Alexis Simon Belle]], {{circa|1712}}
| reign        = 16 September 1701 – 1 January 1766
| reign-type   = Pretence
| predecessor  = [[James II of England|James VII and II]]
| successor    = [[Charles Edward Stuart]]
| spouse       = {{marriage|[[Maria Clementina Sobieska]]|1719|1735|end=d}}
| issue        = {{plainlist|
*[[Charles Edward Stuart]]
*[[Henry Benedict Stuart]]}}
| house        = [[House of Stuart|Stuart]]
| father       = [[James II of England]]
| mother       = [[Mary of Modena]]
| birth_date   = {{birth date|1688|6|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place  = [[St. James's Palace]], London, England
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1766|1|1|1688|6|10|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Palazzo Muti]], Rome, [[Papal States]]
| burial_place = [[St. Peter's Basilica]], Vatican City
| religion     = [[Roman Catholicism]]
| signature    = Signature of James Francis Edward Stuart.svg
}}
'''James Francis Edward Stuart''' (10&nbsp;June 1688{{spnd}}1&nbsp;January 1766), nicknamed the '''Old Pretender''' by [[Whigs (British political party)|Whigs]] or the '''King over the Water''' by [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]], was the [[House of Stuart]] claimant to the thrones of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] from 1701 until his death in 1766. The only son of [[James II of England]] and his second wife, [[Mary of Modena]], he was [[Prince of Wales]] and heir until his [[Catholic]] father was deposed and exiled in the [[Glorious Revolution of 1688]]. His [[Protestant]] half-sister [[Mary II of England|Mary II]] and her husband [[William III of England|William III]] became co-monarchs. As a Catholic, he was subsequently excluded from the succession by the [[Act of Settlement 1701]].

Raised primarily in [[France]] and [[Italy]], when his father died in September 1701, James claimed the thrones. As part of the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], in 1708 [[Louis XIV of France]] backed a [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)|landing in Scotland]] on his behalf. This failed, as did further attempts in [[Jacobite rising of 1715|1715]] and [[Jacobite rising of 1719|1719]]. Led by his elder son [[Charles Edward Stuart]], the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|1745 Rising]] was the last serious effort to restore the [[House of Stuart]].

==Birth and childhood==
[[File:Jacques François Édouard Stuart, Prince of Wales.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|left|James Francis Edward as [[Prince of Wales]]]]

James Francis Edward Stuart was born on 10 June 1688, at [[St. James's Palace]], first and only son of [[James II of England]] and his second wife, [[Mary of Modena]], both [[Catholics]].<ref name=brmon>{{cite web |url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheJacobiteClaimants/PrinceJamesFrancisEdward.aspx |title='Prince James Francis Edward', The British Monarchy |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055306/http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/Scottish%20Monarchs(400ad-1603)/TheJacobiteClaimants/PrinceJamesFrancisEdward.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> As the eldest surviving son of the reigning monarch he was automatically [[Duke of Cornwall]] and [[Duke of Rothesay]] at birth, and was created [[Prince of Wales]] in July 1688.<ref name="pow-ps">[http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales l Previous Princes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191303/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/the-prince-of-wales/titles-and-heraldry/previous-princes-of-wales |date=14 October 2013 }}. Prince of Wales official website. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.</ref>

His birth was unexpected, coming five years after his mother's tenth and last pregnancy, none of which produced a child that survived more than a few days.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofScotland/The-Two-Pretenders/|title=The Two Pretenders|website=Historic UK}}</ref> The birth reignited controversies of religion, as the new son would be raised Catholic. Wild rumours spread among British Anglicans: that the child had died [[stillborn]], and that the baby feted as the new prince was an impostor smuggled into the royal birth chamber in a [[warming pan]].<ref>Margaret McIntyre, ''Mary II (1662–1694)'', in [[Anne Commire]] (ed.), ''Women in World History'', vol. 10 (2001), {{ISBN|0-7876-4069-7}}, p. 516</ref> Protestants found it suspicious that everyone attending the birth was supposedly Catholic,<ref name="keates" /> although the Protestant [[Baron Belasyse|Lady Bellasyse]] testified that she "saw the child taken out of the bed with the navel string hanging to its belly".<ref>{{cite book |last=Somerset |first=Anne |author-link=Lady Anne Somerset |date=2012 |title=Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion |location=London |publisher=William Collins |page=97 |isbn=978-0-00-720376-5}}</ref> Another rumour was that James II had not been the father; he was said to be impotent after a bout with [[venereal disease]] years earlier. In an attempt to quash these rumours, James published the testimonies of over seventy witnesses to the birth.<ref name="ODNB">James Edward Gregg, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14594 James Francis Edward (1688–1766)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129073932/http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14594 |date=29 January 2017}}', ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2012, accessed 23 June 2013.</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Depositions Taken the 22d. of October 1688. before the Privy-Council and Peers of England; Relating to the Birth of the (then) Prince of Wales. Published by His Majesty's Special Command|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsA_AAAAcAAJ|location=[Edinburgh]|publisher=[Printed by the heir of Andrew Anderson]|year=1688|oclc=606591965}}.</ref> The line of succession to the throne was thrust into doubt. James II's eldest legitimate daughters, [[Mary II of England|Mary]] and [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]], had been raised as Protestants.<ref name="keates" /> British Protestants had expected Mary, from his father's first marriage, to succeed their father.<ref name=Exeter>{{cite web |url=http://stuarts.exeter.ac.uk/education/biographies/james-francis-edward-stuart/ |title=James Francis Edward Stuart|series=The Stuart Succession Project|publisher= University of Exeter |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112544/http://stuarts.exeter.ac.uk/education/biographies/james-francis-edward-stuart/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This possibility had kept Protestants somewhat content, with his rule a temporary inconvenience. Now that Mary or Anne's succession was in doubt with this new Catholic son and heir, discontent grew, already stoked by James II's actions which had alienated Tory Anglicans who had previously been inclined to honour him as sovereign even if they differed in religion. This movement would become the [[Glorious Revolution]]; Mary's husband [[William III of England|William of Orange]] landed in England, backed by an army of English and Scottish exiles, as well as Dutch soldiers. Much of the English army promptly defected to William's cause, causing James II and his family to flee rather than stay and fight.<ref name="keates">{{cite book |last=Keates |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Keates |date=2015 |title=William III & Mary II: Partners in Revolution |url= |location= |publisher=Allen Lane |pages=25&ndash;36 |isbn=978-0-141-97687-7}}</ref>
 
On 9 December, Mary of Modena disguised herself as a laundress and escaped with the infant James to France. Young James was brought up at the [[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]],<ref name=brmon/> which Louis XIV had turned over to the exiled James II. Both the ex-king and his family were held in great consideration by the French king (who was his first cousin), and they were frequent visitors at Versailles where Louis XIV and his court treated them as ruling monarchs.<ref>Frequent mentions throughout the [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon|Duke of Saint-Simon]]'s ''Mémoires''.</ref> In June 1692 James's sister [[Louisa Maria Stuart|Louisa Maria]] was born.<ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02801 Princess Louisa Maria Theresa Stuart (1692–1712), Daughter of James II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420092744/http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp02801 |date=20 April 2008 }} at npg.org.uk (accessed 8 February 2008)</ref>

He later received a military education overseen by [[Richard Hamilton (officer)|Richard Hamilton]] and [[Dominic Sheldon]], two veterans of the [[Irish Army (Kingdom of Ireland)|Irish Army]].{{sfn|Corp|2009|p=278}}

==Struggle for the throne==
[[File:James Francis Edward Stuart c. 1703 attributed to Alexis Simon Belle.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.0|James Francis Edward {{circa}} 1703, portrait in the [[Royal Collection]] attributed to [[Alexis Simon Belle]]]]

On his father's death in 1701, James was proclaimed as rightful king by [[Louis XIV of France]], despite having previously recognised the legitimacy of [[William III of England|William III]] under the 1697 [[Treaty of Ryswick]]. Spain, the [[Papal States]], and [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena]] also recognised him as king of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and refused to recognise William III, [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], or [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] as legitimate sovereigns. As a result of his claiming his father's lost thrones, James was [[attainder|attainted]] for treason in London on 2 March 1702, and his titles were forfeited under English law.<ref>''[[Complete Peerage]]'': "Duke of Cornwall".</ref>

===Early attempts===
Though delayed in France by an attack of [[measles]],{{cn|date=September 2021}} James [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1708)|attempted invasion]], trying to land at the [[Firth of Forth]] on 23 March 1708. The fleet of Admiral Sir [[George Byng, 1st Viscount Torrington|George Byng]] intercepted the French ships, which, combined with bad weather,{{cn|date=September 2021}} prevented a landing.<ref name=Nottingham>{{cite web |title='James Francis Edward Stuart, styled James VIII and III', The University of Nottingham |url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/biographies/jamesfrancisedwardstuart(1688-1766).aspx |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081431/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/manuscriptsandspecialcollections/learning/biographies/jamesfrancisedwardstuart(1688-1766).aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

James served for a time as a volunteer in the French army, as his father had done during the interregnum.<ref name=quincy197>According to the [[Charles Sevin de Quincy|marquis de Quincy]] James rode with the ''[[Maison du Roi]]'' in the [[Battle of Malplaquet]], using the pseudonym Chevalier de St. George. {{cite book|author=Quincy, Charles Sevin, marquis de|title=Histoire Militaire du Règne de Louis-le-Grand, Roi de France. Huit tômes|url=https://cour-de-france.fr/histoire-et-fonction/histoire-et-fonctionnement/politique-et-religion/ouvrages-avant-1800/article/histoire-militaire-du-regne-de-louis-le-grand-roy-de-france?lang=fr|year=1726|place=Paris|volume=6|publisher=Denis Mariette|language=fr|access-date=13 July 2023|pages=197, 202}}</ref> Between August and September 1710, Queen Anne appointed a new [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] administration led by [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford|Robert Harley]], who entered into a secret correspondence with [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, marquis de Torcy|de Torcy]], the [[Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs (France)|French Minister of Foreign Affairs]], in which he claimed to desire James's accession to the throne should James convert to Protestantism.<ref name="ODNB" /> A year later, however, the British government pushed for James's expulsion from France as a precondition for a peace treaty with France. In accordance with the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] (1713), Harley and [[Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke|Lord Bolingbroke]], the Secretary of State, colluded with the French in exiling James to the [[Duchy of Lorraine]].<ref name="ODNB" />

Queen Anne became severely ill at Christmas 1713 and seemed close to death. In January 1714, she recovered but clearly had little time to live.<ref>{{cite book |last=Massie |first=Allan |title=The Royal Stuarts |date=2010 |publisher=Random House |chapter=Chapter 16 |isbn=9781845950903}}{{page number|date=September 2021}}</ref>{{page number|date=September 2021}} Through de Torcy and his London agent, Abbé François Gaultier, Harley maintained the correspondence with James and Bolingbroke entered into a separate correspondence with him. They both stated to James that his conversion to Protestantism would facilitate his accession. However, James, a devout Catholic, replied to Torcy: "I have chosen my own course, therefore it is for others to change their sentiments."<ref name="ODNB" /> In March came James's refusal to convert, following which Harley and Bolingbroke reached the opinion that James's accession was not feasible, though they maintained their correspondence with him.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

As a result, in August 1714, James's second cousin,{{cn|date=September 2021}} the [[Elector of Hanover]], [[George I of Great Britain|George Louis]], a German-speaking Lutheran{{cn|date=September 2021}} who was the closest Protestant relative of the now-deceased Queen Anne, became king of the recently created [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] as George I.<ref name=Nottingham/> James denounced him, noting "we have beheld a foreign family, aliens to our country, distant in blood, and strangers even to our language, ascend the throne".<ref>Simms, Brendan. ''Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1714–1783''. Penguin, 2008. {{ISBN?}} {{page number|date=September 2021}}</ref>{{page number|date=September 2021}} Following George's coronation in October 1714, [[Coronation riots|major riots]] broke out in provincial England.<ref>Paul Kleber Monod. ''Jacobitism and the English People, 1688–1788''. Cambridge University Press, 1993. p. 173 {{ISBN?}}</ref>

===The Fifteen===
[[File:The Old Pretender lands in Scotland, 1715.jpg|thumb|The Old Pretender lands in Scotland after [[Battle of Sheriffmuir|Sheriffmuir]]. An 18th-century engraving.]]
In the following year, Jacobites started uprisings [[Jacobite rising of 1715|in Scotland]] and [[Jacobite uprising in Cornwall of 1715|Cornwall]] aimed at putting "James III and VIII" on the throne. On 22 December 1715, James reached Scotland after the Jacobite defeats at the [[Battle of Sheriffmuir]] (13 November 1715) and [[Battle of Preston (1715)]].<ref name=Nottingham/> He landed at [[Peterhead]] and soon fell ill with fever, his illness made more severe by the icy Scottish winter.{{cn|date=September 2021}} In January 1716, he set up court at [[Scone Palace]]. Reputedly [[Jane Stuart (Quaker)|Jane Stuart]], a half-sister, came from [[Wisbech]] in England to visit him.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Stuart among the Quakers |url=https://journals.sas.ac.uk/fhs/article/download/3003/2957/ |website=journals.sas.ac.uk |access-date=28 March 2021}}</ref> Learning of the approach of government forces, he returned to France, sailing from [[Montrose, Angus|Montrose]] on 5 February 1716. The abandonment of his rebel allies caused ill-feeling against him in Scotland;<ref name=Nottingham/> nor was he welcomed on his return to France. His patron, [[Louis XIV]], had died on 1 September 1715, and the French government found him a political embarrassment.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} When France, hitherto his main protector, [[Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)|allied with Britain]], this effectively secured the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian dynasty]]'s monarchy over the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

==Court-in-exile==
[[File:Jacobite broadside - Coloured portrait of Prince James as young man1.jpg|thumbnail|left|Coloured portrait of James as young man]]
After the unsuccessful invasion of 1715, James lived in [[Papal States|Papal territory]], first at [[Avignon]] (April 1716 – February 1717),{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=92, 96}} then at [[Pesaro]] (1717){{sfnp|Bevan|1967|p=99}} and [[Urbino]] (July 1717 – November 1718).{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=102, 110}} Pope [[Clement XI]] offered James the [[Palazzo Muti]] or Palazzo del Re<ref>{{cite book|last1=Corp|first1=Edward|title=The Location of the Stuart Court in Rome: The Palazzo Del Re|date=2010|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|pages=180–205}}</ref> in Rome as his residence, which he accepted. Pope [[Innocent XIII]], like his predecessor, showed much support. Thanks to his friend Cardinal [[Filippo Antonio Gualterio (cardinal)|Filippo Antonio Gualterio]], James was granted a life annuity of 12,000<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blichmann |first=Diana |date=2019-06-30 |title=The Stuart-Sobieska opera patronage in Rome |url=https://journals.openedition.org/mefrim/6296 |journal=Mélanges de l'École française de Rome – Italie et Méditerranée modernes et contemporaines |language=en |issue=131–1 |pages=177–200 |doi=10.4000/mefrim.6296 |s2cid=213575807 |issn=1123-9891}}</ref> Roman [[Roman scudo|scudi]]. Such help enabled him to organise a Jacobite court at Rome, where, although he lived in splendour, he continued to suffer from fits of melancholy.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

Further efforts to restore the Stuarts to the British throne were planned. In 1719 a major expedition left Spain but was forced to turn back due to weather. A small landing took place in the Scottish Highlands, but the [[Jacobite rising of 1719]] was defeated at the [[Battle of Glen Shiel]]. James had gone to Spain in the hope he could take part in the invasion, but following its abandonment was forced to return to Italy.{{cn|date=September 2021}} A further attempt was planned in 1722,<ref name=Exeter/> but following the exposure of the [[Atterbury Plot]] it came to nothing.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

In exercise of his pretended position, James purported to create titles of nobility, referred to as [[Jacobite peerage]]s, for his British supporters and members of his court, none of which have ever been recognised in Britain.{{cn|date=September 2021}}

The court-in-exile became a popular stop for English travellers making a [[Grand Tour]], regardless of political affiliation.<ref>Per Edward T. Corp</ref> For many, it functioned as an unofficial consulate. Those in need of medical attention preferred being treated by one of their own countrymen. In 1735 court physicians tended to [[Edmund Sheffield, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Normanby]], and thirty years later to [[James Boswell]].<ref name=Corp>{{cite book |last=Corp |first=Edward T. |title=The Stuarts in Italy, 1719–1766 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Me64SIwEDusC&pg=PA32 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2011 |isbn=9780521513272}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

James remained well-treated in Rome until his death. He was allowed to hold Protestant services at Court, and was given land where his Protestant adherents could receive a public burial.<ref name=Corp/>{{failed verification|date=September 2021}}

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===Marriage and progeny===
[[Louise Adélaïde d'Orléans]] ({{lang|fr|Mademoiselle d'Orléans}}), daughter of [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]], was at one time suggested as a wife for James, but nothing came of it.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} In March 1717, while James was visiting [[Modena]], he became engaged to his cousin [[Benedetta d'Este]], but her father Duke [[Rinaldo d'Este (1655–1737)|Rinaldo]] put an end to the engagement to preserve his relations with Hanover and Great Britain.{{sfnp|Bevan|1967|pp=98–99, 103}}

[[File:Maria Klementyna Sobieska (1702-1735).jpg|thumb|James's wife, [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]]]]

On 3 September 1719, James married [[Maria Clementina Sobieska]] (1702–1735), granddaughter of King [[John III Sobieski]] of Poland. The wedding was held in the chapel of the Episcopal Palace in [[Montefiascone]], near [[Viterbo]]. By his wife he had two sons:{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}
# [[Charles Edward Stuart]] (31 December 1720 – 31 January 1788), nicknamed "Bonnie Prince Charlie"
# [[Henry Benedict Stuart]] (11 March 1725 – 13 July 1807), a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] of the [[Catholic Church]]

===Bonnie Prince Charlie===
Following James's failure, attention turned to his son Charles, "[[Charles Edward Stuart|the Young Pretender]]", who led the [[Jacobite rising of 1745|major uprising]] of 1745. With the failure of this second rebellion, the Stuart hopes of regaining the British throne were effectively destroyed.<ref>{{Britannica|299035|Jacobite}}</ref> James and Charles later clashed repeatedly, and relations between them broke down completely when James played a role in the appointment of his son [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]] as a cardinal. Henry then took holy orders, which required him to maintain [[celibacy]], ending the possibility that he would produce a legitimate heir, infuriating Charles, who had not been consulted.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Prince James Francis Edward Stuart by Anton Raphael Mengs.jpg|thumb|Portrait of James from 1748]]

===Later years===
After the 1745 rising, there were no other plots to restore the Stuart dynasty except for when, in 1759, the French government briefly considered a scheme to have James (then aged 70) crowned King of Ireland as part of [[Planned French invasion of Britain (1759)|their plans to invade Britain]], but the offer was never formally made to James. Several separate plans also involved Charles being given control of a French-backed independent Ireland, though that too was aborted after Charles showed up at a meeting with the French to discuss the plan late, argumentative, and idealistic in expectations, so that the French dismissed the possibility of Jacobite assistance.<ref>McLynn (1759) p. 81</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2021}}

[[Image:Tomb of Stuart in the Vatican.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Tomb of James Francis Edward Stuart and his two sons in [[St. Peter's Basilica]]]]

===Death===
After a lingering illness, James died aged 77 on 1 January 1766, at his home, the Palazzo Muti in Rome,<ref name=Exeter/><ref name=libraryireland>{{cite web |title=Stuart Nomination to Irish Sees (1686–1766.) |url=https://www.libraryireland.com/articles/stuartnoms/index.php |website=www.libraryireland.com}}</ref> and was buried in the crypt of [[St. Peter's Basilica]] in present-day [[Vatican City]]. His grave is marked by the [[Monument to the Royal Stuarts]]. His claimed reign had lasted for 64 years, 3 months and 16 days, longer than any British monarch until Queen [[Elizabeth II]]'s reign surpassed it on 23 May 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Famous Stewarts |url=http://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=19&histid=178 |url-status=live |publisher=www.stewartsociety.org |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510143601/http://www.stewartsociety.org/history-of-the-stewarts.cfm?section=famous-stewarts&subcatid=19&histid=178 |archive-date=10 May 2017}}</ref>

==End of papal support==
Following James's death the pope refused to recognise the claim to the British and Irish thrones of his elder son Charles, which had severely exacerbated the hostility between England and the Catholic Church. Instead, from 14 January 1766, in stages over the following decade, Rome accepted the [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian dynasty]] as the legitimate rulers of Britain and Ireland; this was accompanied by a gradual relaxation and reform of the anti-Catholic [[Penal Laws (Ireland)|"penal laws"]] in Britain and Ireland.{{cn|date=September 2021}} Two months after James's death, on 14 March, the royal arms of England were removed from the doorway of the Palazzo Muti.<ref name=libraryireland/> In 1792, the papacy specifically referred to [[George III]] as the "King of Great Britain and Ireland", which elicited a protest from James's younger son [[Henry Benedict Stuart|Henry]], who was by then the Jacobite claimant.<ref>{{cite book |last=Vaughan |first=Herbert |title=The Last of the Royal Stuarts: Henry Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York |url=https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4526553W/The_last_of_the_royal_Stuarts_Henry_Stuart_cardinal_duke_of_York |publisher=Methuen |location=London |year=1906 |pages=212–214 }}</ref>

==Titles and honours==
[[File:Coat of Arms of the Stuart Princes of Wales (1610-1688).svg|thumb|right|200px|Coat of arms of James Francis Edward Stuart as Prince of Wales]]
James was created [[Prince of Wales]] on 4 July 1688.<ref name="PoW site">{{cite web |title=The Prince of Wales – Previous Princes |url=http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/previousprincesofwales/ |url-status=dead |publisher=Princeofwales.gov.uk |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011215745/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/personalprofiles/theprinceofwales/abouttheprince/previousprincesofwales/ |archive-date=11 October 2008}}</ref>

===Honours===
*''Jacobite'', '''KG''': [[Order of the Garter|Knight of the Garter]], ''1692–1766''

===Arms===
As Prince of Wales, James bore a [[coat of arms]] consisting of those of the kingdom, differenced by a ''label argent of three points''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Francois R. Velde |url=http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |title=Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family |publisher=Heraldica.org |access-date=2 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313063905/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm |archive-date=13 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{Stuart to Hanover family tree}}
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
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|1= 1. '''James Francis Edward Stuart'''
|2= 2. [[James II of England]]
|3= 3. [[Mary of Modena]]
|4= 4. [[Charles I of England]]<ref name="Louda">{{cite book|last1=Louda|first1=Jiří|author-link=Jiří Louda|last2=Maclagan|first2=Michael|author-link2=Michael Maclagan|year=1999|orig-year=1981|title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe|edition=2nd|location=London|publisher=Little, Brown|isbn=978-0-316-84820-6|pages=27, 50}}</ref>
|5= 5. [[Henrietta Maria of France]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|6= 6. [[Alfonso IV d'Este, Duke of Modena]]<ref>{{Britannica|367570|Mary of Modena}}</ref>
|7= 7. [[Laura Martinozzi]]<ref name="Saint-Évremond">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=de Saint-Évremond |author-link=Charles de Saint-Évremond |translator=des Maizeaux|title=The works of Monsieur de St. Evremond|year=1728|publisher=J. and J. Knapton, J. Darby, A. Battesworth|location=London|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkAwAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA106}}</ref> 
|8= 8. [[James VI and I|James I of England]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|9= 9. [[Anne of Denmark]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|10= 10. [[Henry IV of France]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|11= 11. [[Marie de' Medici]]<ref name="Louda"/>
|12= 12. [[Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena]]<ref name="Biografia">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E8bYNn_LYCUC&q=Alfonso+IV+d%2527Este+moderna&pg=PA61 |title=Biografia universale antica e moderna |date=1824 |publisher=presso Gio. Battista Missiaglia |volume=XIX |pages=61 |language=it |trans-title=Universal ancient and modern biography}}</ref>
|13= 13. [[Maria Farnese]]<ref name="Biografia"/>
|14= 14. Hierronymus Martinozzi<ref name="Saint-Évremond"/>
|15= 15. [[Laura Margherita Mazzarini|Laura Mazarini]]<ref name="Saint-Évremond"/>
}}

==See also==
* [[Correspondence with James the Pretender (High Treason) Act 1701]], Parliament's response to his claim to the throne
* [[Touch piece]]s, used to cure scrofula ('the King's Evil')

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Bevan |first=Bryan |date=1967 |title=King James the Third of England: A Study of Kingship in Exile |publisher=Robert Hale}}
* {{cite book|last=Corp|first=Edward T|title=A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689–1718|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2009|isbn=978-0521108379}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons inline|James Francis Edward Stuart}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/prince-james-francis-edward Prince James Francis Edward] at the official website of the [[British monarchy]]
* {{NPG name|name=Prince James Francis Edward Stuart}}
* [https://www.tcd.ie/library/exhibitions/directors-choice/marriage-certificate/ The Marriage Certificate of James III and Maria Clementina Sobieska] at the [[Library of Trinity College Dublin]] [IE TCD MS 7574]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou | [[House of Stuart]] |10 June|1688|1 January|1766}}
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{{s-bef |before=[[James II of England|James II & VII]]<br /><small>([[Glorious Revolution|deposed from throne]])</small> }}
{{s-tul |title=[[King of England]], [[King of Scotland|Scotland]], [[English claims to the French throne|France]] and [[King of Ireland|Ireland]] |line=[[Gallery of Jacobite pretenders|Jacobite succession]] |years=1701–1766 }}
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{{Princes of Wales}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Stuart, James Francis Edward}}
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