Editing Jacob Lawrence

{{Short description|American painter (1917–2000)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox artist
| name          = Jacob Lawrence
| image          = Portrait of Jacob Lawrence LCCN2004663191.jpg
| caption       = Lawrence in 1941
| birth_name    =
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1917|9|7}}
| birth_place   = [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], United States
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|2000|6|9|1917|9|7}}
| death_place   = [[Seattle, Washington]], United States
| nationality   = [[United States|American]]
| spouse        = {{marriage|[[Gwendolyn Knight]]|1941}}
| field         = Paintings portraying African-American life 
| training      = [[Harlem Community Art Center]]
| movement      =
| works         = ''[[The Migration Series]]''
| patrons       =
| influenced by =
| influenced    =
| achievements and awards =
}}
'''Jacob Armstead Lawrence''' (September 7, 1917 – June 9, 2000) was an American [[Painting|painter]] known for his portrayal of African-American historical subjects and contemporary life. Lawrence referred to his style as "dynamic [[cubism]]", an art form popularized in Europe which drew great inspiration from West African and Meso-American art. For his compositions, Lawrence found inspiration in everyday life in Harlem.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hughes | first = Robert | title= American Visions: The Epic History of Art in America | via=The Artchive | url = http://www.artchive.com/artchive/L/lawrence.html | access-date = August 17, 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071215165005/http://www.artchive.com/artchive/L/lawrence.html |archive-date=December 15, 2007 }}</ref> He brought the African-American experience to life using blacks and browns juxtaposed with vivid colors. He also taught and spent 16 years as a professor at the [[University of Washington]].

Lawrence is among the best known twentieth-century African-American painters, known for his modernist illustrations of everyday life as well as  narratives of African-American history and historical figures. At the age of 23 he gained national recognition with his 60-panel ''[[The Migration Series]]'', which depicted the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of African Americans from the rural South to the urban North. The series was purchased jointly by the [[Phillips Collection]] in Washington, D.C., and the [[Museum of Modern Art]] (MoMA) in New York. Lawrence's works are in the permanent collections of numerous museums, including the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]], the [[Whitney Museum]], [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the [[Brooklyn Museum]], the [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]], [[Reynolda House Museum of American Art]], and the [[Museum of Northwest Art]]. His 1947 painting ''The Builders'' hangs in the [[White House]].

== Biography ==
===Early years===
[[File:%22Douglass_argued_against_poor_Negroes_leaving_the_South%22_-_NARA_-_559103.jpg|thumb|left|''Douglass argued against poor Negroes leaving the South'']]
Jacob Lawrence was born September 7, 1917, in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], where his parents had migrated from the rural south. They divorced in 1924.<ref name=phillipsbio/> His mother put him and his two younger siblings into foster care in Philadelphia. When he was 13, he and his siblings moved to [[New York City]], where he reconnected with his mother in Harlem. Lawrence was introduced to art shortly after that when their mother enrolled him in after-school classes at an arts and crafts settlement house in Harlem, called Utopia Children's Center, in an effort to keep him busy. The young Lawrence often drew patterns with crayons. In the beginning, he copied the patterns of his mother's carpets.
[[File:Jacob_Lawrence_demonstration_at_Lincoln_School_-_NARA_-_559174.jpg|right|thumb|Lawrence teaching school children at the Abraham Lincoln School]]

After dropping out of school at 16, Lawrence worked in a laundromat and a printing plant. He continued with art, attending classes at the Harlem Art Workshop, taught by the noted African-American artist [[Charles Alston]]. Alston urged him to attend the [[Harlem Community Art Center]], led by the sculptor [[Augusta Savage]]. Savage secured a scholarship to the [[American Artists School]] for Lawrence and a paid position with the [[Works Progress Administration]], established during the Great Depression by the administration of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Lawrence continued his studies as well, working with Alston and [[Henry Bannarn]], another [[Harlem Renaissance]] artist, in the Alston-Bannarn workshop. He also studied at Harlem Art Workshop in New York in 1937. Harlem provided crucial training for the majority of Black artists in the United States. Lawrence was one of the first artists trained in and by the African-American community in Harlem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whitney.org/www/jacoblawrence/meet/early_childhood.html|title=Jacob Lawrence: Exploring Stories: Early Childhood |website=Whitney Museum of American Art |access-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523041258/http://whitney.org/www/jacoblawrence/meet/early_childhood.html|archive-date=May 23, 2016|url-status=live | date= 2002}}</ref> Throughout his lengthy artistic career, Lawrence concentrated on exploring the history and struggles of African Americans.

The "hard, bright, brittle" aspects of [[Harlem]] during the [[Great Depression]] inspired Lawrence as much as the colors, shapes, and patterns inside the homes of its residents. "Even in my mother's home," Lawrence told historian Paul Karlstrom, "people of my mother's generation would decorate their homes in all sorts of color... so you'd think in terms of [[Matisse]]."<ref>{{cite book|title=Challenge of the Modern: African-American Artists 1925–1945|date=2003|publisher=The Studio Museum in Harlem, New York|isbn=0-942949-24-2|volume=1|location=New York, NY}}</ref> He used water-based media throughout his career. Lawrence started to gain some notice for his dramatic and lively portrayals of both contemporary scenes of African-American urban life as well as historical events, all of which he depicted in crisp shapes, bright, clear colors, dynamic patterns, and through revealing posture and gestures.<ref name=phillipsbio>{{Cite web|url=http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/bios/lawrence-bio.htm|title=Jacob Lawrence - Bio|website=Phillips Collection|access-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523155533/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/bios/lawrence-bio.htm|archive-date=May 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Career ===
[[File:Toussaint at Ennery 1989.jpeg|right|thumb|''[[Toussaint Louverture|Toussaint]] at Ennery'', 1989]]
At the very start of his career he developed the approach that made his reputation and remained his touchstone: creating series of paintings that told a story or, less often, depicted many aspects of a subject. His first were biographical accounts of key figures of the African diaspora. He was just 21 years old when his series of 41 paintings of the Haitian general [[Toussaint Louverture|Toussaint L’Ouverture]], who led the revolution of the slaves that eventually gained independence, was shown in an exhibit of African-American artists at the [[Baltimore Museum of Art]]. This was followed by a series of paintings of the lives of [[Harriet Tubman]] (1938–39) and [[Frederick Douglass]] (1939–40). His early work involved general depictions of everyday life in Harlem and also a major series dedicated to [[African-American history]] (1940–1941).

His teacher Charles Alston assesses Lawrence's work in an essay for an exhibition at the Harlem YMCA 1938:<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BMiFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | page = 36 | title = Painting Harlem Modern: The Art of Jacob Lawrence | first = Patricia | last = Hills | publisher = University of California Press | date = 2019 | isbn = 9780520305502 | access-date = August 26, 2020 | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093349/https://books.google.com/books?id=BMiFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 | url-status = live }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Having thus far miraculously escaped the imprint of academic ideas and current vogues in art,... he has followed a course of development dictated by his own inner motivations... Working in the very limited medium of flat tempera he achieved a richness and brilliance of color harmonies both remarkable and exciting... Lawrence symbolizes more than anyone I know, the vitality, the seriousness and promise of a new and socially conscious generation of Negro artists.}}

On July 24, 1941, Lawrence married the painter [[Gwendolyn Knight]], also a student of Savage. She helped prepare the [[gesso]] panels for his paintings and contributed to the captions for the paintings in his multi-painting works.<ref>{{cite web | access-date = August 25, 2020 | title = Exploring Stories: Picturing Narratives | url-status= live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180323231350/http://whitney.org/www/jacoblawrence/meet/picturing_narratives.html | archive-date= March 23, 2018 | url = https://whitney.org/www/jacoblawrence/meet/picturing_narratives.html | website= Whitney Museum of American Art | date= 2002}}</ref>

==== ''The Migration Series'' ====
Lawrence completed the 60-panel set of narrative paintings entitled ''The Migration of the Negro'' or ''And the Migrants Kept Coming'',<ref name=umich>{{cite web | url = https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/24681 | title = Jacob Lawrence, ''Hiroshima Series'' | website = [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]] | access-date = 30 October 2020 }}</ref> now called the ''[[Migration Series]]'', in 1940–41. The series portrayed the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], when hundreds of thousands of African Americans moved from the rural South to the urban North after [[World War I]]. Because he was working in [[tempera]], which dries rapidly, he planned all the paintings in advance and then applied a single color wherever he was using it across all the scenes to maintain tonal consistency. Only then did he proceed to the next color. The series was exhibited at the [[Edith Halpert|Downtown Gallery]] in Greenwich Village, which made him the first African-American artist represented by a New York gallery. This brought him national recognition.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/migration-series |title= Migration Series | access-date = August 18, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140613045134/http://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/migration-series |archive-date=June 13, 2014 |publisher = Phillips Collection}}</ref> Selections from this series were featured in a 1941 issue of ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]''. The entire series was purchased jointly and divided by the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., which holds the odd-numbered paintings, and New York's Museum of Modern Art, which holds the even-numbered.

Another biographical series of twenty-two panels devoted to the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]] followed in 1941–42. When these pairings became too fragile to display, Lawrence, working on commission, recreated the paintings as a portfolio of silkscreen prints in 1977.<ref name=smith>{{cite web | access-date = August 26, 2020 | url = https://americanart.si.edu/education/oh-freedom/jacob-lawrence-john-brown | website = Smithsonian American Art Museum | title = Oh Freedom! Jacob Lawrence | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093349/https://americanart.si.edu/education/oh-freedom/jacob-lawrence-john-brown | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 1943, [[Howard Devree]], wrote for ''[[The New York Times]]'', that Lawrence in his next series of thirty images had "even more successfully concentrated his attention on the many-sided life of his people in Harlem". He called the set "an amazing social document" and wrote:<ref>{{cite news | work = The New York Times | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/05/16/issue.html | date = May 16, 1943 | access-date = August 25, 2020 | title = From a Reviewer's Notebook | first = Howard | last = Devree | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093350/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1943/05/16/issue.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Lawrence's color is fittingly vivid for his interpretations. A strong semi-abstract approach aids him in arriving at his basic or archetypal statements. Confronting this work one feels as if vouchsafed an extraordinary elemental experience. Lawrence has grown in his use of rhythm as well as in sheer design and fluency.}}

==== World War II ====
In October 1943, during the [[Second World War]], Lawrence was drafted into the [[United States Coast Guard]] and served as a public affairs specialist with the first racially integrated crew on the [[USCGC Sea Cloud (WPG-284)|USCGC ''Sea Cloud'']], under [[Carlton Skinner]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/history/FAQS/Jacob_Lawrence.html|title=Jacob Lawrence, USCG biography|access-date=March 3, 2008|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006151625/http://www.uscg.mil/history/FAQS/Jacob_Lawrence.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He continued to paint and sketch while in the Coast Guard, documenting the experience of war around the world. He produced 48 paintings during this time, all of which have been lost. He achieved the rank of [[petty officer third class]].

====Lost works====
In October and November 1944, [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMA]] exhibited all 60 migration panels plus 8 of the paintings Lawrence created aboard the ''Sea Cloud''. He posed, still in his uniform, in front of a sign that read: "Jacob Lawrence, The Migration Series and Works Created in the US Coast Guard". The Coast Guard sent the eight paintings to exhibits around the United States. In the disorder and personnel changes that came with demobilization at the end of the war they went missing.

==== Post-war ====
In 1945, he was awarded a fellowship in the fine arts by the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]].<ref name=gug/>
In 1946, [[Josef Albers]] recruited Lawrence to join the faculty of the summer art program at [[Black Mountain College]].<ref>{{cite book | page= 638 | title = American Education, the Metropolitan Experience, 1876-1980 | first = Lawrence | last = Cremin | author-link = Lawrence Cremin | date = 1988 | publisher = Harper & Row}}</ref>

Returning to New York, Lawrence continued to paint but grew depressed; in 1949, he checked himself into Hillside Hospital in Queens, where he remained for eleven months. Painting there, he produced his Hospital Series: works that were uncharacteristic of him in their focus of his subjects' emotional states as inpatients.

Between 1954 and 1956 Lawrence produced a 30-panel series called "Struggle: From the History of the American People" that depicted historical scenes from 1775 to 1817. The series, originally planned to include sixty panels, ranges from references to current events like the 1954 [[Army-McCarthy hearings]] and relatively obscure or neglected aspects of American history, like a woman, [[Margaret Cochran Corbin]], in combat or the wall built by unseen enslaved Blacks that protected the American forces at the [[Battle of New Orleans]].<ref>{{cite news | date= September 17, 2020|last1=Elujoba |first1=Yinka |title=Jacob Lawrence, Peering Through History's Cracks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/arts/design/jacob-lawrence-metropolitan-museum.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Rather than traditional titles, Lawrence labeled each panel with a quote. He titled a panel depicting Patrick Henry's [[Give me liberty or give me death!|famous speech]] with the less well-known passage: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery." A panel depicting an African American slave revolt is titled with the words of a man who sued for emancipation from slavery in 1773: "We have no property! We have no wives! No children! We have no city! No country!"<ref>{{cite news | access-date = October 22, 2020 | url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/how-jacob-lawrence-painted-radical-history-struggle-180974072/ | work = Smithsonian Magazine | date= January 28, 2020 | first = Brigit | last= Katz | title = How Jacob Lawrence Painted a Radical History of the American Struggle }}</ref> The fraught politics of the mid-1950s prevented the series from finding a museum purchaser, and the panels had been sold to a private collector who re-sold them as individual works.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sheets |first1=Hilarie M. |title=Jacob Lawrence Painting, Missing for Decades, Is Found by Met Visitor | date= October 21, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/21/arts/design/jacob-lawrence-painting-found.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Three panels (Panels 14, 20 and 29) are lost, and three others were only located in 2017, 2020, and 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/01/arts/design/jacob-lawrence-painting-resurfaces.html|title=Lightning Strikes Twice: Another Lost Jacob Lawrence Surfaces|first=Hilarie M.|last=Sheets|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 1, 2021}}</ref>

The [[Brooklyn Museum of Art]] mounted a retrospective exhibition of Lawrence's work in 1960.<ref name=nytobit/> In 1969, he was among 200 Black artists in a premier show sponsored by the Philadelphia School District and the Pennsylvania Civic Center Museum. The show featured some of the top names in the country, including [[Ellen Powell Tiberino]], [[Horace Pippin]], [[Nancy Elizabeth Prophet]], [[Barbara Bullock]], Jacob Lawrence, [[Benny Andrews]], [[Roland Ayers]], [[Romare Bearden]], [[Avel de Knight]], [[Barkley L. Hendricks|Barkley Hendricks]], Paul Keene, [[Raymond Saunders (artist)|Raymond Saunders]], [[Louis B. Sloan]], [[Ed Wilson (artist)|Ed Wilson]], [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]] and [[Joshua Johnson (painter)|Joshua Johnson]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Donohoe |first=Victoria |date=1969-12-14 |title=Impressive Exhibit by Afro-Americans |work=Philadelphia Inquirer |agency=via newspapers.com. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/169131720/ |access-date=2023-01-13}}</ref>

==== Publications ====
Lawrence illustrated several works for children. ''Harriet and the Promised Land'' appeared in 1968 and used the series of paintings that told the story of Harriet Tubman.<ref>{{cite news | work = [[The New York Times]] | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/17/317683372.html | date = November 17, 1968 | access-date = August 17, 2020 | first = Hilton | last = Kramer | title = For Young Readers | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093350/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1968/11/17/317683372.html | url-status = live }}</ref> It was listed as one of the year's best illustrated books by ''The New York Times'' and praised by the ''Boston Globe'': "The author's artistic talents, sensitivity and insight into the black experience have resulted in a book that actually creates, within the reader, a spiritual experience." Two similar volumes based on his John Brown and Great Migration series followed.<ref>{{cite news | work = The New York Times | access-date = August 17, 2020 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/02/13/059048.html | date = February 13, 1994 | title = Children's Books; Black History | first = Connie | last = Porter | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093351/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1994/02/13/059048.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Lawrence created illustrations for a selection of 18 of [[Aesop's Fables]] for Windmill Press in 1970, and the [[University of Washington Press]] published the full set of 23 tales in 1998.<ref>{{cite news | work =The New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/15/books/children-s-books-bookshelf-891088.html | access-date = August 17, 2020 | date = March 15, 1998 | title = Children's Books; Bookshelf }}</ref>

==== Teaching and late works ====
Lawrence taught at several schools after his first stint teaching at Black Mountain College, including the [[New School for Social Research]], the [[Art Students League]], [[Pratt Institute]],<ref>{{cite book | page = 148 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ite8ZY4qRggC&pg=PA148 | title = Tales from the Easel: American Narrative Paintings from Southeastern Museums, Circa 1800-1950 | date = 2004 | publisher = University of Georgia Press | first = Charles C. | last = Eldredge |isbn = 9780820325699| access-date = August 26, 2020 | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093403/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ite8ZY4qRggC&pg=PA148 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | access-date = August 18, 2020 | work =The New York Times | date = November 14, 1970 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/14/archives/jacob-lawrence-is-named-professor-of-art-at-pratt.html | title = Jacob Lawrence Is Named Professor of Art at Pratt | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093417/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/14/archives/jacob-lawrence-is-named-professor-of-art-at-pratt.html | url-status = live }}</ref> and the [[Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture|Skowhegan School]].<ref>{{cite book | page= 176 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih5ePspKSeAC&pg=PA176 | title= The African-American Century: How Black Americans Have Shaped Our Country | date= 2002 | publisher= Simon & Schuster | first1= Henry Louis Jr. | last1= Gates | first2= Cornel | last2= West |isbn = 9780684864150| access-date= August 26, 2020 | archive-date= September 28, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093416/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih5ePspKSeAC&pg=PA176 | url-status= live }}</ref> He became a visiting artist at the University of Washington in 1970 and was professor of art there from 1971 to 1986.<ref name=nytobit/> He was graduate advisor there to lithographer and abstract painter [[James Claussen]].<ref>[http://www.jamesclaussen.com/about-james-claussen.html About James Claussen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801234534/http://www.jamesclaussen.com/about-james-claussen.html |date=August 1, 2020 }}, Website of James Claussen. Retrieved January 6, 2020.</ref>

Shortly after moving to Washington state, Lawrence did a series of five paintings on the westward journey of African-American pioneer [[George Washington Bush]]. These paintings are now in the collection of the [[State of Washington History Museum]].<ref>Program for ''Making a Life | Creating a World'', [[Northwest African American Museum]], 2008.</ref>

He undertook several major commissions in this part of his career. In 1980, he completed ''Exploration'', a 40-foot-long mural made of porcelain on steel, comprising a dozen panels devoted to academic endeavor. It was installed in Howard University's Blackburn Center. The ''Washington Post'' described it as "enormously sophisticated yet wholly unpretentious " and said:<ref>{{cite news | newspaper = Washington Post | access-date = August 18, 2020 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1980/12/04/the-artists-universe/c8c1cdee-c998-4ada-8ee3-b96642d82f03/ | title = The Artist's Universe | date = December 4, 1980 | first = Paul | last = Richard }}</ref>
{{Blockquote| The colors are completely flat, but because the porcelain is layered, and because Lawrence here and there paints in strong black shadows, his mural has the look of a rich relief. It is full of visual rhymes. The small scene of John Henry, the steel drivin' man, in the final panel is echoed by an image of a sculptor in the art scene: He is hammering another spike, for quite different reasons, into a block of stone. This is not art that one tires of, for it is not the sort of work one can read at once.}}

Lawrence produced another series in 1983, eight screen prints called the ''Hiroshima Series''. Commissioned to provide full-page illustrations for a new edition of a work of his choice, Lawrence chose [[John Hersey]]'s ''Hiroshima'' (1946). He depicted in abstract visual language several survivors at the moment of the bombing in the midst of physical and emotional destruction.<ref name=umich/><ref>{{cite web | access-date = October 30, 2020 | website = Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts | url = https://www.pafa.org/museum/exhibitions/jacob-lawrences-hiroshima | title = Jacob Lawrence's Hiroshima| date = May 3, 2019 }}</ref>

Lawrence's painting ''Theater'' was commissioned by the University of Washington in 1985 and installed in the main lobby of the [[Meany Hall for the Performing Arts]].<ref>{{cite web | access-date = August 17, 2020 | url = https://meanycenter.org/visit/venues/meany-hall-performing-arts | website = Meany Center for the Performing Arts, University of Washington | title = Meany Hall for the Performing Arts | date = August 19, 2013 | archive-date = August 20, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180820083009/https://meanycenter.org/visit/venues/meany-hall-performing-arts | url-status = live }}</ref>

In the early 1990s Lawrence was commissioned to paint the ''[[Events in the Life of Harold Washington]]'' mural in Chicago's [[Harold Washington Library]].

===Last years and death===
The [[Whitney Museum of American Art]] produced an exhibition of Lawrence's entire career in 1974, as did the [[Seattle Art Museum]] in 1986.<ref name=nytobit/>

In 1999, he and his wife established the Jacob and Gwendolyn Lawrence Foundation for the creation, presentation and study of American art, with a particular emphasis on work by African-American artists.<ref name=nytobit>{{Cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/arts/jacob-lawrence-dead-82-vivid-painter-who-chronicled-odyssey-black-americans.html | access-date = August 16, 2020 | work = [[The New York Times]] | title = Jacob Lawrence Is Dead at 82; Vivid Painter Who Chronicled Odyssey of Black Americans | first = Holland | last = Cotter | author-link = Holland Cotter | date = June 10, 2000 | archive-date = August 26, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200826025412/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/10/arts/jacob-lawrence-dead-82-vivid-painter-who-chronicled-odyssey-black-americans.html | url-status = live }}</ref> It represents their estates<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/ |title=The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation website |access-date=July 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516195626/http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/ |archive-date=May 16, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and maintains a searchable archive of nearly a thousand images of their work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/artandlife04.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707031429/http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/artandlife04.html|url-status=dead|title=The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation Website's Searchable Archive|archive-date=July 7, 2008}}</ref>

Lawrence continued to paint until a few weeks before his death from [[lung cancer]] on June 9, 2000, at the age of 82.<ref name=nytobit/>

== Personal life ==
Lawrence's wife, [[Gwendolyn Knight]], outlived him and died in 2005 at the age of 91.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/obituaries/27knight.html |first=Christopher |last=Lehmann-Haupt |title=Gwendolyn Knight, 91, Artist Who Blossomed Late in Life, Is Dead|newspaper=The New York Times|date= February 27, 2005 |access-date=February 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211123228/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/obituaries/27knight.html |archive-date=December 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
* 1945: Awarded a fellowship in the fine arts by the [[John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|Guggenheim Foundation]]<ref name=gug>{{cite web |url = https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/jacob-lawrence/ |title = Jacob Lawrence |access-date = August 18, 2020 |website = John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |archive-date = September 28, 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093415/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/jacob-lawrence/ |url-status = live }}</ref>
* 1970: Awarded the [[Spingarn Medal]] by the [[NAACP]] for his outstanding achievements<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YcGvB-9FALgC | page = 422 | access-date = August 18, 2020 | title = African-American Firsts: Famous, Little-known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America | date = 1994 | publisher = Pinto Press | isbn = 9780758241665 | archive-date = September 28, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200928093415/https://books.google.com/books?id=YcGvB-9FALgC | url-status = live }}</ref>
* 1971: Elected an associate member of the [[National Academy of Design]]
* 1978: Elected a member of the National Academy of Design
* 1983: Elected a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
* 1990: Awarded the U.S. [[National Medal of Arts]]
* 1995: Elected a fellow of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter L|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 14, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104413/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterL.pdf|archive-date=July 8, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> 
* 1996: The Meadows School of the Arts at [[Southern Methodist University]] awarded him the Algur H. Meadows Award for Excellence.<ref name="SMU">{{cite web|url=http://smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/m2017a.html|title=RECIPIENTS OF THE ALGUR H. MEADOWS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN THE ARTS|publisher=SMU News|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609143025/http://www.smu.edu/newsinfo/releases/m2017a.html|archive-date=June 9, 2007}}</ref>
* 1998: Awarded the highest honor of Washington state, [[The Washington Medal of Merit]]

The eighteen institutions that awarded Lawrence honorary degrees include [[Harvard University]], [[Yale University]], [[Howard University]], [[Amherst College]], and [[New York University]].<ref name=nytobit/>

== Legacy ==

''The New York Times'' described him as "one of America's leading modern figurative painters" and "among the most impassioned visual chroniclers of the African-American experience."<ref name="nytobit" /> Shortly before his death he stated: "...for me, a painting should have three things: universality, clarity and strength. Clarity and strength so that it may be aesthetically good. Universality so that it may be understood by all men."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Genius: Inspirational Portraits of America's Black Leaders|last=Russell|first=Dick|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|year=2009|isbn=978-1626366466|pages=100}}</ref>

A retrospective exhibition of Lawrence's work, planned before his death, opened at the Phillips Collection in May 2001 and travelled to the [[Whitney Museum of American Art]], the [[Detroit Institute of Arts|Detroit Institute of Fine Arts]], the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], and the [[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]].<ref>{{cite press release | publisher = The Phillips Collection | access-date = August 19, 2020 | url = http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/2aa/2aa472.htm | title = Over the Line: The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence | via = Traditional Arts Organization Inc | archive-date = August 1, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200801111721/http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/2aa/2aa472.htm | url-status = live }}</ref> The exhibit was meant to coincide with the publication of ''Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, and Murals (1935-1999), A Catalogue Raisonne''.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Nesbett |first1= Peter T. | last2= DuBose |first2=Michelle |date= 2001| publisher= University of Washington Press| title=Jacob Lawrence: Paintings, Drawings, and Murals (1935–1999): A Catalogue Raisonné }}</ref> His last commissioned public work, the mosaic mural ''New York in Transit'' made of [[Murano]] glass was installed in October 2001 in the [[Times Square–42nd Street station|Times Square subway station]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/artwork_show?27 | title =New York in Transit, Jacob Lawrence (2001) | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305194044/http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/artwork_show?27 |archive-date=March 5, 2009 | website= NYC Subway Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | work =The New York Times | access-date = August 18, 2020 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/06/arts/for-jacob-lawrence-a-subway-showcase.html | date = November 6, 2001 | first = Lawrence | last = Van Gelder | title = For Jacob Lawrence, a Subway Showcase | archive-date = March 6, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160306172956/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/06/arts/for-jacob-lawrence-a-subway-showcase.html | url-status = live }}</ref>

In 2005, ''Dixie Café'', a 1948 brush-and-ink drawing by Lawrence, was selected to suggest The [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] in a U.S. postage stamp panel commemorating milestones of the Civil Rights Movement. The stamp sheet was called ''To Form A More Perfect Union.''<ref>''The 2005 Commemorative Stamp Yearbook'', United States Postal Service, p 44-47, HarperCollins Publishers, New York, NY</ref>

In May 2007, the [[White House Historical Association]] purchased Lawrence's ''The Builders'' (1947) at auction for $2.5 million. The painting has hung in the White House [[Green Room (White House)|Green Room]] since 2009.<ref>{{cite news | first=Jacqueline |last=Trescott | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091902423.html |title= Green Room Makeover Incorporates a Colorful Past | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705221724/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/19/AR2007091902423.html |archive-date=July 5, 2009 |newspaper= Washington Post | date= September 20, 2007 | access-date = December 29, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | access-date = August 26, 2020 | date = November 15, 2018 | url = https://www.culturetype.com/2018/11/15/crushing-decade-old-auction-record-the-businessmen-by-jacob-lawrence-soars-to-6-1-million-placing-him-among-the-most-expensive-african-american-artists/ | website = Culture Type | first = Victoria L. | last = Valentine | title = Crushing Decade-Old Auction Record, 'The Businessmen' by Jacob Lawrence Soars to $6.1 Million, Placing Him Among the Most Expensive African American Artists | archive-date = July 22, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200722174543/https://www.culturetype.com/2018/11/15/crushing-decade-old-auction-record-the-businessmen-by-jacob-lawrence-soars-to-6-1-million-placing-him-among-the-most-expensive-african-american-artists/ | url-status = live }}</ref>

The [[Seattle Art Museum]] offers the Gwendolyn Knight and Jacob Lawrence Fellowship, a $10,000 award to "individuals whose original work reflects the Lawrences' concern with artistic excellence, education, mentorship and scholarship within the cultural contexts and value systems that informed their work and the work of other artists of color."<ref>Seattle Art Museum, [http://seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/fellowship.asp About the Gwendolyn Knight & Jacob Lawrence Fellowship] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613090159/http://seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/fellowship.asp |date=June 13, 2010 }}, 2009.</ref>
The Jacob Lawrence Gallery at the [[University of Washington School of Art + Art History + Design]] offers an annual Jacob Lawrence Legacy Residency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crosscut.com/2019/02/jacob-lawrence-and-art-radical-imagination|title=Jacob Lawrence and the art of radical imagination|last=Bryan|first=Mason|website=crosscut.com|language=en|access-date=November 8, 2019|archive-date=November 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108222709/https://crosscut.com/2019/02/jacob-lawrence-and-art-radical-imagination|url-status=live}}</ref>

His work is in the permanent collections of numerous museums, including the [[British Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=print {{!}} British Museum|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_2017-7071-1|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The British Museum|language=en}}</ref> the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], the Smithsonian American Art Museum,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Captain Skinner {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/captain-skinner-31685|access-date=2021-01-26|website=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}</ref> the Museum of Modern Art, the [[Whitney Museum]], the [[Phillips Collection]], the [[Brooklyn Museum]], the [[National Gallery of Art]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/ggafamer/ggafamer-79459.html|title=Tour: African American Artists: Collection Highlights|publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]]|access-date=April 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214063141/http://www.nga.gov/collection/gallery/ggafamer/ggafamer-79459.html|archive-date=February 14, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Reynolda House Museum of American Art]], the [[Art Institute of Chicago|Art Institute Chicago]], the [[Madison Museum of Contemporary Art]], the [[Kalamazoo Institute of Arts]], the [[Minneapolis Institute of Art]], the [[Minnesota Museum of American Art]], the [[SCAD Museum of Art|Savannah College of Art and Design Museum]], the [[Seattle Art Museum]], the [[Birmingham Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Lawrence|url=https://www.artsbma.org/collection/builders-no-1/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.artsbma.org}}</ref> the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Untitled (The Birth)|url=http://collection.imamuseum.org/artwork/56264/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Indianapolis Museum of Art Online Collection|language=en}}</ref> the [[University of Michigan Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exchange: Hiroshima Series|url=https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/resources/40729|access-date=2021-01-26|website=exchange.umma.umich.edu}}</ref> the [[North Carolina Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forward – NCMALearn|url=https://learn.ncartmuseum.org/artwork/forward/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=learn.ncartmuseum.org}}</ref> the [[Princeton University Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1920's...The Migrants Arrive and Cast Their Ballots (x1976-286)|url=https://artmuseum.princeton.edu/collections/objects/13329|access-date=2021-01-26|website=artmuseum.princeton.edu|language=en}}</ref> the [[Vatican Museums|Musei Vaticani]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Lawrence, Builders n. 1|url=http://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/collezione-d_arte-contemporanea/sale-28-e-29--il-secondo-novecento-negli-stati-uniti/jacob-lawrence--builders-n--1.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.museivaticani.va|language=en}}</ref> the [[University of Washington College of Engineering|Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jacob Lawrence {{!}} Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering|url=https://www.cs.washington.edu/art/JacobLawrence|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.cs.washington.edu}}</ref> the [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-28|title=Jacob Lawrence, "Dream Series #5: The Library " (1967)|url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/dream-series-5-library|access-date=2021-01-26|website=PAFA - Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts|language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Saint Louis Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Builders #1|url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/21216/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Saint Louis Art Museum|language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Virginia Museum of Fine Arts]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-11-30|title=November 2011 Acquisitions - VMFA Press Room|url=https://www.vmfa.museum/pressroom/news/november-2011-acquisitions/|access-date=2021-01-26|language=en-US}}</ref> the [[Studio Museum in Harlem]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-31|title=The Architect|url=https://studiomuseum.org/collection-item/architect|access-date=2021-01-26|website=The Studio Museum in Harlem|language=en}}</ref> the [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Taboo|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/150132.html|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.philamuseum.org}}</ref> the [[Portland Art Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 1920's...The Migrants Arrive and Cast Their Ballots, from the Kent Bicentennial Portfolio: Spirit of Independence|url=http://portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=13705;type=101|access-date=2021-01-26|website=portlandartmuseum.us}}</ref> the [[Hudson River Museum]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Object of the Month: Jacob Lawrence|url=https://www.hrm.org/events/object-of-the-month-jacob-lawrence/|access-date=2021-01-26|website=Hudson River Museum|language=en}}</ref> and [[The Walker Art Center]] in Minneapolis.

== See also ==
* [[List of African-American visual artists]]
* [[List of Federal Art Project artists]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

;Further reading
* Bearden, Romare, and Henderson, Harry. ''A History of African-American Artists (From 1792 to the Present)'', pp.&nbsp;293–314, Pantheon Books (Random House), 1993, {{ISBN|0-394-57016-2}}
* Caro, Julie Levin, and Jeff Arnal, eds (2019). ''Between Form and Content : Perspectives on Jacob Lawrence   + Black Mountain College''.  Asheville, N.C.: Black Mountain College Museum +   Arts Center. {{ISBN|1532372930}}.
*Caro, Julie Levin and Storm Janse van Rensburg, ed. (2020). ''Jacob Lawrence : Lines of Influence''. Zurich, Switzerland : Scheidegger & Spiess ; Savannah, Georgia : SCAD Museum of Art. {{ISBN|3858818259}}.
*Dickerman, Leah, Elsa Smithgall, Elizabeth Alexander, Rita Dove, Nikky Finney, Terrance Hayes, Tyehimba Jess, et al. (2015). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Migration Series''. New York, New York: Museum of Modern Art. {{ISBN|9780870709647}}.
*Driskell, David C, and Patricia Hills. (2008). ''Jacob Lawrence : Moving Forward Paintings, 1936–1999''. New York: DC Moore Gallery. {{ISBN|0981525016}}.
*Hills, Patricia&nbsp; (2019). ''Painting Harlem Modern : The Art of Jacob Lawrence''. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520305502}}
* {{cite journal |title=Jacob Lawrence |journal=American Art |date=1994 |volume=8 |issue=3/4 |pages=134–136 |doi=10.1086/424229 |jstor=3109178 |s2cid=222326156 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=Jacob |last2=Nicholas |first2=Xavier |title=Interview with Jacob Lawrence |journal=Callaloo |date=2013 |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=260–267 |doi=10.1353/cal.2013.0087 |jstor=24264907 |s2cid=162209761 }}
*Miles, J. H., Davis, J. J., Ferguson-Roberts, S. E., and Giles, R. G. (2001). ''<nowiki>Almanac of {{African American Heritage</nowiki>'', Paramus, NJ: Prentice Hall Press.
*Nesbett, Peter T, Michelle DuBois, and Patricia Hills. (2000). ''Over the Line : The Art and Life of Jacob Lawrence''. The Complete Jacob Lawrence. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press in association with Jacob Lawrence Catalogue Raisonné Project. {{ISBN|9780295979656}}.
*Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills (2005). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Complete Prints (1963–2000) : A Catalogue Raisonné''. 2nd ed. Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780295985596}}.
*Nesbett, Peter T., and Patricia Hills. (1994). ''Jacob Lawrence : Thirty Years of Prints (1963–1993): A Catalogue Raisonné''. Seattle: Francine Seders Gallery in association with University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780295973579}}. 
* {{cite journal |last1=Ott |first1=John |title=Battle Station MoMA: Jacob Lawrence and the Desegregation of the Armed Forces and the Art World |journal=American Art |date=September 2015 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=58–89 |doi=10.1086/684920 |s2cid=163759421 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=Richard J. |title=Jacob Lawrence: Keep on Movin' |journal=American Art |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=90–93 |doi=10.1086/444635 |jstor=3109375 |s2cid=192169029 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sheehan |first1=Tanya |title=Confronting Taboo: Photography and the Art of Jacob Lawrence |journal=American Art |date=September 2014 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=28–51 |doi=10.1086/679707 |s2cid=222326922 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stewart |first1=Marta Reid |title=Women in the Works: A Psychobiographical Interpretation of Jacob Lawrence's Portrayal of Women as Icons of Black Modernism |journal=Source: Notes in the History of Art |date=2005 |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=56–66 |doi=10.1086/sou.24.4.23207950 |jstor=23207950 |s2cid=191379974 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Stovall |first1=Lou |title=Working with Jacob Lawrence: An Elegy |journal=Columbia: A Journal of Literature and Art |date=2002 |issue=36 |pages=192–198 |jstor=41808150 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Thompson–Dodd |first1=Jacci |title=Jacob Lawrence: Recent Work |journal=International Review of African American Art |volume=14 |issue=1 |date=January 1997 |pages=10–13 }}
* {{cite book | title =Jacob Lawrence: The American Struggle | editor-first1= Elizabeth Hutton | editor-last1= Turner | editor-first2=Austen Barron |editor-last2=Bailly | publisher = Peabody Essex Museum | date= 2019 | isbn= 9780875772370 }}
*Turner, Elizabeth Hutton, ed., Lonnie G Bunch III, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., et al. (1993)''. Jacob Lawrence: The Migration Series''. 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Rappahannock Press, in association with the Phillips Collection. {{ISBN|9780963612915}}. 
* {{cite journal |last1=Wheat |first1=Ellen Harkins |title=Jacob Lawrence and the Legacy of Harlem |journal=Archives of American Art Journal |date=1990 |volume=30 |issue=1/4 |pages=119–126 |doi=10.1086/aaa.30.1_4.1557650 |jstor=1557650 |s2cid=192678126 }}
*Wheat, Ellen Harkins (1991). ''Jacob Lawrence : The Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman Series of 1938–40''. Hampton, Va.: Hampton University Museum; Seattle : in association with University of Washington Press. {{ISBN|9780961698249}}.
*Wheat, Ellen Harkins, and Patricia Hills (1986). ''Jacob Lawrence, American Painter''. Seattle: University of Washington Press in association with the Seattle Art Museum. {{ISBN|9780295970110}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jacob Lawrence}}
{{Wikiquote|Jacob Lawrence}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/3418|title=Jacob Lawrence {{!}} MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art|access-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514003425/http://www.moma.org/collection/artists/3418|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214120834/http://www.queensmuseum.org/education/ps144/gallery/jl-sum.html "Jacob Lawrence"], [[Queens Museum of Art]] website; includes reproductions of several prints from the ''[[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]]'' series.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080516195626/http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/ The Jacob and Gwendolyn Knight Lawrence Foundation website], works at Phillips Collection
*[http://artandsocialissues.cmaohio.org/web-content/pages/race_lawrence_ins.html Jacob Lawrence, ''Interior Scene''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003122936/http://artandsocialissues.cmaohio.org/web-content/pages/race_lawrence_ins.html |date=October 3, 2011 }} (1937), Columbus Museum of Art, Ohio

{{Jacob Lawrence|state=expanded}}
{{Spingarn Medal}}
{{National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Jacob}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American painters]]
[[Category:20th-century American male artists]]
[[Category:20th-century American painters]]
[[Category:20th-century American printmakers]]
[[Category:African-American printmakers]]
[[Category:American male painters]]
[[Category:American social realist artists]]
[[Category:American tempera painters]]
[[Category:Art Students League of New York faculty]]
[[Category:Black Mountain College faculty]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Federal Art Project artists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters]]
[[Category:Painters from Seattle]]
[[Category:People from Atlantic City, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture alumni]]
[[Category:United States Coast Guard non-commissioned officers]]
[[Category:United States Coast Guard personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:United States National Medal of Arts recipients]]
[[Category:University of Washington faculty]]