Editing Isaac Albéniz

{{short description|Spanish composer (1860–1909)}}
{{redirect|Albeniz}}
{{Use shortened footnotes|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{family name hatnote|Albéniz|Pascual|lang=Spanish}}
{{Lead too short|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Isaac Albéniz
| image              = IAlbeniz.jpg
| caption            = Albéniz in 1901
| birth_name         = Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1860|05|29|df=y}}
| birth_place        = [[Camprodon]], [[Catalonia]], [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1909|05|18|1860|05|29|df=y}}
| death_place        = [[Cambo-les-Bains]], [[French Third Republic|France]]
| restingplace       = [[Montjuïc Cemetery]]
| othername          = 
| occupation         = pianist, Composer
| years active       = 1864−1909
| spouse             = 
| children           = 
}}

'''Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual''' ({{IPA|es|iˈsak alˈβeniθ}}; 29 May 1860 – 18 May 1909) was a Spanish [[virtuoso]] [[pianist]], [[composer]], and [[Conductor (music)|conductor]]. He is one of the foremost composers of the [[Post-romanticism|post-romantic era]] who also had a significant influence on his contemporaries and younger composers. He is best known for his [[piano]] works that incorporate Spanish [[folk music]] idioms and elements.<ref name="Montoya">{{harvnb|Montoya|2019}}</ref>  his compositions, particularly those in his suite [[Iberia (Albéniz)|''Iberia'']] (1905–1908), are considered masterpieces and have influenced both [[classical music]] and [[Spanish nationalism|Spanish nationalism]] in music. Isaac Albéniz was close to the [[Generation of '98]].

Transcriptions of many of his pieces, such as ''[[Asturias (Leyenda)]]'', ''[[Granada (Albéniz)|Granada]]'', ''[[Sevilla (Albéniz)|Sevilla]]'', ''[[Cadiz (Albéniz)|Cadiz]]'', ''[[Córdoba (Albéniz)|Córdoba]]'', ''[[Cataluña (Albéniz)|Cataluña]]'', ''[[Mallorca (Albéniz)|Mallorca]]'', and [[Tango in D]], are important pieces for classical guitar, though he never composed for the guitar. Some of Albéniz's personal papers are held in the [[Library of Catalonia]].

== Life ==

[[File:Albéniz with his daughter Laura.jpg|thumb|left|Albéniz with his daughter, Laura]]

Born in [[Camprodon]], province of [[Girona]], to Ángel Albéniz (a customs official) and his wife, Maria de los Dolores Pascual, Albéniz was a [[child prodigy]] who first performed at the age of four. At age seven, after apparently taking lessons from [[Antoine François Marmontel]], he passed the entrance examination for piano at the [[Conservatoire de Paris]], but he was refused admission because he was believed to be too young.{{sfn|Barulich|2001}} By the time he had reached 12, he had made many attempts to run away from home.

His concert career began at the age of nine when his father toured both Isaac and his sister, Clementina, throughout northern Spain. A popular myth is that at the age of twelve Albéniz stowed away in a ship bound for [[Buenos Aires]]. He then found himself in [[Cuba]], then in the United States, giving concerts in New York and San Francisco and then travelled to [[Liverpool]], [[London]] and [[Leipzig]].<ref>[http://www.gramophone.net/ComposerOfTheWeek/View/187 Gramophone Archive]</ref> By age 15, he had already given concerts worldwide. This story is not entirely false, Albéniz did travel the world as a performer; however, he was accompanied by his father, who as a customs agent was required to travel frequently. This can be attested by comparing Isaac's concert dates with his father's travel itinerary.

In 1876, after a short stay at the [[Leipzig Conservatory]], he went to study at the [[Royal Conservatory of Brussels]] after King Alfonso's personal secretary, [[Guillermo Morphy]], obtained him a royal grant.{{sfn|Clark|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg60ZjqZLfkC&pg=PA36 36]}} Count Morphy thought highly of Albéniz, who would later dedicate ''[[Sevilla (Albéniz)|Sevilla]]'' to Morphy's wife when it premiered in Paris in January 1886.{{sfn|Clark|2002|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=dg60ZjqZLfkC&pg=PA69 69]}}

In 1880, Albéniz went to [[Budapest]], Hungary, to study with [[Franz Liszt]], only to find out that Liszt was in [[Weimar]], Germany.

In 1883, he met the teacher and composer [[Felip Pedrell]], who inspired him to write Spanish music such as the ''[[Chants d'Espagne]]''. The first movement (Prelude) of that suite, later retitled after the composer's death as ''[[Chants d'Espagne#1. Prelude|Asturias (Leyenda)]]'', is now part of the [[classical guitar]] repertoire, even though it was originally composed for piano. Many of Albéniz's other compositions were also transcribed for guitar by [[Francisco Tárrega]]. At the [[1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition]], the piano manufacturer [[Sébastien Érard|Érard]] sponsored a series of 20 concerts featuring Albéniz's music.{{sfn|Barulich|2001}}
[[File:Isaac Albéniz.jpg|thumbnail|''[[Bookplate|Ex libris]]'' Isaac Albéniz by Ismael Smith, around 1921]]

Also in 1883, the composer married Rosina Jordana Lagarriga, daughter of the former mayor of the [[Gràcia|Gràcia district]] and a former student of Isaac.<ref name="preco">{{Cite web |date=23 October 2021 |title=Albéniz, la precocidad y el clásico |trans-title=Albéniz, precocity and the classic |url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/albeniz-precocidad-clasico-12348620 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=www.sport.es |language=es}}</ref> They had two children who lived into adulthood: [[Alfonso Albéniz|Alfonso]] (1885–1941), who played for [[FC Barcelona]] in the early 1900s before embarking on a career as a [[diplomat]], and Laura (1890–1944), who went on to become a renowned [[illustrator]] in the arts of drawing and [[painting]].<ref name=preco/> Another child, Enriqueta, died in infancy in 1886.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz i Pascual (1860 - 1909) - Genealogy |url=https://www.geni.com/people/Isaac-Manuel-Francisco-Alb%C3%A9niz-i-Pascual/6000000006668437001 |access-date=29 January 2024 |website=www.geni.com}}</ref> His great-granddaughter is [[Cécilia Attias]], former wife of [[Nicolas Sarkozy]].<ref name=preco/>

The apex of Albéniz's concert career is considered to be 1889 to 1892 when he had concert tours throughout Europe. During the 1890s Albéniz lived in London and Paris. For London he wrote some [[musical comedies]] which brought him to the attention of the wealthy [[Francis Money-Coutts, 5th&nbsp;Baron Latymer]]. Money-Coutts commissioned and provided him with librettos for the opera ''[[Henry Clifford (opera)|Henry Clifford]]'' and for a projected trilogy of [[Arthurian]] operas. The first of these, ''[[Merlin (opera)|Merlin]]'' (1898–1902), was thought to have been lost but has recently been reconstructed and performed.<ref>[http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2001/jan01/merlin.htm Review – Classical Music on the web]</ref> Albéniz never completed ''Lancelot'' (only the first act is finished, as a vocal and piano score), and he never began ''Guinevere'', the final part.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celtic Twilight; review of ''Merlin'' |url=http://www.celtic-twilight.com/camelot/music/albeniz_merlin.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517192749/http://celtic-twilight.com/camelot/music/albeniz_merlin.htm |archive-date=17 May 2008 |access-date=13 July 2008}}</ref>

In 1900, he started to suffer from [[Bright's disease]] and returned to writing piano music. Between 1905 and 1908 he composed his final masterpiece, ''[[Iberia (Albéniz)|Iberia]]'' (1908), a suite of twelve piano "impressions". Albéniz died from his kidney disease on 18 May 1909 at age 48 in [[Cambo-les-Bains]], in [[Labourd]], south-western France. Only a few weeks before his death, the French Government bestowed upon Albéniz the [[Legion of Honour]], its highest honour. He is buried at the [[Montjuïc Cemetery]], [[Barcelona]].<ref name="Montoya" />

== Music ==
{{further|List of compositions by Isaac Albéniz}}

=== Early works ===
Albéniz's early works were mostly "[[salon music|salon style]]" music. His first published composition, ''Marcha Militar'', appeared in 1868. A number of works written before this are now lost.{{sfn|Barulich|2001|loc="Works"}} He continued composing in traditional styles ranging from [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Frédéric Chopin]] and [[Franz Liszt]] until the mid-1880s. He also wrote at least five [[zarzuela]]s, of which all but two are now lost.

Perhaps the best source on the works is Albéniz himself. He is quoted as commenting on his earlier period works as:<blockquote>There are among them a few things that are not completely worthless. The music is a bit infantile, plain, spirited; but in the end, the people, our Spanish people, are something of all that. I believe that the people are right when they continue to be moved by ''Córdoba, Mallorca'', by the copla of the ''Sevillanas'', by the ''Serenata'', and ''Granada''. In all of them I now note that there is less musical science, less of the grand idea, but more colour, sunlight, flavour of olives. That music of youth, with its little sins and absurdities that almost point out the sentimental affectation ... appears to me like the carvings in the [[Alhambra]], those peculiar arabesques that say nothing with their turns and shapes, but which are like the air, like the sun, like the blackbirds or like the nightingales of its gardens. They are more valuable than all else of Moorish Spain, which though we may not like it, is the true Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=da Acha |first=Rafael |title=The Indispensible Composers |url=https://www.uc.edu/content/dam/refresh/cont-ed-62/olli/fall-23-class-handouts/1%20indispensable%20composers.pdf |website=uc.edu}}</ref></blockquote>

=== Middle period ===
[[File:Ramon Casas - MNAC- Isaac Albéniz- 027630-D 006622.jpg|thumb|upright|''Albéniz'', a drawing by [[Ramon Casas]] ([[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya|MNAC]])]]

During the late 1880s, the strong influence of Spanish style is evident in Albéniz's music. In 1883 Albéniz met the teacher and composer Felipe Pedrell. Pedrell was a leading figure in the development of nationalist Spanish music. In his book ''The Music of Spain'', [[Gilbert Chase]] describes Pedrell's influence on Albéniz: "What Albéniz derived from Pedrell was above all a spiritual orientation, the realization of the wonderful values inherent in Spanish music."{{sfn|Chase|1959|p=153}} Felipe Pedrell inspired Albéniz to write Spanish music such as the ''[[Suite española]]'', Op. 47, noted for its delicate, intricate melody and abrupt dynamic changes.

In addition to the Spanish spirit infused in Albéniz's music, he incorporated other qualities as well. In her biography of Albéniz, Pola Baytelman discerns four characteristics of the music from the middle period as follows:

<blockquote>1. The dance rhythms of Spain, of which there are a wide variety. 2. The use of [[cante jondo]], which means deep or profound singing. It is the most serious and moving variety of [[flamenco]] or Spanish gypsy song, often dealing with themes of death, anguish, or religion. 3. The use of exotic scales also associated with flamenco music. The [[Phrygian mode]] is the most prominent in Albéniz's music, although he also used the [[Aeolian mode|Aeolian]] and [[Mixolydian mode]]s as well as the [[whole-tone scale]]. 4. The transfer of guitar idioms into piano writing. {{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</blockquote>

Following his marriage, Albéniz settled in [[Madrid]], Spain, and produced a substantial quantity of music in a relatively short period. By 1886 he had written over 50 piano pieces.{{sfn|Barulich|2001}} Albéniz biographer Walter A. Clark says that pieces from this period received enthusiastic reception in the composer's many concerts. Chase describes music from this period,

<blockquote>Taking the guitar as his instrumental model, and drawing his inspiration largely from the peculiar traits of [[Andalusians|Andalusian]] folk music—but without using actual folk themes—Albéniz achieves a stylization of Spanish traditional idioms that while thoroughly artistic, gives a captivating impression of spontaneous improvisation... ''Córdoba'' is the piece that best represents the style of Albéniz in this period, with its hauntingly beautiful melody, set against the acrid dissonances of the plucked accompaniment imitating the notes of the Moorish [[gusla]]s. Here is the heady scent of jasmines amid the swaying palm trees, the dream fantasy of an Andalusian "[[Arabian Nights]]" in which Albéniz loved to let his imagination dwell.{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}</blockquote>

=== Later period ===
While Albéniz's crowning achievement, ''[[Iberia (Albéniz)|Iberia]]'', was written in the last years of his life in France, many of its preceding works are well-known and of great interest. The five pieces in ''[[Chants d'Espagne]]'' (''Songs of Spain'', published in 1892) are a solid example of the compositional ideas he was exploring in the "middle period" of his life. The suite shows what Albéniz biographer Walter Aaron Clark describes as the "first flowering of his unique creative genius"{{Page needed|date=September 2010}}, and the beginnings of compositional exploration that became the hallmark of his later works. This period also includes his operatic works—''[[Merlin (opera)|Merlin]], [[Henry Clifford (opera)|Henry Clifford]]'', and ''[[Pepita Jiménez (opera)|Pepita Jiménez]]''. His orchestral works of this period include ''Spanish Rhapsody'' (1887) and ''Catalonia'' (1899), dedicated to [[Ramon Casas i Carbó|Ramon Casas]], who had painted his full-length portrait in 1894.

== Impact and legacy ==

As one of the leading composers of his era, Albéniz's influences on both contemporary composers and on the future of Spanish music are profound. As a result of his extended stay in France and the friendship he formed with numerous composers there, his composition technique and harmonic language influenced aspiring younger composers such as [[Claude Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel]]. His activities as conductor, performer and composer significantly raised the profile of Spanish music abroad and encouraged Spanish music and musicians in his own country.{{sfn|Barulich|2001}}

Albéniz's works have become an important part of the repertoire of the classical guitar, many of which have been transcribed by [[Francisco Tárrega]], [[Miguel Llobet]] and others. ''[[Asturias (Leyenda)]]'' in particular is heard most often on the guitar, as are ''[[Granada (Albéniz)|Granada]]'', ''[[Sevilla (Albéniz)|Sevilla]]'', ''[[Cadiz (Albéniz)|Cadiz]]'', ''[[Cataluña (Albéniz)|Cataluña]]'', ''[[Córdoba (Albéniz)|Córdoba]]'', ''[[Mallorca (Albéniz)|Mallorca]]'', and ''[[Tango in D]]''. Gordon Crosskey and Cuban-born guitarist [[Manuel Barrueco]] have both made solo guitar arrangements of all the eight-movements in ''Suite española''. Selections from ''Iberia'' have rarely been attempted on solo guitar but have been very effectively performed by guitar ensembles, such as the performance by [[John Williams (guitarist)|John Williams]] and [[Julian Bream]] of ''Iberia's '' opening "Evocation". [[The Doors]] incorporated "Asturias" into their song "Spanish Caravan"; also, [[Iron Maiden]]'s "[[Piece of Mind|To Tame a Land]]" uses the introduction of the piece for the song bridge. More recently, a guitar version of ''Granada'' functions as something of a love theme in [[Woody Allen]]'s 2008 film ''[[Vicky Cristina Barcelona]]''.

A film about his life, ''[[Albéniz (film)|Albéniz]],'' was made in 1947. It was produced in Argentina.

The theme from ''Asturias'' was incorporated or adapted in several soundtracks including the 2008 horror film ''[[Mirrors (2008 film)|Mirrors]]'', composed by [[Javier Navarrete]], and the Netflix TV show ''[[Godless (TV series)|Godless]]'', composed by [[Carlos Rafael Rivera]].

In 1997 the ''Fundación Isaac Albéniz'' was founded to promote Spanish music and musicians and to act as a research centre for Albéniz and Spanish music in general.{{sfn|Barulich|2001}}

== References and sources ==

'''References'''

{{Reflist|30em}}

'''Sources'''
* {{Cite book |last=Barulich |first=Frances |title=Grove Music Online |title-link=Grove Music Online |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford Music Online |isbn=9781561592630 |chapter=Albéniz, Isaac |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00421}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chase |first=Gilbert |author-link=Gilbert Chase |url=https://archive.org/details/musicofspain00chas |title=The Music of Spain |publisher=Dover Publications |year=1959 |isbn=9780486205496 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Clark |first=Walter Aaron |title=Isaac Albéniz: Portrait of a Romantic |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-925052-3 |edition=revised |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Henley |first=Darren |title=The A–Z of Classic.fm Music: The perfect companion to the world of classical music |last2=Lihoreau |first2=Tim |publisher=Vivat Direct Limited (trading as Reader's Digest) |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-276-44605-4 |location=London}}
* {{Cite web |last=Montoya |first=Leydy |date=17 April 2019 |title=Isaac Albéniz |url=https://historia-biografia.com/isaac-albeniz |access-date=17 September 2020 |website=historia-biografia.com}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Alarcón Hernández |first1=Joana |first2=Laura |last2=Albéniz |title=Isaac Albéniz, artistes i mecenes |location=Barcelona |publisher=Museu Diocesà de Barcelona |year=2009 |isbn=9788493689551 |lang=ca |oclc=586095922}}
* {{cite book |last=Albéniz |first=Isaac |title=Chants d'Espagne |publisher=G. Henle Verlag |location=Berlin |year=2004 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Albéniz |first=Isaac |title=Impresiones y diarios de viaje |location=[Madrid] |publisher=Fundación Isaac Albéniz |year=1990 |isbn=847506311X |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Amat Cortes |first=Joan |title=Isaac Albéniz, un català universal |location=[Barcelona] |publisher=Cevagraf |year=1998 |lang=ca}}
* {{cite book |last=Aviñoa |first=Xosé |title=Albéniz |location=Madrid |publisher=Daimon |year=1986 |isbn=9686024867}}
* {{cite book |last=Aviñoa |first=Xosé |title=La música i el Modernisme |location=Barcelona |publisher=Curial |year=1985 |series=Biblioteca de cultura catalana (Curial Edicions Catalanes |volume=58 |isbn=8472562530 |lang=ca}}
* {{cite book |last=Aviñoa |first=Xosé |title=Modernisme i Modernistes – Musica i Modernisme: Definició i Període |publisher=Lunwerg |year=2001 |lang=ca}}
* {{cite book |last=Baytelman |first=Pola |title=Isaac Albéniz: Chronological List and Thematic Catalog of His Piano Works |publisher=Harmonie Park Press |year=1993}}
* {{cite book |last=Clark |first=Walter Aaron |title=Isaac Albéniz: A Guide to Research |publisher=Garland |year=1998}}
* {{cite book |last=Ericourt |first=Daniel |last2=Erickson |first2=Robert P. |title=MasterClasses in Spanish Piano Music |publisher=Hinshaw Music |location=Chapel Hill, NC |year=1984}}
* {{cite book |last=Gauthier |first=André |title=Albéniz |location=Madrid |publisher=Espasa Calpe |year=1978 |series=Clásicos de la música |isbn=8423953300 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Guerra y Alarcón |first=Antonio |title=Isaac Albéniz. Notas crítico-biográficas de tan eminente pianista |publisher=Fundación Isaac Albéniz |year=1990 |isbn=8475063128 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=de las Heras |first=Antonio |title=Vida de Albéniz |location=Barcelona |publisher=Patria |year=1942 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Iglesias |first=Antonio |title=Isaac Albéniz : su obra para piano |volume=1-2 |location=Madrid |publisher=Alpuerto |year=1987 |isbn=8438101208 |lang=es}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=Georges Jean-Aubry |last=Jean-Aubry |first=Georges |title=Isaac Albéniz 1860–1909 |journal=[[The Musical Times]] |volume=58 |issue=898 |date=December 1917 |pages=535–538 |jstor=908295}}
* {{cite book |last=Kalfa |first=Jacqueline |title=Isaac Albéniz (1860–1909) : la vocation de l'Espagne |location=Paris |publisher=Séguier |year=2000 |series=Carré Musique |volume=4 |isbn=2840491826 |lang=fr}}
* {{cite book |last=Marco |first=Thomas |title=Spanish Music in the Twentieth Century |year=1993}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2024}}
* {{cite book |last=Martorell |first=Oriol |last2=Valls |first2=Manuel |title=Síntesi històrica de la música catalana |location=Sant Cugat del Vallès |publisher=Els llibres de la frontera |year=1985 |lang=ca}}
* {{cite book |last=Montero Alonso |first=José |title=Albéniz, España en "suite" |location=Madrid |publisher=Silex |year=1988 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Morales |editor-first=Luisa |editor-last2=Clark |editor-first2=Walter A. |title=Antes de Iberia : de Masarnau a Albéniz : actas del Symposium FIMTE 2008 |trans-title=Pre-Iberia : from Masarnau to Albéniz : proceedings of FIMTE Symposium 2008 |location=Garrucha |publisher=Leal |year=2009 |series=Series FIMTE |volume=3 |isbn=9788461353316}}
* {{cite book |last=Pedrell |first=Felip |title=Concierto de Albéniz |location=Madrid |publisher=Fundación Isaac Albéniz |year=1990 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Pérez Senz |first=Javier |title=Isaac Albéniz, 1860–1909. Cents anys : un geni romàntic |location=Barcelona |publisher=Institut de Cultura, Departament de Cultura i Mitjans de Comunicació |year=2008 |series=Quaderns de l'Auditori |volume=7 |lang=ca |oclc=804296367}} {{endash}} with abstracts in English and Spanish
* {{cite book |last=Reverter |first=Arturo |title=Albéniz-Arbós, historia de una amistad |location=Madrid |publisher=Scherzo |year=1989 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Romero |first=Justo |title=Isaac Albéniz |location=Barcelona |publisher=Península |year=2002 |series=Guías Scherzo |volume=14 |isbn=8483074575 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Ruiz Albéniz |first=Victor |title=Isaac Albéniz |location=Madrid |publisher=Comisaría General de Música |year=1948 |lang=es}}
* {{cite journal |last=Salazar |first=Adolfo |title=Isaac Albéniz y los albores del renacimiento musical en España |journal=Revista de Occidente |volume=12 |location=Madrid |year=1926 |pages=99–107 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Sempronio |title=Retrats de Ramon Casas |location=Barcelona |publisher=Polígrafa |year=1970 |lang=ca |oclc=343828}}
* {{cite book |last=Torres |first=Jacinto |title=Las claves Madrileñas de Isaac Albéniz |publisher=Imprenta Artesanal de Madrid |year=2009 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Torres Mulas |first=Jacinto |title=Catálogo sistemático descriptivo de las obras musicales de Isaac Albéniz |location=Madrid |publisher=Instituto de Bibliografía Musical |year=2001 |isbn=978-84-607-2854-2 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |last=Villalba |first=Luis |title=Imagen distanciada de un compositor-pianista |location=Madrid |publisher=Fundación Isaac Albéniz |year=1990 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |title=Albéniz : edición conmemorativa del centenario de Isaac Albéniz 1909–2009 |location=[Madrid] |publisher=Ministerio de Cultura, Sociedad Cultural de Conmemoraciones Culturales |year=2009 |lang=es}}
* {{cite book |title=Albéniz : leyendas y verdades : Conde Duque. Sala de las Bóvedas del 11 de noviembre de 2009 al 31 de enero de 2010 |location=Madrid |publisher=Centro Cultural del Conde Duque. Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Sociedad Estatal de Conmemoraciones Culturales |year=2009 |isbn=9788496102514 |lang=es}}
{{ref end}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMSLP|id=Albéniz, Isaac}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Isaac Albéniz |sopt=w}}
* [http://www.fundacionalbeniz.com/ Albéniz Foundation]
* {{Cite web |last=Fineman |first=Yale |title=The Life and Music of Isaac Albéniz |url=http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/YALE/albeniz1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820144539/http://www.lib.umd.edu/PAL/YALE/albeniz1.html |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=University of Maryland Libraries |ref=none}}
* [http://www.bnc.cat/eng/Collections/Search-the-collections/Albeniz-Isaac Personal papers of Isaac Albéniz in the Biblioteca de Catalunya]
* [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/78034064320103808621457/index.htm En torno a Isaac Albéniz y su "Iberia"] by Antonio Iglesias, Antonio Fernández-Cid ([http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaObra.html?portal=0&Ref=27187 ref])
* [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaAutor.html?Ref=4185 Facsimiles] (La Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030415040130/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras?portal=0&Ref=6368&audio=0 Improvisación nº 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20030325021627/http://cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras?portal=0&Ref=6369&audio=0 Improvisación nº 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20030415041110/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras?portal=0&Ref=6370&audio=0 Improvisación nº 3] ([http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaClasificacionMaterias.html?Ref=78&idGrupo=docSonoro ref] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512044026/http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/FichaClasificacionMaterias.html?Ref=78&idGrupo=docSonoro |date=12 May 2018 }} – La Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140425163636/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b7720020w.r=isaac+albeniz.langEN Photos] (Gallica)
* ''L'escola pianística catalana (Enregistraments històrics) ''([https://web.archive.org/web/20081017083952/http://www.lamadeguido.com/guidohistoric.html la mà de guido, LMG3060])
* ''The Catalan Piano Tradition'' ([http://www.vaimusic.com/CD/1001.htm VAI Audio, 1001]) {{OCLC|36488795|4914327}}
* ''Rollos de Pianola (Obras de Albéniz, Granados, Turina, Ocón, Chapí, Alonso y Otros)'' ([http://www.almaviva.es/catalogodefault.php?disco=DS%20-%200141&lang=en Almaviva, DS – 0141])
* [http://hdl.handle.net/1802/3532 Tango], arranged by Mischa Elman for violin and piano (from the Sibley Music Library Digital Scores Collection)

{{Isaac Albéniz}}
{{Musical nationalism}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music|Spain|France|Biography|Music}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Albeniz, Isaac}}
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1909 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Spanish classical composers]]
[[Category:19th-century classical pianists]]
[[Category:19th-century Spanish male musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish classical composers]]
[[Category:20th-century male composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish classical pianists]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish male musicians]]
[[Category:Burials at Montjuïc Cemetery]]
[[Category:Classical composers from Catalonia]]
[[Category:Catalan pianists]]
[[Category:Composers for piano]]
[[Category:Deaths from nephritis]]
[[Category:Spanish male classical pianists]]
[[Category:Spanish male opera composers]]
[[Category:Pupils of Salomon Jadassohn]]
[[Category:Pupils of Vincent d'Indy]]
[[Category:Spanish classical pianists]]
[[Category:Spanish opera composers]]
[[Category:Spanish Romantic composers]]
[[Category:University of Music and Theatre Leipzig alumni]]
[[Category:Impressionist composers]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriates in France]]