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{{Short description|Capital of Pakistan}} {{About|the capital city of Pakistan|the wider federal territory|Islamabad Capital Territory|other uses}} {{pp-move}} {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} {{EngvarB|date=July 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Islamabad | official_name = | native_name = {{Nastaliq|اسلام آباد}}<br/><small>{{translit|ur|Islām-ābād}}</small> | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Federal capital|Federal capital city]] | image_skyline = {{multiple image|total_width=280px|perrow=1/2/2/2|border=infobox|caption_align = center | image1 = Faisal Mosque, Islamabad III.jpg | caption1 = [[Islamabad Expressway]] | image2 = Blue Hour at Pakistan Monument.jpg | caption2 = [[Pakistan Monument]] | image3 = Fatima Jinnah Park baradri By @ibneazhar (62).jpg | caption3 = [[Fatima Jinnah Park]] | image4 = Parliament House, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg | caption4 = [[Parliament of Pakistan]] | image5 = Supreme Court of Pakistan, Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg | caption5 = [[Supreme Court of Pakistan]] | image6 = Faisal Masjid From Damn e koh.jpg | caption6 = [[Faisal Mosque]] | image7 = | caption7 = }} | image_seal = | seal_type = [[Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation|IMC Emblem]] | image_caption = | nickname = Isloo, The Green City | image_map = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Pakistan Islamabad Capital Territory#Pakistan#Asia | pushpin_relief = | pushpin_label_position = top | coordinates = {{coord|33|41|35|N|73|03|50|E|region:PK|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{flag|Pakistan}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative units of Pakistan|Administrative unit]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Islamabad Capital Territory]] | established_title = Constructed | established_date = {{Start date and age|1960}} | established_title1 = Established | established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1967|8|14|df=yes}}<ref name=McGarr>{{cite book |last=McGarr |first=Paul |date=2013 |title=The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian subcontinent, 1945-1965 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NdGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107008151 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218090937/https://books.google.com/books?id=NdGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR9 |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation|Metropolitan Corporation]] | unit_pref = <!-- Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired --> | leader_title1 = [[Mayor of Islamabad|Mayor]] | leader_name1 = None (vacant){{efn|Administrator system was implemented for 6 months before next local bodies election and [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]] of Islamabad was given additional charge as administrator in absence of mayor on 28 October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nation.com.pk/28-Oct-2021/hamaza-shafqat-appointed-administrator-mci-for-6-months|title=Hamaza Shafqat appointed Administrator MCI for 6 months|date=28 October 2021|access-date=5 January 2022|work=The Nation (newspaper)|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119070915/https://nation.com.pk/28-Oct-2021/hamaza-shafqat-appointed-administrator-mci-for-6-months|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | leader_title2 = Constituency | leader_name2 = [[NA-46 Islamabad-I]]<br />[[NA-47 Islamabad-II]]<br />[[NA-48 Islamabad-III]] | leader_title3 = [[Deputy Commissioner (Pakistan)|Deputy Commissioner]] | leader_name3 = Irfan Nawaz Memon [[Pakistan Administrative Service|(BPS-19 PAS)]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New DC Islamabad takes charge |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1685664 |work=Dawn |date=19 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref> <!-- General information --> | area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp|title=CDA Facts & Figures|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109053219/http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/vitalstats.asp|url-status=live}}</ref> | area_blank1_title = Parks | total_type = City | area_total_km2 = 220.15 | area_metro_km2 = 906.50 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = | elevation_max_m = 1584 | elevation_min_m = 417 | elevation_m = 666 | population_total = 1,108,872{{efn|This figure indicates the urban population of the Islamabad Tehsil.}} | population_as_of = [[2023 Pakistani census|2023]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="2023Census">{{cite web |title=Area, Population By Sex, Sex Ratio, Population Density, Urban Population, Household Size and Annual Growth Rate, Census–2023, Islamabad |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_1_islamabad.pdf |date=5 August 2023 |publisher= [[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]] |access-date =24 November 2023 |archive-date =15 March 2025 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250315074103/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_1_islamabad.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 5,037 | population_urban = | population_rural = | population_density_metro_km2 = 2,608 | population_rank = [[List of cities in Pakistan|10th in Pakistan]] | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | population_metro = 2,363,863 | population_blank1_title = Rank (Metro) | population_blank1 = [[List of metropolitan areas in Pakistan|4th in Pakistan]] | population_note = <!-- Area/postal codes and others --> | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 44000 | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in Pakistan|051]] | website = {{URL|https://ictadministration.gov.pk/}} | timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]] | utc_offset = +05:00 | blank_name_sec1 = | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = Emblem | image_flag = Islamabad City Flag.png | imagesize = 250px | native_name_lang = ur | governing_body = [[Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)|Capital Development Authority]] | parts_type = Administrative Areas | parts_style = coll,para | parts = 01 | p1 = Islamabad Tehsil }} '''Islamabad''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|z|ˈ|l|ɑː|m|ə|b|æ|d|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Islamabad.wav}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Islamabad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518051721/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Islamabad |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Islamabad |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلام‌آباد}}|translit=Islāmābād}}, {{IPA|ur|ɪs.lɑːm.ɑː.bɑːd̪||audio=LL-Q1617 (urd)-نعم البدل-اسلام آباد.wav}}; {{translation|'City of [[Islam]]'}}) is the [[capital city]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref name="britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title=Islamabad| encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica| date=23 May 2023| url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295631/Islamabad| access-date=23 June 2022| archive-date=3 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503191505/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/295631/Islamabad| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History and Heritage |website=ICT Administration |url=https://ictadministration.gov.pk/history-and-heritage/ |access-date=24 September 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929101136/https://ictadministration.gov.pk/history-and-heritage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the country's [[List of cities in Pakistan by population|tenth-most populous city]] with a population of over 1.1 million and is federally administered by the [[Government of Pakistan|Pakistani government]] as part of the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. Built as a [[planned city]] in the 1960s and established in 1967, it replaced [[Karachi]] as Pakistan's national capital. The Greek architect [[Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis]] developed Islamabad's [[Planned community|master plan]], in which he divided it into eight zones; the city comprises administrative, [[Diplomatic Enclave, Islamabad|diplomatic enclave]], residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the [[Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation]] with support from the [[Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)|Capital Development Authority]]. Islamabad is known for its parks and forests, including the [[Margalla Hills National Park]] and the [[Shakarparian]]. It is home to several landmarks, including the country's flagship [[Faisal Mosque]], which is the [[List of largest mosques|world's sixth-largest mosque]]. Other prominent landmarks include the [[Pakistan Monument]] and [[D-Chowk (Islamabad)|Democracy Square]].<ref name="Noyes Mass">{{cite book|title=Back to Pakistan: A Fifty-Year Journey|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1442213197|url=https://archive.org/details/backtopakistanfi0000mass|url-access=registration|author=Leslie Noyes Mass|page=[https://archive.org/details/backtopakistanfi0000mass/page/170 170]|date=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="Ravi Kalia">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy|publisher=Routledge|location=Pakistan|isbn=978-0415670401|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86b0MINe_gsC&pg=PA83|author=Ravi Kalia|page=83|date=21 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/596791/national-monument-structure-reflects-history-of-pakistan/|title=National Monument: Structure reflects history of Pakistan – The Express Tribune|date=29 August 2013|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=13 June 2016|archive-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028155713/https://tribune.com.pk/story/596791/national-monument-structure-reflects-history-of-pakistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rated as [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Gamma +|Gamma +]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC - Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020 |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Islamabad has one of the highest costs of living in Pakistan. The city's populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens.<ref name="Hetland">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1095012|title=Islamabad – a city only for the rich?|last=Hetland|first=Atle|date=23 March 2014|newspaper=Dawn|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924142650/https://www.dawn.com/news/1095012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/29-Sep-2014/g-12-a-sector-housing-rich-poor-alike|title=G-12, a sector housing rich, poor alike|newspaper=The Nation|language=en-US|access-date=23 October 2016|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817202734/http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/29-Sep-2014/g-12-a-sector-housing-rich-poor-alike|url-status=live}}</ref> Islamabad is home to more than twenty universities, including [[Bahria University]], [[Quaid-i-Azam University|Quaid-e-Azam University]], [[Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences|PIEAS]], [[COMSATS University Islamabad|COMSATS University]], and [[National University of Sciences & Technology|NUST]]. It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan and has an expansive [[Radio-frequency identification|RFID]]-enabled surveillance system with almost 2,000 active [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras.<ref name="tribune.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1117621/safe-city-project-gets-operational-islooites-promised-safety/|title=Safe City Project gets operational: Islooites promised safety – The Express Tribune|date=6 June 2016|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607105655/http://tribune.com.pk/story/1117621/safe-city-project-gets-operational-islooites-promised-safety/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/28-Mar-2015/crime-rate-in-islamabad-drops-claim-police|title=Crime rate in Islamabad drops, claim police|website=The Nation|language=en-US|date=28 March 2015|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016142456/http://nation.com.pk/islamabad/28-Mar-2015/crime-rate-in-islamabad-drops-claim-police|url-status=live}}</ref> == Toponymy == The name ''Islamabad'' means ''City of Islam''. It is derived from two words; ''Islam'' and ''abad''. The Arabic word ''Islam'' means "submission [to God]" as it refers to the religion of [[Islam]], the Pakistan's [[state religion]], and the [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ''[[-abad]]'' means ''cultivated place'', indicating an inhabited place or city.<ref name="Adrian Room">{{cite book |last1=Room |first1=Adrian|author-link=Adrian Room|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1JIPAN-eJ4C&pg=PA177|title=Placenames of the World|date=13 December 2005|publisher=McFarland & Company|isbn=978-0786422487|page=177}}</ref> During the course of early modern period, the name was used in the [[Mughal era]], by the emperor [[Aurangzeb]] who named many towns in the Indian subcontinent after it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Heath |first1=John E. |author-link=John Everett-Heath |title=Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-255646-2 |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Concise_Dictionary_of_World_Place_Na.html?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |language=en |quote=...the Pakistanis chose ‘City of Islam’ from the Arabic islām ‘submission to God’ and ābād. The city became the capital in 1967 and the area around it is known as the Federal Capital Area. Aurangzeb (1618–1707), Mughal emperor (1658–1707), gave this name to several towns in India.}}</ref>{{efn|"Islāmābād, the name given by the emperor Awrangzīb [q.v.] to several towns in India, for reasons not precisely known... Of these [[Chittagong|Čittāgong]] ..., at the head of the Bay of Bengal, is still known occasionally in religious circles as Islāmābād, the official name remaining the original Čittāgong. [[Mathurā]], on the river Yamunā,... was given the name Islāmābād... [[Anantnag|Amantnāg]] in the Kashmir valley... also received the name Islāmābād and is still known to the Muslims of the area by this name...The fort of Čākana, near Poona, ...was named Islāmābād after it had been taken by Awrangzīb’s general..."<ref>{{Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |first=A.S. |last=Bazmee Ansari |volume=4 |title=Islāmābād |page=177 |year=1997|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3638 }} </ref>}} According to a history book by [[Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh]], teacher and poet [[Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari]] proposed the name of the city.<ref>{{cite web|last=Capital Talk|date=6 February 2020|title=Islamabad Ka Naam Kisney Rakha Tha, Qaum Be-Khabr Kyun?|trans-title=Who Named Islamabad, Why Is the Nation Unaware?|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5BsT0rX5Zs&t=0m27s| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/v5BsT0rX5Zs| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|access-date=26 June 2020|via=YouTube|language=ur|type=Video|publisher=Geo News}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-60496544 |title=اسلام آباد: پاکستان کے وفاقی دارالحکومت کا نام کس نے اور کیسے تجویز کیا؟ |newspaper=BBC News اردو |accessdate=2022-02-26 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224060913/https://www.bbc.com/urdu/pakistan-60496544 |url-status=live }}</ref> Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ''ISB''. Such usage originated in [[SMS language]], in part due to the [[IATA location identifier]] for the [[Islamabad International Airport]]. ==History== {{Main|History of Islamabad}} ===Early history=== [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], located on the [[Pothohar Plateau]] of the northern [[Punjab region]], is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest [[Stone Age]] artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the [[Soan River]] testify to the endeavours of early man in the [[glacial period|inter-glacial]] period.<ref name="defence"/> Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beta.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/16-sacred-rocks-of-islamabad-hs-10 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20090807034256/http://beta.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/16-sacred-rocks-of-islamabad-hs-10 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 August 2009 |title=Sacred rocks of Islamabad |work=Dawn |date=2 August 2009 |access-date=27 June 2010 }}</ref> Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of a prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to [[Neolithic]] peoples who settled on the banks of the Soan<ref name="Pakistan net">{{cite web|title=Islamabad history |publisher=Pakistan.net |url=http://www.pakistan.net/cities/islamabad/islamabad.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080630100106/http://www.pakistan.net/cities/islamabad/islamabad.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2008 }}</ref> and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE.<ref name="defence">{{cite web|title=Potohar|author=Pakistan Defence Ministry|url=http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-history/3753-potohar.html|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106014747/http://www.defence.pk/forums/military-history/3753-potohar.html|archive-date=6 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Background on the Potohar Plateau |author=LEAD |url=http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=71 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720192217/http://casestudies.lead.org/index.php?cscid=71 |archive-date=20 July 2011 }}</ref> The [[Indus Valley civilization]] flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the [[Aryan]] community [[Indo-Aryan migrations|which migrated]] into the region from [[Central Asia]].<ref name="Pakistan net"/> Many great armies such as those of [[Zahiruddin Babur]], [[Genghis Khan]], [[Timur]] and [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] crossed the region during their invasions of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="Pakistan net"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-27 |title=Saidpur Village – a witness to history |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1073941/saidpur-village-a-witness-to-history |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=18 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118145357/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1073941/saidpur-village-a-witness-to-history |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed the remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the [[Shah Allah Ditta]] caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 4th century CE.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taxila: Mughal-era coin & 'longest staircase' unearthed near Ban Faqiran|last=Amjid|first=Iqbal|date=29 February 2016|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1242553#:~:text=TAXILA%3A%20During%20an%20excavation%20at,discovered%20in%20Gandhara%20and%20Taxila.}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" heights="120px" widths="px"> File:Gate of Pharwala Fort toward the Swaan stream.JPG|15th-century [[Pharwala|Pharwala Fort]] beside the [[Swaan River]] File:Shah_Allah_Ditta_caves_2.JPG|The caves at [[Shah Allah Ditta]], on Islamabad's outskirts, were part of an ancient Buddhist monastic community File:Saidpur 1.jpg|The restored village of [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur]] predates the surrounding city of Islamabad </gallery> ===Construction and development=== {{Main|Developments in Islamabad}} When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of [[Karachi]] was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near [[Rawalpindi]] for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959 which was used as provisional capital from that year on.<ref name="New Orient"/><ref name="M. Bloom">{{cite book|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=USA|isbn=978-0195309911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA309|editor=Jonathan M. Bloom|editor2=Sheila Blair |editor1-link=Jonathan M. Bloom |editor2-link=Sheila Blair|page=309|date=23 March 2009}}</ref> In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a [[Capital city#capital as symbol|forward capital]] for several reasons.<ref>{{cite web|title=City of Islamabad |url=http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/islamabad/default.asp |publisher=Capital Development Authority, Govt. of Pakistan |access-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012210555/http://www.islamabad.gov.pk/islamabad/default.asp |archive-date=12 October 2014 }}</ref> Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the [[Arabian Sea]]. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country.<ref name="New Orient">{{cite journal|title=New Orient|year=1965|volume=4–6|page=565|journal=Czechoslovak Society for Eastern Studies|location=Prague|issn=0548-6408|oclc=2264893}}</ref><ref name=Weightman>{{cite book|title=Dragons and Tigers: A Geography of South, East, and Southeast Asia|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470876282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qeBfed17zxEC&pg=PA187|author=Barbara A. Weightman|edition=3rd|page=187|date=15 March 2011}}</ref> Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.<ref name=Saxon/> The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the [[General Headquarters (Pakistan Army)|army headquarters]] in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of [[Kashmir]] in the north.<ref name="Pakistan net"/> A Greek firm of architects, led by [[Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis]], designed the master plan of the city based on a [[grid plan]] which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the [[Margalla Hills]]. The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early 1960s and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966.<ref name="Maneesha Tikekar">{{cite book|title=Across the Wagah: An Indian's Sojourn in Pakistan|publisher=Promilla|isbn=978-8185002347|pages=23–62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGqsWktyFcEC&pg=PA23|author=Maneesha Tikekar|date=1 January 2004}}</ref> In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as [[Edward Durell Stone]] and [[Gio Ponti]] have been associated with the city's development.<ref name="britannica" /> ===Recent history=== [[File:Islamabad Metro Bus.JPG|thumb|The [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]] was built in 2015 to connect Islamabad with neighbouring [[Rawalpindi]].]] Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As the capital city it has hosted numerous important meetings, such as the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation]] summit in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad making history|author=DAWN News|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/04/top5.htm|date=4 January 2004|access-date=29 September 2009|archive-date=13 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013071727/http://www.dawn.com/2004/01/04/top5.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The city suffered damage from the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]] which had a magnitude of 7.6.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4323008.stm|title=Quake's terrible toll is revealed|date=9 October 2005|access-date=5 May 2010|work=BBC News|archive-date=24 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224145831/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4323008.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 [[Siege of Lal Masjid]] (Red Mosque), the June 2008 [[2008 Danish embassy bombing in Islamabad|Danish embassy bombing]], and the September 2008 [[Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing|Marriott bombing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=383721&rel_no=1|title=Timeline of Suicide Blasts in Islamabad|author=OhmyNews|access-date=25 October 2009|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119160136/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?menu=c10400&no=383721&rel_no=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor [[Salmaan Taseer]].<ref name="2011 terrorism">{{cite news|url=http://dawn.com/2012/01/05/islamabad-saw-four-terror-attacks-last-year/|title=Islamabad saw four terror attacks last year|author=Munawer Azeem|date=5 January 2012|newspaper=Dawn|access-date=2 July 2012|location=Islamabad|archive-date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117005107/http://dawn.com/2012/01/05/islamabad-saw-four-terror-attacks-last-year/|url-status=live}}</ref> Construction of the [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]], the region's first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1083242/shahbaz-to-inaugurate-work-on-metro-bus-service-on-feb-28|title=Shahbaz to inaugurate work on Metro Bus Service on Feb 28|work=Dawn|access-date=14 March 2016|date=28 January 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031745/http://www.dawn.com/news/1083242/shahbaz-to-inaugurate-work-on-metro-bus-service-on-feb-28|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Geography== {{main|Geography of Islamabad}} <gallery mode="packed" heights="130"> File:Islamabad from Satellite.jpg|Satellite view of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area with [[Margalla Hills]] in the north. File:Faisal Masjid seen from Margalla Hills.jpg|Margalla Hills, Islamabad File:ALI_MUJTABA_WLM2015_FAISAL_MOSQUE_DSC_1542_m.jpg|Islamabad's verdant cityscape merges with the Margalla Hills File:FaisalMosqueAfterRain.jpg|Islamabad's lush landscape File:Ataturk Avenue - Islamabad.JPG|Islamabad's deciduous trees change colours in autumn </gallery> Islamabad is located at {{Coord|33.43|N|73.04|E|}} at the northern edge of the [[Pothohar Plateau]] and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. Its elevation is {{convert|540|m}}.<ref name="D. Brunn">{{cite book|title=Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development|year=2003|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-0847698981|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan/page/368 368]–369|url=https://archive.org/details/citiesofworld00stan|url-access=registration|author=Stanley D. Brunn|edition=3rd|author2=Jack F. Williams |author3=Donald J. Zeigler|chapter=Cities of South Asia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad Airport|publisher=Climate Charts|url=http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41571.php#data|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-date=22 July 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722121742/http://www.climate-charts.com/Locations/p/PK41571.php#data|url-status=live}}</ref> The modern capital and the ancient [[Gakhars|Gakhar]] city of Rawalpindi form a [[conurbation]] and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities.<ref name="Yasmeen Niaz">{{cite book|title=Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1851098019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTMy0B9OZjAC&pg=PA299|author=Yasmeen Niaz Mohiuddin|edition=1st|access-date=1 July 2012|page=299|date=27 November 2006}}</ref><ref name=Saxon>{{cite news|title=New Capital City With an Industrial Twin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/11/world/new-capital-city-with-an-industrial-twin.html|access-date=1 July 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=11 April 1988|author=Wolfgang Saxon|archive-date=9 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509230358/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/11/world/new-capital-city-with-an-industrial-twin.html|url-status=live}}</ref> To the northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of [[Murree]], and to the north lies the [[Haripur District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]. [[Kahuta]] lies on the southeast, [[Taxila]], [[Wah Cantt]], and [[Attock District]] to the northwest, [[Gujar Khan]], Rawat, and [[Mandrah]] on the southeast, and the metropolis of [[Rawalpindi]] to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located {{convert|120|km}} SSW of [[Muzaffarabad]], {{convert|185|km}} east of [[Peshawar]] and {{convert|295|km}} NNW of [[Lahore]]. Islamabad covers an area of {{convert|906|km2}}.<ref>Butt, M. J., Waqas, A., Iqbal, M, F., Muhammad., G., and Lodhi, M. A. K., 2011, "Assessment of Urban Sprawl of Islamabad Metropolitan Area Using Multi-Sensor and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data." ''Arabian Journal For Science And Engineering''. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.1007/s13369-011-0148-3.</ref> A further {{convert|2717|km2}} area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the [[Korang River|Kurang River]], on which the [[Rawal lake#Features of Rawal Lake dam|Rawal Dam]] is located.<ref name="britannica" /> ===Climate=== {{Main|Climate of Islamabad}} [[File:Margalla_Hills_Islamabad.jpg|thumb|Islamabad's annual precipitation allows for the growth of lush forests in the city's hills.]] Islamabad has a [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed {{Convert|38|C|F|1}}. The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening [[thunderstorms]] with the possibility of [[cloudburst]] and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad's [[micro-climate]] is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: [[Rawal Lake|Rawal]], [[Simli Lake|Simli]], and [[Khanpur Dam]]. The latter is located on the [[Haro River]] near the town of [[Khanpur (NWFP)|Khanpur]], about {{convert|40|km}} from Islamabad. Simli Dam is {{convert|30|km}} north of Islamabad. {{convert|220|acre}} of the city consists of [[Margalla Hills National Park]]. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the [[Islamabad Highway]], covering an area of {{convert|1087|acre}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban growth monitoring along Islamabad Highway|publisher=GIS Development|url=http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/agglomeration/ma03112a.htm|access-date=29 August 2009|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022334/http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/urban/agglomeration/ma03112a.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The highest monthly rainfall of {{convert|743.3|mm|in|abbr=on}} was recorded during July 1995.<ref name="pakmet.com.pk">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm|access-date=14 January 2012|title=Climate Records: Islamabad|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112060839/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/extrems/islamabad.htm|archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably [[Murree]] and [[Nathia Gali]]. The temperatures range from {{convert|13|C|F|}} in January to {{convert|38|C|F}} in June. The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|46.6|C|F}} on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was {{convert|−6.0|C|F|1}} on 17 January 1967.<ref name="archived-pakmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Islamabad_Climate_Data.txt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613053217/http://www.pakmet.com.pk/cdpc/Climate/Islamabad_Climate_Data.txt|archive-date=13 June 2010|date=13 June 2010|access-date=15 January 2012|title=Best Housing Societies in Islamabad to Invest in 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002680|title=Average Conditions, Islamabad, Pakistan|access-date=25 September 2009|archive-date=13 February 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213002216/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT002680|url-status=dead}}</ref> Light snowfall sometimes happens on the peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare.<ref>{{cite web|title=Margalla hills receive snowfall after decade|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/101036-Margalla-hills-receive-snowfall-after-decade|access-date=30 September 2021|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930154510/https://www.geo.tv/latest/101036-Margalla-hills-receive-snowfall-after-decade|url-status=live}}</ref> Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking {{convert|620|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.<ref>{{cite web|title=Severe Storms on dated 23rd July 2001 Islamabad, Pakistan|publisher=Abdul Hameed, Director Pakistan Meteorological Department|url=http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/sheikh-1-sec02.oral.pdf|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-date=29 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229004924/http://www.essl.org/ECSS/2007/abs/02-Case-study/sheikh-1-sec02.oral.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Weather Log – July 21–31, 2001|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|date=6 August 2001|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/july/extremes0701.html|access-date=21 July 2009|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083743/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/extremes/2001/july/extremes0701.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Water supply is strained, leading to project proposals like the [[Ghazi Barotha water supply project]]. {{Islamabad weatherbox}} ==Cityscape== [[File:Islamabad Zone Map.png|thumb|Islamabad Zones]] ===Civil administration=== {{See also|Mayor of Islamabad|Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation|Capital Development Authority (Islamabad)}} The [[ICT Administration|Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration]], generally known as [[ICT Administration]] or [[ICT Administration|Islamabad Administration]], is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital. The local government authority of the city is the [[Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation]] (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/102224-70-CDA-employees-to-be-transferred-to-Islamabad-Metropolitan-Corporation|title=70% CDA employees to be transferred to Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation|work=The Nation|date=2 March 2016|access-date=9 September 2016|first=Muhammad|last=Anis|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919022736/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/102224-70-CDA-employees-to-be-transferred-to-Islamabad-Metropolitan-Corporation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CDA|author=CDA Official site|url=http://www.cda.gov.pk/cda-latest/files/file.asp?var=aboutus|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905214400/http://www.cda.gov.pk/cda-latest/files/file.asp?var=aboutus|archive-date=5 September 2009}}</ref> Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.<ref name="Islamabad.com">{{cite web|title=The Idea of Islamabad|publisher=TheIslamabad.com|url=http://www.theislamabad.com/|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910064024/http://www.theislamabad.com/|archive-date=10 September 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.<ref name="map" /> Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km ({{Frac|1|1|4}} mi × {{Frac|1|1|4}} mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.<ref name="S. Hull">{{cite book|title=Government of Paper: The Materiality of Bureaucracy in Urban Pakistan|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520272156|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZqVvQN9PTwC&pg=PA50|author=Matthew S. Hull|edition=1st|access-date=4 July 2012|page=50|date=5 June 2012}}</ref> {| class="toccolours" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; font-size:90%;" |- ! colspan="3" style="background:#ace1af; text-align:center;"| Zones in Islamabad |- ! rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Zone ! colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Area |- ! style="text-align:center;"| acres ! style="text-align:center;"| km<sup>2</sup> |- | colspan=3| |- | style="text-align:center;"| I | {{convert|54958.25|acre|km2|disp=tablecen}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| II | {{convert|9804.92|acre|km2|disp=tablecen}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| III | {{convert|50393.01|acre|km2|disp=tablecen}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| IV | {{convert|69814.35|acre|km2|disp=tablecen}} |- | style="text-align:center;"| V | {{convert|39029.45|acre|km2|disp=tablecen}} |- | colspan=3| |- | style="text-align:center;"| Source: || Lahore Real Estate<ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Map of Islamabad|author=DHA Lahore|url=http://www.lahorerealestate.com/Maps/Islamabad%20Master%20Map.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214070456/http://www.lahorerealestate.com/Maps/Islamabad%20Master%20Map.jpg|archive-date=14 February 2010}}</ref> |} ===Sectors=== {{main|Sectors of Islamabad}} [[File:Islamabad map.png|thumb|The five zones and sectors of Islamabad]] Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17),<ref name="map"/> of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17.<ref name="map"/> Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of [[Fatima Jinnah Park]] in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of [[Bahria University]], [[Air University (Pakistan)|Air University]], and the [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=Bahria University|url=http://bci.edu.pk/index.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301122834/http://www.bci.edu.pk/index.aspx|archive-date=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=Air University|url=http://www.au.edu.pk/#|access-date=26 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208205245/http://www.au.edu.pk/|archive-date=8 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official website|author=National Defence University|url=http://www.ndu.edu.pk/|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=21 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921014444/https://ndu.edu.pk/|url-status=live}}</ref> The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed.<ref name="map"/> F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The [[The Centaurus (building)|Centaurus complex]] is a major landmark of the F-8 sector.<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17.<ref name="map"/> Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and [[Serena Hotels|Serena Hotel]] in G-5, the [[Lal Masjid, Islamabad|Red Mosque]] in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8,<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> and the [[Karachi Company shopping center]] in G-9. The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17.<ref name="map"/> The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]] covers a major portion of sector H-12.<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of [[I-10, Islamabad|I-10]] are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.<ref name="Islamabad.com"/> Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and [[Margalla Hills National Park]]. [[Rawal Lake]] is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The [[Soan River]] flows into the city through Zone V.<ref name="map"/> [[File:Islamabad skyline.jpg|thumbnail|Islamabad skyline]] === Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area === {{main|Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area}} When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large [[metropolitan area]] called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.<ref name="Dulyapak">{{cite book|title=Engineering Earth: The Impacts of Megaengineering Projects|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-9048199198|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEyjMx7EV8IC&pg=PA1041|author=Dulyapak Preecharushh|edition=1st|editor=Stanley D. Brunn|page=1041|chapter=Myanmar's New Capital City of Naypyidaw|date=6 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="Isocarp">{{cite web|author=Muhammad|title=Planning of Islamabad and Rawalpindi|url=http://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/720.pdf|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404210301/https://www.isocarp.net/Data/case_studies/720.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Islamabad city is part of the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], while [[Rawalpindi]] is part of [[Rawalpindi District]], which is part of province of [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]].<ref name="USgov_pub">{{Cite journal|last=Sheikh|first=Iqbal M.|author2=Van S. Williams|author3=S. Qamer Raza|author4=Kanwar S.A. Khan|title=Environmental Geology of the Islamabad-Rawalpindi Area, Northern Pakistan|journal=Regional Studies of the Potwar Plateau Area, Northern Pakistan|publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2078/B2078_chapter_G.pdf|access-date=28 August 2009|archive-date=20 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020155628/https://pubs.usgs.gov/bul/2078/B2078_chapter_G.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, [[Islamabad Highway]], Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: [[Kashmir Highway]] (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway.<ref name="Isocarp"/> Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway.<ref>{{cite web|title=Margalla Avenue to benefit commuters of KPK, traffic on Kashmir Highway|url=http://pakistan.onepakistan.com.pk/news/city/islamabad/102558-margalla-avenue-to-benefit-commuters-of-kpk-traffic-on-kashmir-highway-chairman-cda.html|work=OnePakistan|access-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113900/http://pakistan.onepakistan.com.pk/news/city/islamabad/102558-margalla-avenue-to-benefit-commuters-of-kpk-traffic-on-kashmir-highway-chairman-cda.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.<ref name="Dulyapak"/> <gallery mode="packed" heights="120"> File:Icons of Islamabad.jpg|Aerial view of [[The Centaurus]] File:Pak Secretariat buildings,Islamabad by Usman Ghani.jpg|[[Pakistan Secretariat]] File:Crescent and Star Monument.jpg|Star and Crescent Monument near the start of [[Shakarparian]] File:Glorious Sunset in Islamabad.jpg|Sunset over the [[Lake View Park]] File:Blue Area, Islamabad.png|Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city. File:Constitution Avenue.jpg|[[Constitution Avenue (Islamabad)|Constitution Avenue]] File:Said Pur Village.jpg|[[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur Village]] </gallery> ===Architecture=== {{See also|List of tallest buildings in Islamabad}} [[File:Dewan Masjid Islamabad.jpg|thumb|Dewan Masjid Islamabad]] [[File:F9 islamabad.jpg|thumb|200px|Monument in F-9 Park|left]] Islamabad's architecture is a combination of modernity and old [[Islamic architecture|Islamic]] and regional traditions. The [[Saudi-Pak Tower]] is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include [[Pakistan Monument]] and [[Faisal Mosque]]. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by [[Gio Ponti]], Prime Minister's secretariat based on [[Mughal architecture]] and the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] by [[Edward Durell Stone]].<ref name="M. Bloom"/> The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture.<ref>[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C30%5Cstory_30-3-2007_pg11_2 National Monument — a symbol of unity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115205228/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C03%5C30%5Cstory_30-3-2007_pg11_2 |date=15 January 2009 }}. Daily Times. 30 March. Retrieved 23 March 2008</ref> The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by [[Vedat Dalokay]], a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] of [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref name="Lee Palmer">{{cite book|title=The A to Z of Architecture|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0810868953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diPlsp8g5NsC&pg=PA149|author=Allison Lee Palmer|access-date=1 July 2012|page=149|date=12 October 2009}}</ref> The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faisal Mosque |author=Archnet |url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=864 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503231203/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=864 |archive-date= 3 May 2011 }}</ref> [[The Centaurus (building)|The Centaurus]] is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by [[WS Atkins PLC]].The newly built [[Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers]] is another example of modern architecture in the city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers|author=Islamabad Stock Exchange-Official Website|url=http://www.ise.com.pk/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204100603/http://www.ise.com.pk/|archive-date=4 February 2005}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{Historical populations |title = |align = |direction = |width = |state = |shading = |pop_name = |percentages = |footnote = |source =<ref name="pocketbook2006">{{cite book|last1=Elahi|first1=Asad|year=2006|chapter=2: Population|chapter-url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/other/pocket_book2006/2.pdf|title=Pakistan Statistical Pocket Book 2006|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006|publisher=Government of Pakistan |department=Statistics Division|place=Islamabad, Pakistan|publication-date=2006|page=28|access-date=29 March 2018|archive-date=30 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330211332/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/pakistan-statistical-pocket-book-2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|access-date=20 May 2021|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829194924/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files//population_census/sailent_feature_%20census_2017.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="census2017">{{cite report|year=2017|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829164748/http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2017|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|page=13|access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="2023Census" /> |1972 |77000 |1981 |204000 |1998 |529180 |2017 |1,009,003 |2023|1,108,872}} {{main|Demographics of Islamabad}} ===Language=== {{Pie chart |caption = Languages of Islamabad Capital Territory ([[2023 Pakistani census|2023]])<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics |title=TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_11_national.pdf|access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref> |label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 50.56 |color1 = crimson |label2 = [[Pashto]] |value2 = 18.21 |color2 = gold |label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 15.71 |color3 = darkgreen |label4 = [[Hindko]] |value4 = 6.16 |color4 = wheat |label5 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] |value5 = 2.27 |color5 = pink |label6 = [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] |value6 = 2.02 |color6 = red |label7 = [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] |value7 = 0.93 |color7 = saddlebrown |label8 = [[Balti language|Balti]] |value8 = 0.34 |color8 = black |label9 = [[Shina language|Shina]] |value9 = 0.31 |color9 = aqua |label10 = [[Indus Kohistani|Kohistani]] |value10 = 0.21 |color10 = yellow |label11 = [[Balochi language|Balochi]] |value11 = 0.19 |color11 = blue |label12 = Others |value12 = 2.92 |color12 = grey |thumb=left}} According to [[2023 Pakistani census]], there are 1,154,540 Punjabi, 415,838 Pashto, 358,922 Urdu, 140,780 Hindko, 51,920 Kashmiri, 46,270 Saraiki, 21,362 Sindhi, 10,315 Balti, 7,099 Shina, 5,016 Koshistani, 4,503 Balochi, 1,095 Mewati, 668 Brahvi, 182 Kalasha and 64,734 others, of total 2,283,244 speakers in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. ===Literacy=== As of 2010, the majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15.<ref>{{cite web|title=POPULATION BY SELECTIVE AGE GROUPS |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_age_group.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827004028/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_age_group.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010 }}</ref> Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%.<ref name=PBS>{{cite web|title=Literacy Rate|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/pslm_prov2010-11/tables/2.14a.pdf|publisher=Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|access-date=22 September 2013|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210644/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/pslm/publications/pslm_prov2010-11/tables/2.14a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree.<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by Level of Education |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720044627/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html |archive-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213<ref>{{cite web|title=LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/labour_force.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827002727/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/labour_force.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010 }}</ref> and the unemployment rate is 15.70%.<ref>{{cite web|title=UN-EMPLOYMENT RATES |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/unemployment_rates.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827005129/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/unemployment_rates.pdf |archive-date=27 August 2010 }}</ref> ===Religion=== {{bar box |title=Religion in Islamabad Capital Territory (2023) |titlebar=#ddd |float=right |bars= {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|95.55}} {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|blue|4.26}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|0.04}} {{bar percent|Others|grey|0.15}} }} In the [[Islamabad Capital Territory]], [[Islam]] is the largest religion in the city, with 95.55% of the population following it. [[Christianity]] is the second largest religion is with 4.26% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. [[Hinduism]] is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2023 census.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population by Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban, Census - 2023 |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/table_9_national.pdf |website=pbs.gov.pk |publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau Statistics]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=POPULATION BY RELIGION |author=Population Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan |url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617205811/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_religion.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2006 }}</ref> ==Economy== {{Main|Economy of Islamabad}} [[File:Ufone and ISE Tower Islamabad.jpg|thumb|200px|Ufone Tower and [[ISE Tower]]]] Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country's population, it contributes 1% to the country's GDP.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04 |title=Pakistan | Economics and extremism |work=Dawn |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=2 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108132730/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/19-economics-and-extremism-hh-04 |archive-date= 8 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Islamabad Stock Exchange]], founded in 1989, is Pakistan's third largest stock exchange after [[Karachi Stock Exchange]] and [[Lahore Stock Exchange]], and was merged to form [[Pakistan Stock Exchange]]. The exchange had 118 members with 104 [[Body corporate|corporate bodies]] and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.<ref>{{cite web|title=About ISE|author=ISE-Official website|url=http://www.ise.com.pk/About_ISE/AboutISE.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617005524/http://www.ise.com.pk/About_ISE/AboutISE.asp|archive-date=17 June 2011}}</ref> According to the [[World Bank]]'s ''[[Doing Business Report]]'' of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/24632/faisalabad-best-place-to-do-business-in-pakistan|title=Faisalabad best place to do business in Pakistan|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|date=30 June 2010|access-date=25 December 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226235609/https://tribune.com.pk/story/24632/faisalabad-best-place-to-do-business-in-pakistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> Islamabad's businesses are Pakistan's most compliant for paying tax dues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doing Business in Islamabad|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/pakistan/sub/islamabad|website=Doing Business|publisher=Doing Business (World Bank)|access-date=25 December 2017|year=2010|archive-date=25 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203050/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/pakistan/sub/islamabad|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2012}}, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brecorder.com/top-news/108-pakistan-top-news/65751-rs371bn-revenue-target-fbr-hails-ltu-islamabads-performance-.html4|title=Rs 371bn revenue target: FBR hails LTU Islamabad's performance|work=Business Recorder|date=5 July 2012|access-date=9 July 2012}}</ref> Islamabad has seen an expansion in [[Information and communication technologies|information and communications technology]] with the addition two [[science park|Software Technology Parks]], which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 [[Information technology|IT]] companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad |author=Pakistan Software Export Board |url=http://www.pseb.org.pk/item/stp_islamabad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505124938/http://www.pseb.org.pk/item/stp_islamabad |archive-date=5 May 2010 }}</ref> Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get IT Park by 2020|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1453594/islamabad-get-park-2020/|access-date=25 December 2017|work=The Express Tribune|date=9 July 2017|archive-date=26 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226033421/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1453594/islamabad-get-park-2020/|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Culture== {{main|Culture of Islamabad}} Islamabad is home to many settlers from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as [[Aryan]], [[Soanian]], and [[Indus Valley civilisation]] can still be found in the region. A 15th-century [[Gakhars|Gakhar]] fort, [[Pharwala]] Fort is located near Islamabad.<ref name="forts">{{cite web|title=Forts of Pakistan|author=Ministry of Tourism, Government of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistantourism.gov.pk/FortsofPakistan.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927150906/http://www.pakistantourism.gov.pk/FortsofPakistan.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2009}}</ref> [[Rawat Fort]] in the region was built by the [[Gakhars]] in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, [[Sultan Sarang Khan]].<ref name="forts"/> [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur village]] is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja [[Man Singh]]. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sidpur Village|work=The Daily Times|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C10%5C28%5Cstory_28-10-2008_pg11_11|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-date=23 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723151238/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C10%5C28%5Cstory_28-10-2008_pg11_11|url-status=live}}</ref> The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic [[Pir Meher Ali Shah]] is located at [[Golra Sharif]], which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golra Sharif|url=http://www.thelightofgolrasharif.com/Website/TheLightofGolraSharif/hazrat/golra_sharif_introduction.htm|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-date=11 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811184157/http://www.thelightofgolrasharif.com/Website/TheLightofGolraSharif/hazrat/golra_sharif_introduction.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The shrine of [[Bari Imam]] was built by the Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual [[Urs]] of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.<ref>{{cite news|title=Spotlight Bari Imam|author=Huma Khawar|work=Dawn News|url=http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/050529/dmag9.htm|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-date=5 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205064721/http://www.dawn.com/weekly/dmag/archive/050529/dmag9.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Lok Virsa Museum]] in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the [[Shakarparian]] hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=RAWALPINDI/ISLAMABAD CITIES TOUR|author=Viamigo|url=http://www.viamigo.com/tour/1803/Lahor-Islamabad-Rawalpindi|access-date=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717194939/http://www.viamigo.com/tour/1803/Lahor-Islamabad-Rawalpindi|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tourism== {{Main|Tourism in Islamabad}} [[File:Faisal mosque on the eve of 27th Ramadan.jpg|thumb|Faisal Mosque during [[Ramadan]]]] [[Faisal Mosque]] is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, [[Faisal bin Abdul Aziz]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.urdumania.com/world-in-urdu/shah-faisal-mosque-the-biggest-mosque-in-pakistan.php |title=Shah Faisal Mosque: The Biggest Mosque in Pakistan | Urdu Pakistan |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100928042301/http://www.urdumania.com/world-in-urdu/shah-faisal-mosque-the-biggest-mosque-in-pakistan.php |archive-date=28 September 2010 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the [[Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along the walls of the mosque. One of the landmarks for tourists is the [[Pakistan Monument]] built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan's other tourist landmarks such as the [[Badshahi Mosque]], [[Minar-e-Pakistan]] and [[Lahore Fort]]. [[File:Daman-E-Koh.jpg|thumb|[[Daman-e-Koh]] Park]] Islamabad holds some of Pakistan's most prestigious museums such as [[Lok Virsa Museum]], Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage [[Shakarparian]] Park and prominent galleries such as the [[National Art Gallery, Pakistan|National Art Gallery]] and Gallery 6. The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the [[Gandhara]] period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at [[Lok Virsa Museum]], as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in [[Shakarparian]] Park. Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from the 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the [[Potohar Plateau]], the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as [[Saidpur, Islamabad|Saidpur]]. Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from a village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.islamabadthecapital.com/culture-of-islamabad/ |access-date=8 March 2020 |title=Archived copy |archive-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228205435/http://www.islamabadthecapital.com/culture-of-islamabad |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Margalla Hills National Park]] is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the [[Himalayas]]. The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as [[Himalayan goral]], Barking deer and [[leopards]]. Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists. === Recreation === [[File:Islamabad - Faisal Mosque.jpg|thumb|Faisal Mosque as seen from Margalla Hills]] Located in the city, the [[Faisal Mosque]] is the largest mosque in South Asia and the sixth–largest mosque in the world. Built in the year 1986, it was named after the late king of [[Saudi Arabia]], Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz, who backed and financed the construction. [[File:Trail 3 Margalla Hills Islamabad.jpg|thumb|Trail 3 Islamabad]] The most famous and oldest hiking track of Islamabad is Trail 3. It starts from the Margalla Road in sector F-6/3. Due to steep hills, the trail is exhausting to some extent. The course leads to the point where it goes up to the Viewpoint and is about a 30–50 minutes track. After the Viewpoint it continues for another easy-going 45 – 60 minutes and reaches the Pir Sohawa, where there are two restaurants for food, ''The Monal'' and ''La Montana''. In total, it is approximately a one-hour and thirty minute walk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/trails/default.asp|title=Hiking Trail 3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711120951/http://www.cda.gov.pk/about_islamabad/trails/default.asp|archive-date=11 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shah Allah Ditta village is a centuries-old village and a union council of the Islamabad Capital Authority. The village is named after a dervish who belonged to the Mughal era. It is estimated to be 650 years old approximately. It is also home to ancient caves that reflects the previous civilizations. The 2500-year-old Buddhist caves at the foot of Margalla Hills are located in west of Taxila, east of Islamabad and in the central area of Khanpur. A spring, a pond and a garden still exist near the Shah Allah Ditta Caves. There are some banyan trees in the garden, while all other fruit trees are gone. The water from the same spring was used to irrigate the garden adjoining the caves. During the Mughal period, when India was the centre of Sufism originating from Arabia and Central Asia, a saint named Shah Allah Ditta stayed in this garden and was entombed here. The place formerly attributed to sadhus, monks, or jogis is today known for the famous Sufi Shah Allah Ditta. A short distance from these caves is also an ancient baoli (stepwell) in the village of Kanthila, which is said to have been built by [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-09 |title=Shah Allah Ditta caves – relic of ancient Buddhism |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2360839/shah-allah-ditta-caves-relic-of-ancient-buddhism |access-date=2023-02-24 |work=The Express Tribune |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705020116/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2360839/shah-allah-ditta-caves-relic-of-ancient-buddhism |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Transport== {{main|Transport in Islamabad}} [[File:Islamabad Highway From the 9th avenue bridge.jpg|thumb|[[Srinagar Highway]], Islamabad]] ===Aerial transport=== Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through [[Islamabad International Airport|Islamabad International Airport (IIAP)]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last=Islamabad Airport|title=Islamabad Airport|url=https://islamabadairport.com.pk/About/About-Introduction.aspx|website=Islamabad Airport|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717040532/https://islamabadairport.com.pk/About/About-Introduction.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spreads over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges. It also includes facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo.<ref name=":0" /> ===Public transport=== [[File:The Red Metro Bus in Blue Area.jpg|thumb|[[Islamabad Metrobus]]]] The [[Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus]] is a {{convert|83.6|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} [[bus rapid transit]] system operating in the [[Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area]]. The Metrobus network's first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between [[Pak Secretariat]], in Islamabad, and [[Saddar, Rawalpindi|Saddar]] in [[Rawalpindi]]. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the [[Peshawar Morr Interchange]] and [[New Islamabad International Airport]] and was inaugurated on 18 April 2022.<ref name="Orange line trial run">{{Cite news|url=https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|title=Islamabad Starts Trial of Orange Line Metro Bus Service|date=2022-04-16|work=INCPAK|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628161913/https://www.incpak.com/national/islamabad-starts-trial-of-orange-line-metro-bus-service/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PM Shehbaz Sharif inaugurates metrobus service">{{Cite news|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|title=PM Shehbaz Sharif confident his 'speedy work' will frighten ex-premier Imran Khan|date=2022-04-18|work=GEO News|access-date=2022-04-18|language=en-US|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418212155/https://www.geo.tv/latest/412136-pm-shehbaz-sharif-inaugurates-metrobus-service-from-peshawar-mor-to-islamabad|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2022 |title=PM Shahbaz inaugurates Green Line, Blue Line metro bus services |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/972204-pm-shahbaz-inaugurates-green-blue-lines-of-metro-bus-service-in-islamabad |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=[[The News International]] |language=en |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814025512/https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/972204-pm-shahbaz-inaugurates-green-blue-lines-of-metro-bus-service-in-islamabad |url-status=live }}</ref> The system uses e-ticketing and an [[Intelligent Transportation System]] and is managed by the [[Punjab Mass Transit Authority]]. The metro buses are widely used for commuting purposes by the labor force and students. ===Railway=== [[Islamabad railway station]] is located in sector I-9 in Islamabad, [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Capital Territory]], [[Pakistan]]. The station appears as Margala on the [[Pakistan Railways]] website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Railways |url=https://www.pakrail.gov.pk/ |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[Pakistan Railways]] |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201190757/https://www.pakrail.gov.pk/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Private transport=== People use private transport like [[Taxicab|Taxis]], [[Careem]], [[Uber]], [[Bykea]], and SWVL for local journeys. In March 2016, Careem became functional in Islamabad and [[Rawalpindi]] with taxi services. === Roadways === [[M-2 motorway (Pakistan)|M-2 Motorway]] is {{convert|367|km|0|abbr=on}} long and connects Islamabad and [[Lahore]].<ref name="NHA">{{cite web|title=Motorway's of Pakistan|author=National Highway Authority Pakistan|url=http://www.nha.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=45|access-date=17 September 2009|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006233451/https://www.nha.gov.pk/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=5&Itemid=45|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[M-1 motorway (Pakistan)|M-1 Motorway]] connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is {{convert|155|km|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name="NHA"/> Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the [[Faizabad Interchange]], which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Faizabad Interchange|author=NESPAK|url=http://www.nespak.com.pk/services/viewPic.asp?sector=3&id=13|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810092226/http://www.nespak.com.pk/services/viewPic.asp?sector=3&id=13|archive-date=10 August 2011}}</ref> ==Education== {{See also|List of universities in Islamabad||List of educational institutions in Islamabad}} [[File:NUST MainOffice.png|thumb|[[National University of Sciences and Technology (Pakistan)|National University of Sciences and Technology]]]] As of 2010, Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%,<ref name=PBS /> and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country.<ref name="L. Roberts">{{cite book|title=Planning Urban Education: New Techniques to Transform Learning in the City|year=1972|publisher=Educational Technology Publications|isbn=978-0877780243|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W8Yt8a6qhQEC&pg=PA111|author=Charles S. Benson|editor=Dennis L. Roberts|access-date=3 July 2012|page=111|chapter=New Cities and Educational Planning}}</ref> A large number of [[Public university|public]] and [[Private university|private]] sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organizations and almost all of them are recognised by the [[Higher Education Commission of Pakistan]]. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the [[Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education]] or with the [[Advanced Level in the United Kingdom|UK universities education boards]], O/A Levels, or [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]]. According to the Academy of Educational Planning and Management's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognized institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 [[Madrasah|religious]], 367 primary, 162 [[Middle school|middle]], 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 [[Undergraduate education|degree colleges]]).<ref name="aepam.edu.pk">{{cite web|title=Pakistan Education Statistics 2008–09|author=AEPAM|url=http://aepam.edu.pk/Files/EducationStatistics/PakistanEducationStatistics2008-09.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117012557/http://aepam.edu.pk/Files/EducationStatistics/PakistanEducationStatistics2008-09.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2013}}</ref> There are seven [[Teacher education|teacher training]] institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.<ref name="aepam.edu.pk"/> The [[Gender Parity Index]] in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys-only institutes, 175 girls-only, and 551 [[Mixed-sex education|mixed]] institutes in Islamabad.<ref name="aepam.edu.pk"/> Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls.<ref name="aepam.edu.pk"/> There are 16 recognized universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers.<ref name="aepam.edu.pk"/> Most of the top ranked universities; [[National University of Sciences and Technology, Pakistan|National University of Sciences and Technology]], [[COMSATS Institute of Information Technology]] and [[Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences]], also have their headquarters in the capital.<ref name="HEC Rankings">{{cite web|title=HEC University Rankings by Category |author=HEC, Pakistan |url=http://beta.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/QALI/Others/RankingofUniversities/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227130407/http://beta.hec.gov.pk/INSIDEHEC/DIVISIONS/QALI/OTHERS/RANKINGOFUNIVERSITIES/Pages/CategoryWise.aspx |archive-date=27 February 2012 }}</ref> The [[World's largest universities|world's second largest general university by enrolment]], [[Allama Iqbal Open University]] is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include [[Air University (Pakistan)|Air University]], [[Bahria University]], [[Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering]], [[Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology]], [[Hamdard University]], [[National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences]], [[Capital University of Science & Technology]], [[National Defence University, Pakistan|National Defence University]], [[Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University]], [[National University of Modern Languages]], [[Iqra University]], [[International Islamic University, Islamabad|International Islamic University]], [[Virtual University of Pakistan]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah University]], [[The University of Lahore]], [[Abasyn University]], and [[The Millennium University College]]. ==Healthcare== [[File:Pims2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences]]]] Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab tops in infant mortality, poverty, income inequality|author=TheNews website|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=145337&Cat=5&dt=11/9/2008|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=6 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106042939/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=145337&Cat=5&dt=11%2F9%2F2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is [[Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences]] (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services.<ref>{{cite web|title=About PIMS|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/aboutPIMS.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227130640/http://www.pims.gov.pk/aboutPIMS.htm|archive-date=27 December 2005}}</ref> The hospital has 30 major medical departments.<ref>{{cite web|title=Departments at PIMS|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/departments.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228005138/http://www.pims.gov.pk/departments.htm|archive-date=28 February 2014}}</ref> PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Islamabad Hospital|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/isbHospital.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227131252/http://www.pims.gov.pk/isbHospital.htm|archive-date=27 December 2005}}</ref> The Children's Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children Hospital|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/childrenHospital.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915204759/http://www.pims.gov.pk/childrenHospital.htm|archive-date=15 September 2009}}</ref> The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal & Child Health Care Center|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/MCH.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101231029/http://www.pims.gov.pk/MCH.htm|archive-date=1 November 2005}}</ref> PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quaid-i-Azam Postgraduate Medical College|author=PIMS-Official website|url=http://www.pims.gov.pk/QPGMC.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050715083956/http://www.pims.gov.pk/QPGMC.htm|archive-date=15 July 2005}}</ref> PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.<ref name="paec">{{cite web|title=About PAEC Hospital|author=PAEC General Hospital-Official website|url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/about.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106062241/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/about.htm|archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref> The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility<ref name="paec"/> and 10 major departments: [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynecology]], [[Pediatric]], [[General Medicine]], [[General Surgery]], [[Intensive Care Unit]]/[[Coronary Care Unit]], [[Orthopedics]], [[Ophthalmology]], [[Pathology]], [[Radiology]], and [[Dentistry|Dental]] Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Functions of Major Departments|author=PAEC General Hospital-Official website|url=http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/functions.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106050652/http://www.paec.gov.pk/paec_hospital/functions.htm|archive-date=6 January 2009}}</ref> Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 [[Outpatient department|IPD]] beds and [[Outpatient department|OPD]] facilities in 35 different specialisations.<ref>{{cite web|title=SHIFA History|author=SHIFA International Hospital-Official website|url=http://www.shifa.com.pk/shifa/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423191047/http://www.shifa.com.pk/shifa/|archive-date=23 April 2009}}</ref> According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 [[dispensaries]], and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hospitals/Dispensaries and Beds by Province|author=Federal Bureau of Statistics|url=http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/social_statistics/health1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113153523/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/social_statistics/health1.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2010}}</ref> ==Sports== [[File:Jinnah Sports Stadium track and field.jpg|thumb|[[Jinnah Sports Stadium]]]] [[File:Islamabad golf Club.jpg|thumb|Islamabad Golf Club]] Islamabad has a multipurpose sports complex opposite [[Aabpara]]. It includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]] for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. [[2004 South Asian Games|2004 SAF Games]] were held in the stadium. Some other sports venues of Islamabad include [[Diamond Club Ground]], Shalimar Cricket Ground and Islamabad Golf Club. There is another multipurpose sports complex in the F6 Markaz. It has tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a [[Futsal]] ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad. Major sports in the city include [[cricket]], [[Association football|football]], [[Squash (sport)|squash]], [[field hockey|hockey]], table tennis, rugby and [[boxing]].<ref name="Hanif Raza">{{cite book|title=Islamabad and environs|year=1985|publisher=Colorpix|asin=B0006ENJ0I|page=83|author=M. Hanif Raza}}</ref> The city is home to [[Islamabad United (cricket)|Islamabad United]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shafique |first=Adnan |title=Islamabad United |url=https://www.islamabadunited.com/about-us/ |access-date=2023-02-24 |language=en-US |archive-date=24 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224040254/https://www.islamabadunited.com/about-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which won the first ever [[Pakistan Super League]] in [[2016 Pakistan Super League|2016]] and second title in [[2018 Pakistan Super League|2018]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://arynews.tv/en/ary-digital-neer-winning-psl/|title=ARY Digital Network President Salman Iqbal congratulates Islamabad United over winning PSL|work=ARY News|date=24 February 2016|access-date=24 February 2016|archive-date=25 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225092427/http://arynews.tv/en/ary-digital-neer-winning-psl/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=CIrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8679/report/1128851|title=Ronchi, Shadab seal Islamabad's second PSL title|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327092249/http://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8679/report/1128851|url-status=live}}</ref> and Islamabad All Stars, which participates in the [[Super Kabaddi League]]. Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills.<ref name="John Arran">{{cite web|last=Arran|first=John|title=A Guide to Climbing in Margalla|url=http://www.pakistanalpine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Monkey-Business-A-Guide-to-Climb-Margalla-2012-Edition.pdf|work=Rock Climbing Islamabad|publisher=Pakistan Alpine Institute|access-date=12 October 2013|year=2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022121139/http://www.pakistanalpine.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Monkey-Business-A-Guide-to-Climb-Margalla-2012-Edition.pdf|archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The Pakistan Sports Complex has three swimming pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports facilities at Pakistan Sports Complex |url= http://www.sports.gov.pk/SportsFacilities/sportsfacilities.htm#cycling |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508062306/http://www.sports.gov.pk/SportsFacilities/sportsfacilities.htm#cycling |archive-date=8 May 2016 }}</ref> ==Twin towns and sister cities== {{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Pakistan}} {{colbegin|colwidth=25em}} * {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates<ref name="Minsk">{{cite web|url=http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|title=Twin towns of Minsk|publisher=Computer Centre of Minsk City Executive Committee|year=2008|access-date=8 December 2008|archive-date=30 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830121424/http://minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/org_ps.pl?k_org=3604&mode=doc&doc=3604_2_a&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], Jordan<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin city agreements |author=Greater Amman Municipality-Official website |url=http://www.ammancity.gov.jo/english/accessing/a1.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214220519/https://www.ammancity.gov.jo/english/accessing/a1.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 December 2020 }}</ref><ref name="tribune16">{{cite web|date=9 December 2016|title=The making of a slum city|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1258738/making-slum-city|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Express Tribune|language=en|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108161654/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1258738/making-slum-city|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="dawn16">{{Cite news|date=5 January 2016|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842|access-date=31 July 2020|archive-date=18 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318182531/https://www.dawn.com/news/1230842|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Ankara]], Turkey<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister Cities of Ankara|author=Greater Municipality of Ankara|url=http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalariEn/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_sehirler.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705145123/http://www.ankara.bel.tr/AbbSayfalariEn/hizmet_birimleri/dis_dairesi_baskanligi/kardes_sehirler.aspx|archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref> * {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China<ref>{{cite web|title=Sister cities|author=Beijing International-Official website|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/Asia_1/sis_Islamabad/|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-date=26 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526165739/http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/Asia_1/sis_Islamabad/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia 1984, restarted in 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C23%5Cstory_23-1-2010_pg11_2|title=Daily Times|website=Daily Times|access-date=14 August 2018|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729005443/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C01%5C23%5Cstory_23-1-2010_pg11_2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=BeritaSatu.com|title=KONI DKI Jalin Kerja Sama 'Sister City' dengan 21 Kota Dunia|url=https://www.beritasatu.com/megapolitan/192958-koni-dki-jalin-kerja-sama-sister-city-dengan-21-kota-dunia|access-date=31 July 2020|website=beritasatu.com|language=id}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], Spain<ref name="tribune16" /><ref name="dawn16" /> * {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], Belarus<ref name="dawn-sister">{{cite news|title=Islamabad to get new sister city|date=5 January 2016|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|editor-last=Abbas|editor-first=Zaffar|editor-link=Zaffar Abbas|publisher=[[Pakistan Herald Publications]]|location=Karachi, Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 January 2016|title=Islamabad declared sister city of Minsk|url=https://nation.com.pk/05-Jan-2016/islamabad-declared-sister-city-of-minsk|access-date=31 July 2020|website=The Nation|language=en|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130033023/https://nation.com.pk/05-Jan-2016/islamabad-declared-sister-city-of-minsk|url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea<ref name="tribune16" /><ref name="dawn16" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Fazal Sher|title=Islamabad, Seoul to be made sister cities|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C08%5Cstory_8-11-2008_pg11_2|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-date=29 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729145801/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2008%5C11%5C08%5Cstory_8-11-2008_pg11_2|url-status=live|work=Daily Times}}</ref> *{{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Astana]], Kazakhstan {{colend}} ==See also== {{Portal|Pakistan}} * [[List of people from Islamabad]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{cite book |last1=Daechsel |first1=Markus |title=Islamabad and the Politics of International Development in Pakistan |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-11-07-05717-3 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Islamabad_and_the_Politics_of_Internatio/grDGBgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0}} *{{cite book |last1=Moatasim |first1=Faiza |title=Master Plans and Encroachments: The Architecture of Informality in Islamabad |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Master_Plans_and_Encroachments.html?id=cIrCEAAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |date=2023 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-1-5128-2519-0 |language=en}} *{{cite book |last1=Nadiem |first1=Ihsan H. |author-link=Ihsan H. Nadiem |title=Islamabad Pothohar, Taxila Valley and Beyond: History & Monuments |year=2006 |publisher=[[Sang-e-Meel Publications]] |isbn=978-969-35-1904-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&redir_esc=y&id=NO9tAAAAMAAJ&dq |language=en |oclc=85891881}} *{{cite book |last1=Yakas |first1=Orestes |title=Islamabad, The Birth of a Capital |url=https://archive.org/details/islamabadbirthof0000yaka |year=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |isbn=0-19-579533-4 |language=en |url-access=registration}} ==External links== {{Sister project links|voy=Islamabad|d=Q1362}} * {{Official website|1=https://ictadministration.gov.pk}} * [http://mci.gov.pk/ Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717051828/http://mci.gov.pk/ |date=17 July 2021 }}. * {{OSM relation|358002}} {{Navboxes |title = Articles related to Islamabad |list = {{Islamabad}} {{Neighbourhoods of Islamabad}} {{PakistanCities}} {{List of Asian capitals by region}} }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Islamabad| ]] [[Category:Capitals of Pakistan]] [[Category:Capitals in Asia]] [[Category:Islamabad Capital Territory|01]] [[Category:Metropolitan areas of Pakistan]] [[Category:1960s establishments in Pakistan]] [[Category:Planned capitals]] [[Category:Planned communities in Pakistan]] [[Category:Populated places in Islamabad Capital Territory|*]] [[Category:Populated places established in the 1960s]]
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