Editing J. A. Hobson

{{Short description|English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism (1858–1940)}}
{{Other people|John Hobson}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{more citations|date=October 2024}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2012}}

{{Infobox economist
| name             = John A. Hobson
| school_tradition =[[Liberal socialism]]
| color            =
| image            = J. A. Hobson.jpg
| image_size       =
| caption          = Hobson in {{circa|1910}}
|birth_name        = John Atkinson Hobson
| birth_date       = 6 July 1858
| birth_place      = [[Derby]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1940|04|01|1858|07|06|df=yes}}
| death_place      = [[Hampstead]], London, England, United Kingdom
| institution      =
| field            = {{flatlist|
* [[Imperialism studies]]
* [[Poverty studies]]
}}
| alma_mater       = [[Lincoln College, Oxford]]
| influences       = {{flatlist|
* [[Henry George|George]]
* [[Henry Hyndman|Hyndman]]
* [[Albert F. Mummery|Mummery]]
}}
| contributions    = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Imperialism: A Study]]''
* [[Underconsumption]]
}}
| awards           =
| signature        = <!-- file name only -->
| repec_prefix     =  
| repec_id         =
}}
{{Imperialism Studies sidebar|People}}
'''John Atkinson Hobson''' (6 July 1858 – 1 April 1940) was an English [[economist]] and [[social science|social scientist]]. Hobson is best known for his writing on [[imperialism]], which influenced [[Vladimir Lenin]], and his theory of [[underconsumption]].<ref name=Allett/>

His principal and earliest contribution to economics was the theory of underconsumption, a scathing criticism of [[Say's law]] and classical economics' emphasis on thrift. However, this discredited Hobson among the professional economics community from which he was ultimately excluded. Other early work critiqued the classical theory of rent and anticipated the Neoclassical "marginal productivity" theory of distribution.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wood |first=J. C. |year=1983 |title=J. A. Hobson and British Imperialism |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=483–500 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1983.tb02414.x |doi-broken-date=1 March 2025 |jstor=3486245}}</ref>

After covering the [[Second Boer War]] as a correspondent for ''[[The Guardian|The Manchester Guardian]]'', he condemned British involvement in the war and characterised it as acting under the influence of mine owners. In a series of books, he explored the associations between imperialism and international conflict and asserted that imperial expansion is driven by a search for new markets and investment opportunities overseas. 

Later, he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the redistribution of income by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies. He opposed the First World War and advocated the formation of a world political body to prevent wars. Following the war, he became a reformist socialist.

==Life==
===Early life===
Hobson was born in [[Derby]] in [[Derbyshire]],<ref>John A. Hobson: Critical assessment of leading Economists. Edited by Robert D. and John C. Wood. 2003 Taylor and Francis. {{ISBN|0-415-31066-0}} p. 137</ref> the son of William Hobson, "a rather prosperous newspaper proprietor",<ref>Hobson, Lenin and anti-Imperialism, presented by [[Tristram Hunt]], BBC Radio 3, 6 March 2011</ref> and Josephine Atkinson. He was the brother of the mathematician [[E. W. Hobson|Ernest William Hobson]].

===Early career===
When Hobson relocated to London in 1887, England was in the midst of a major economic depression. While classical economics was at a loss to explain the vicious business cycles, London had many societies that proposed alternatives. While living in London, Hobson was exposed to the [[Social democracy|Social Democrats]] and [[Henry Hyndman|H.M. Hyndman]], [[Christian Socialists]], and [[Henry George]]'s [[Georgism|Single-tax]] system. He befriended several of the prominent [[Fabians]] who would found the [[London School of Economics]], some of whom he had known at [[Oxford]].<ref name="coats">{{cite book |last1=Coats |first1=Alfred William |author-link1=A.W. (Bob) Coats |title=The sociology and professionalization of economics |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=scZzGUjvLxIC&q=%22j+a+hobson%22+%22london+school+of+economics%22&pg=PA195 |access-date=5 October 2010 |volume=2 |year=1993 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page=195 |chapter=Alfred Marshall and the Early Development of the London School of Economics|isbn=9780203982648 }}</ref> However, none of these groups proved persuasive enough for Hobson; rather it was his collaboration with a friend, the businessman and mountain climber [[Albert F. Mummery]], that would produce Hobson's contribution to economics: [[Underconsumption|the theory of underconsumption]]. First described by Mummery and Hobson in the book ''Physiology of Industry'' (1889), underconsumption was a scathing criticism of [[Say's law]] and [[classical economics]]' emphasis on [[frugality|thrift]]. The forwardness of the book's conclusions discredited Hobson among the professional economics community. Ultimately he was excluded from the academic community.

During the very late 19th century, his works included ''Problems of Poverty'' (1891), ''Evolution of Modern Capitalism ''(1894), ''Problem of the Unemployed'' (1896) and ''John Ruskin: Social Reformer'' (1898). They developed Hobson's critique of the [[economic rent|classical theory of rent]] and his proposed generalization anticipated the Neoclassical "[[marginal productivity]]" theory of [[Income distribution|distribution]].<ref>The Latin Library. (n.d.). Notes on Hobson’s Imperialism. Retrieved December 28, 2024, from https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/imperialism/notes/hobson.html</ref>

===Boer War and imperialism===
Soon after this period Hobson was recruited by the editor of the newspaper ''The Manchester Guardian'' to be their South African correspondent. During his coverage of the Second Boer War, Hobson began to form the idea that [[imperialism]] was the direct result of the expanding forces of modern [[capitalism]]. He believed the mine owners, led by [[Cecil Rhodes]], wanted control of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]]. Accordingly, he believed they manipulated the British into fighting the Boers so that they could maximize their profits from mining.<ref>Hobson, Lenin and anti-Imperialism, Radio 3, 6 March 2011</ref> His return to England was marked by his strong condemnation of the conflict.

His publications during the next few years demonstrated an exploration of the associations between imperialism and international conflict. These works included ''War in South Africa'' (1900) and ''Psychology of Jingoism'' (1901). In what is arguably his magnum opus, ''[[Imperialism (Hobson)|Imperialism]]'' (1902), he espoused the opinion that imperial expansion is driven by a search for new markets and investment opportunities overseas. ''Imperialism'' gained Hobson an international reputation, and influenced such notable thinkers as [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]], and [[Hannah Arendt]]'s ''[[The Origins of Totalitarianism]]'' (1951).<ref>Imperial & Global Forum. (2015, January 12). Why should we still study J. A. Hobson’s *Imperialism*? Retrieved December 28, 2024, from https://imperialglobalexeter.com/2015/01/12/why-should-we-still-study-j-a-hobsons-imperialism/</ref>

In a 1902 ''Political Science Quarterly'' article, Hobson challenged numerous moral justifications for imperialism, including the notion that "less efficient" races benefitted from subordination to "more efficient" races.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hobson|first=J. A.|date=1902|title=The Scientific Basis of Imperialism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2140538|journal=Political Science Quarterly|volume=17|issue=3|pages=460–489|doi=10.2307/2140538|jstor=2140538 |issn=0032-3195}}</ref>

Hobson wrote for several other journals before writing his next major work, ''The Industrial System'' (1909). In this tract he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and [[underconsumption]], in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the [[redistribution of income]] by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies.

===First World War and later career===
Hobson's opposition to the [[World War I|First World War]] caused him to join the [[Union of Democratic Control]]. His advocacy for the formation of a world political body to prevent wars can be found in his piece ''Towards International Government'' (1914). However, he became staunchly opposed to the [[League of Nations]].

In 1919, Hobson joined the [[Independent Labour Party]]. This was soon followed by writings for socialist publications such as the ''New Leader'', the ''Socialist Review'' and the ''[[New Statesman]]''. During this period it became clear that Hobson favoured capitalist reformation over communist revolution. He was critical of the [[Labour Government 1929–1931|Labour Government elected in 1929]].

Hobson's autobiography ''Confessions of an Economic Heretic'' was published in 1938.

==Commentary on Hobson==
[[File:J. A. Hobson A vagyon tudománya.jpg|thumb|220px|right|J. A. Hobson: The Science of Wealth (Hungarian edition)]]

===Critical appraisal===
[[R. H. Tawney]] wrote the following in ''[[q:The Acquisitive Society|The Acquisitive Society]]'' (1920):

<blockquote>
The greater part of modern property has been attenuated to a pecuniary lien or bond on the product of industry which carries with it a right to payment, but which is normally valued precisely because it relieves the owner from any obligation to perform a positive or constructive function. Such property may be called passive property, or property for acquisition, for exploitation, or for power.... It is questionable, however, whether economists shall call it "Property" at all, and not rather, as Mr. Hobson has suggested, "Improperty," since it is not identical with the rights which secure the owner the produce of his toil, but is opposite of them.
</blockquote>

[[Vladimir Lenin|V.I. Lenin]], in ''[[Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism]]'' (1916)—which was probably his most influential work on later Marxian scholarship—made use of Hobson's ''[[Imperialism (Hobson)|Imperialism]]'' extensively, remarking in the preface "I made use of the principal English work, ''Imperialism'', J. A. Hobson's book, with all the care that, in my opinion, that work deserves." In the work itself—despite disagreeing with Hobson's liberal politics—Lenin repeatedly cites Hobson's interpretation of imperialism approvingly; for example:

<blockquote>
We see that Kautsky, while claiming that he continues to advocate Marxism, as a matter of fact takes a step backward compared with the social-liberal Hobson, who more correctly takes into account two "historically concrete" ... features of modern imperialism: (1) the competition between several imperialisms, and (2) the predominance of the financier over the merchant.
</blockquote>

Historians [[Peter Duignan]] and [[Lewis H. Gann]] argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century among people all around the world:

<blockquote>
Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter Duignan|author2=Lewis H. Gann|title=Burden of Empire: An Appraisal of Western Colonialism in Africa South of the Sahara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RY642QAhLVwC&pg=PT59|year=2013|publisher=Hoover Press|page=59|isbn=9780817916930}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Later historians attacked Hobson and the [[Marxist]] theories of imperialism he influenced. Notably, [[John Andrew Gallagher|John Gallagher]] and [[Ronald Robinson]] in their 1953 article ''[[The Imperialism of Free Trade]]'' argued that Hobson placed too much emphasis on the role of formal empire and directly ruled colonial possessions, not taking into account the significance of trading power, political influence and informal imperialism. They also argued that the difference in British foreign policy that Hobson observed between the mid-19th-century indifference to empire that accompanied free market economics, and the later intense imperialism after 1870, was not real.

Hobson believed "colonial primitive peoples" were inferior. In ''Imperialism'' he advocated their "gradual elimination" by an international organization: "A rational [[stirpiculture]] in the wide social interest might, however, require a repression of the spread of degenerate or unprogressive races". Such a plan should be implemented, according to Hobson, following approval by an "international political organization".<ref name="Feuer">[https://books.google.com/books?id=4uyHHyMoGhMC&dq=%22animus+against+Jews%22+%22colonial+primitive+peoples%22+%22gradual+elimination%22&pg=PA150 Imperialism and the Anti-Imperialist Mind], 1989, Transaction Publishers, [[Lewis Samuel Feuer]], page 150</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=WuQABAAAQBAJ&dq=%22repression+of+the+spread+of+degenerate+or+unprogressive+races%22&pg=PA73 Theories of Imperialism (Routledge Revivals): War, Conquest and Capital], 1984, Norman Etherington, Routledge, page 73</ref> While it can be said the 1902 work reflected the [[Social Darwinism]] trend of the time, Hobson left this section mainly unchanged when he published the third edition in 1938.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pvvHLe5WVlkC&dq=%22repression+of+the+spread+of+degenerate+or+unprogressive+races%22&pg=PA83 Imperialism and Internationalism in the Discipline of International Relations], 2005, edited by David Long, Brian C. Schmidt, State University of New York Press, pages 83-84</ref>

===Antisemitism===
Hobson's early works were critical of the impact of Jewish immigration and Jewish financiers.<ref name=Allett>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467370 New Liberalism, Old Prejudices: J. A. Hobson and the "Jewish Question"] John Allett Jewish Social Studies Vol. 49, No. 2 (Spring, 1987), pp. 99–114</ref><ref name="Cowen">[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Suvgz8BtcUC&dq=%22John+A.+Hobson%22+antisemitic&pg=PA259 Doctrines Of Development], M. P. Cowen, Routledge, page 259, quote:"Rampant anti-Semitism should be recognized, not least because it is John A. Hobson, one of the most rabid anti-Semites of the period, who is the inspiration, alongside Schumpeter and Veblen, for...</ref><ref name="Marks">[https://books.google.com/books?id=-J9ODAAAQBAJ&dq=%22John+A.+Hobson%22+antisemitic&pg=PA10 The Information Nexus: Global Capitalism from the Renaissance to the Present], Cambridge University Press, Steven G. Marks, page 10, quote: "And in England, the Social Democratic Federation newspaper Justice state that "the Jew financier" was the "personification of international capitalism" - an opinion repeated in the anti-Semitic diatribes of John A. Hobson, the socialist writer who wrote one of the earliest English books with "capitalism" in the title and helped to familiarize Britons with the concept"</ref> In the 1890s he argued that large scale Jewish immigration from the [[Russian Partition]] to Western Europe harmed the interests of native workers and advocated limitations on immigration. Writing on the South African war in ''War in South Africa'' (1900), he linked the impetus towards war to "Jew Power" in South Africa and saw [[Johannesburg]] as a "New Jerusalem". Hobson wrote that "[[Antisemitic canard#Controlling the world financial system|Jewish financiers]]", whom he saw as "parasites", manipulated the British government that danced to their "diabolical tune".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Tdn6FFZklkcC&dq=%22John+A.+Hobson%22+antisemitic&pg=PA311 Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1], Richard S. Levy, ABC-CLIO, page 311</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2708389.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Mitchell, Harvey. "Hobson revisited." Journal of the History of Ideas (1965): 397-416.]</ref> According to history professor [[Norman Etherington]], the section on financiers in ''Imperialism'' seems irrelevant to Hobson's economic discourse, and was probably included since Hobson truly believed it.<ref name="Etherington">[https://books.google.com/books?id=WuQABAAAQBAJ&dq=Hobson+Imperialism+Jewish+financiers&pg=PA70 Theories of Imperialism (Routledge Revivals): War, Conquest and Capital], Routledge, 1984, Norman Etherington, page 70</ref> Hobson was innovative in tying between 1898 and 1902 the concept of [[modernity]], empire, and Jews together; according to Hobson, the international financiers influenced the government partially through Jewish press ownership in South Africa and London.<ref name="Feldman">[https://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/655/2/655.pdf Feldman, David. "Jews and the British Empire c. 1900." History Workshop Journal. Vol. 63. No. 1. Oxford University Press, 2007.]</ref>

Hobson's analysis was widely disseminated by those opposed to the war and received significant attention. Other contemporary anti-war writers also alleged a mainly Jewish "capitalist conspiracy" was taking place.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HoQuWDqb4nIC&q=Hobson&pg=PA327 Hostages of Modernization: Germany - Great Britain - France], De Gruyter, chapter by [[Colin Holmes (historian)|Colin Holmes]], 1993, pages 326-328</ref> Following Hobson's January 1900 article ''Capitalism and Imperialism in South Africa'', Labour leader [[Keir Hardie]] in February 1900 repeated the same message in paraphrased form accusing "half a dozen financial houses, many of them Jewish" of leading the UK to war.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4467124?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Hirshfield, Claire. "The British Left and the" Jewish Conspiracy": A Case Study of Modern Antisemitism." Jewish Social Studies 43.2 (1981): 95-112.]</ref> However, as the British working class tended to support the war in South Africa, Hobson's zeal in attacking "Jew Power" in South Africa and manipulation by a secret "racial confederacy" failed to attract popular support in Britain, though "anti-Alien" sentiments continued to be an issue. Among commentators in [[Continental Europe]], in particular France and Germany, the alleged "robbery committed by international Jewry" was frequently linked by right-wing antisemites to "British imperialist piracy" during the Second Boer War.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yBvt4Fwc5XoC&dq=%22John+Hobson%22+Jewish&pg=PA206 From Ambivalence to Betrayal: The Left, the Jews, and Israel], Robert S. Wistrich, University of Nebraska Press, 2012, page 206</ref>

==Book-length works==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oT8oAAAAYAAJ The Physiology of Industry]'' (written with [[Albert F. Mummery]]) (1889).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=A3MuAAAAYAAJ Problems of Poverty]'' (1891).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/evolutionmodern00unkngoog Evolution of Modern Capitalism]'' (1894).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/problemofunemplo00hobsrich Problem of the Unemployed]'' (1896).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924002382426 John Ruskin: Social Reformer]'' (1898).
*  {{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223795/mode/2up?view=theater |title=The Economics of Distribution |publisher=Macmillan |place=London |year=1900 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HV4qAAAAYAAJ The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Effects]'' (1900).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_UD5FAAAAYAAJ Capitalism and Imperialism in South Africa]'' (1900)
* ''[https://archive.org/details/psychologyofjing00hobsuoft Psychology of Jingoism]'' (1901).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/socialproblemlif00hobsiala The Social Problem: Life and Work]''  (1901).
* ''[[Imperialism (Hobson)|Imperialism]]:[https://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1902/imperialism/index.htm  a Study''] (1902)<ref>Also available at [[Google Books]]: [https://books.google.com/books?id=7KZa_RLJQbEC J.A. Hobson: ''Imperialism, A Study'' ]. Cambridge University Press, 2011.<!-- bot-generated title --></ref>
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_xX4pAAAAYAAJ International Trade]''  (1904).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/canadatoday01hobsgoog Canada Today]''  (1906).
* ''The Crisis of Liberalism''  (1909).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84327 The Industrial System]'' (1909).
* ''A Modern Outlook''  (1910).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7btMAAAAIAAJ The Science of Wealth]''  (1911).
* ''An Economic Interpretation of Investment''  (1911).
* ''Industrial Unrest''  (1912).
* ''The German Panic''  (1913).
* ''Gold, Prices and Wages''  (1913).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/workwealthhumanv00hobsiala Work and Wealth, A Human Valuation]''  (1914).
* ''Traffic in Treason, A Study in Political Parties''  (1914).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yPorAQAAIAAJ Towards International Government]'' (1915).
* ''Western Civilization''  (1915).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/newprotectionis00hobsgoog The New Protectionism]''  (1916).
* ''Labour and the Costs of War''  (1916).
* ''Democracy after the War''  (1917).
* ''Forced Labour'' [[National Council for Civil Liberties]], London (1917) [https://search.worldcat.org/title/40337898 Worldcat]
* ''[http://ariwatch.com/VS/1920.htm 1920: Dips into the Near Future]''  (1917/1918).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/cu31924031166840 Taxation in the New State]''  (1919).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/richardcobdenin00unkngoog Richard Cobden: The International Man]''  (1919).
* ''The Obstacles to Economic Recovery in Europe''  (1920).
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=TDgoAAAAYAAJ The Morals of Economic Internationalism]'' (1920)
* ''The Economics of Reparation''  (1921).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_6lMZAAAAYAAJ Problems of a New World]''  (1921).
* ''[https://archive.org/details/workwealthhumanv00hobsiala Work and Wealth: a Human Valuation]'' (1921)
* ''Incentives in the New Industrial Order'' (1922).
* ''The Economics of Unemployment'' (1922).
* ''Notes on Law and Order'' (1926).
* ''The Living Wage (with [[H. N. Brailsford]], A. Creech Jones, E.F. Wise)'' (1926).
* ''The Conditions of Industrial Peace'' (1927).
* ''Wealth and Life'' (1929).
* ''Economics and Ethics'' (1929)
* ''Rationalisation and Unemployment'' (1930).
* ''God and Mammon'' (1931).
* ''Poverty in Plenty'' (1931).
* ''L. T. Hobhouse, His Life and Work'' (1931).
* ''The Recording Angel'' (1932).
* ''Saving and Spending: Why Production is Clogged'' (1932).
* ''From Capitalism to Socialism'' (1932).
* ''Rationalism and Humanism'' (1933).
* ''Democracy and a Changing Civilization'' (1934).
* ''Veblen'' (1936).
* ''Property and Improperty'' (1937).
* ''Le Sens de la responsibilité dans la vie sociale (with Herman Finer and Hanna Mentor)'' (1938).
* ''Confessions of an Economic Heretic'' (1938).
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Theories of New Imperialism]] for an account of Hobson's theories on imperialism.

==References and sources==
;References
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
* Simkin, John. "J. A. Hobson".
* Allett, John "New Liberalism: The Political Economy of J. A. Hobson"
* Claeys, Gregory. ''Imperial Sceptics. British Critics of Empire 1850-1920'' (2010) Cambridge University Press. Ch. 3.
* ''Hobson, John Atkinson (1858–1940), social theorist and economist'' by Michael Freeden in [[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] (2004)
* [[Donald Markwell]], ''John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace'', Oxford University Press (2006).
* [[Keynes]], John Maynard, [[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]] (1936) Macmillan & Co.
* Hobson is also referred to in the song "Light Pollution" by popular American folk band [[Bright Eyes (band)|Bright Eyes]] which opens with the lines "John A. Hobson was a good man, he used to lend me books and mic stands, he even got me a subscription to the socialist review."

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=3647}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=John Atkinson Hobson}}
* [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/TUhobson.htm http://www.spartacus-educational.com/TUhobson.htm]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/index.htm Hobson Internet Archive] Key site for Hobson texts, including the full text of ''Imperialism''.
* Excerpts from ''Imperialism''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427105159/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1902hobson.html]
* [http://www.panarchy.org/hobson/imperialism.1902.html John A. Hobson, Imperialism - extracts] (1902)

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at Derby School]]
[[Category:English economists]]
[[Category:British anti-capitalists]]
[[Category:English socialists]]
[[Category:British white supremacists]]
[[Category:People from Derby]]
[[Category:Imperialism studies]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:The Guardian journalists]]
[[Category:English war correspondents]]
[[Category:War correspondents of the Second Boer War]]