Editing Ipomoea corymbosa

{{short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Rivea corymbosa 1838.jpg
| genus = Ipomoea 
| species = corymbosa
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) Roth
| synonyms = {{hidden begin|title = List}} 
* ''Convolvulus corymbosus'' <small>L.</small>
* ''Convolvulus domingensis'' <small>Desr.</small>
* ''Convolvulus laevicaulis'' <small>Willd. ex Roem. & Schult.</small>
* ''Convolvulus multiflorus'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''Convolvulus sidaefolius'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''Ipomoea antillana'' <small>Millsp.</small>
* ''Ipomoea domingensis'' <small>(Desr.) House</small>
* ''Ipomoea sidaefolia'' <small>(Kunth) Sweet</small>
* ''Legendrea corymbosa'' <small>(L.) Ooststr.</small>
* ''Legendrea mollissima'' <small>Webb & Berthel.</small>
* ''Rivea corymbosa'' <small>(L.) Hallier f.</small>
* ''Turbina corymbosa'' <small>(L.) [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]</small>
{{hidden end}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/tro-8500772
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ipomoea corymbosa''''' is a species of [[morning glory]], native throughout [[Latin America]] from Mexico as far south as Peru and widely naturalised elsewhere. Its [[common name]]s include '''Christmasvine''',<ref>{{PLANTS|id=TUCO|taxon=Turbina corymbosa|access-date=12 December 2015}}</ref> '''Christmaspops''', and '''snakeplant'''.<ref>{{GRIN | access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Description and names==
{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2016}}
Known to natives of north and central [[Mexico]] by its [[Nahuatl]] name, coaxihuitl and by the  south eastern natives as '''xtabentún''' (in [[Yucatec Maya language|Mayan]]), it is a [[perennial plant|perennial]] climbing [[vine]] with white flowers, often grown as an [[ornamental plant]]. Its flowers secrete copious amount of nectar, and the [[honey]] that bees make from it is very clear and aromatic. It also grows in [[Cuba]], where it usually blooms from early December to February. It is considered one of the main honey plants of the island.

This plant is often used for purposes other than recreation, as natives of Mexico consider the flour produced from its seeds (distinguished as ''ololiuhqui'' ("round things")) a tool for divination and communion with spirits. Because of the widespread use among native tribes, Colonial rules initially feared ''ololiuhqui'' and banned it introducing harsh punishments for users.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schultes|first=R.E.|title=A CONTRIBUTION TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF RIVEA CORYMBOSA THE NARCOTIC OLOLIUQUI OF THE AZTECS.|publisher=Botanical Museum of Harvard University|year=2014}}</ref>

==Chemical properties==
[[File:Oliluiqui Seeds.jpg|thumb|Seeds of ''Ipomoea corymbosa'' (Synonyms: ''Rivea corymbosa'' and ''Turbina corymbosa'')]]
{{More citations needed|section|date=April 2016}}
The [[Nahuatl]] word ''ololiuhqui'' means "round thing", and refers to the small, brown, oval seeds of the morning glory,<ref name="Carod">{{cite journal|last=Carod-Artal|first=FJ|title=Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures|journal=Neurologia|year=2015|volume=30|issue=1|pages=42–9|pmid=21893367|doi=10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003|url=http://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-neurologia-english-edition--495-pdf-S2173580814001527-S300|doi-access=free}}</ref> not the plant itself, which is called ''coaxihuitl'' (“snake-plant") in Nahuatl, and ''hiedra'', ''bejuco'' or ''quiebraplatos'' in the [[Spanish language]]. The seeds, in Spanish, are sometimes called ''semilla de la Virgen'' (seeds of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary|Virgin Mary]]).{{Citation needed|reason=disputed fact|date=June 2012}}  While little of it is known outside of [[Mexico]], its seeds were perhaps the most common [[psychedelic drug]] used by the natives.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruck |first=Carl A. P. |title=Sacred Mushrooms of the Goddess: The Secrets of Eleusis |date=2006 |publisher=Ronin Publishing, Inc |isbn=978-1-57951-030-5 |location=Berkeley, California | postscript=<br>“Ololiuhqui was far more prominent as an entheogen here in Mesoamerica than those mushrooms; the mushrooms are mentioned only here and there by a few competent chroniclers; yet almost an entire book was devoted to denouncing mainly the ololiuhqui idolatry. The annals of the Inquisition contain many times more autos de fe for ololiuhqui than for mushrooms.” Jonathan Ott, 15. Mixing the Kykeon Anew (section: Ergine)}}</ref>

In 1941, [[Richard Evans Schultes]] first identified ololiuhqui as ''Turbina corymbosa'' and the chemical composition was first described in 1960 in a paper by [[Albert Hofmann]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmann|first1=A|last2=Tscherter|first2=H|title=Isolation of lysergic acid alkaloids from the Mexican drug ololiuqui (Rivea corymbosa (L.) Hall.f.)|journal=Experientia|date=15 September 1960|volume=16|page=414|pmid=13715089|doi=10.1007/bf02178840|s2cid=40460179|doi-access=free}}</ref> The seeds contain [[ergine]] (LSA), an [[ergoline]] [[alkaloid]] which is also present in [[claviceps purpurea|ergot of rye]] and is similar in structure to [[LSD]]. Ergot of rye was part of the [[Kykeon]], the drink which was a component of the [[Eleusinian mysteries]].<ref name="Rätsch">{{cite book|first=Ch|last=Rätsch|title=Enzyklopädie der psychoaktiven Pflanzen|edition=3rd|publisher=AT Verlag|location=Aarau|year=1998|isbn=3-85502-570-3}}</ref> The psychedelic properties of ''Turbina corymbosa'' and a comparison of the potency of different varieties were studied in the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s [[MKULTRA]] Subproject 22 in 1956.


{{quote|My chemical investigations of ''Ololiuhqui'' seeds led to the unexpected discovery that the entheogenic principles of ''Ololiuhqui'' are alkaloids, especially lysergic acid amide, which exhibits a very close relationship to lysergic acid diethylamide (<nowiki>=</nowiki>ʟsᴅ). It follows therefrom that ʟsᴅ, which hitherto had been considered to be a synthetic product of the laboratory, actually belongs to the group of sacred Mexican drugs.|author=Albert Hofmann, Burg i.L., Switzerland, November 1992<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ott |first=Jonathan |title=Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic Drugs, Their Plant Sources and History |publisher=Natural Products Co. |isbn=9780961423490 |edition=2nd Edition, Densified |publication-date=1996 |pages=13 |chapter=Foreword |orig-date=1993-07}}</ref>}}

==Distribution==
This species is an [[invasive species]] to the United States,<ref name=ISC>{{citation |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/117701 |title=Invasive Species Compendium |date=2016 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.117701 |access-date=12 April 2016 |last1=Areces-Berazain |first1=Fabiola |doi-access=free }}</ref> Europe (Spain),<ref name=ISC/> and Australia,<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/non-declared-pests/weeds/turbina |title=Business and Industry Portal |publisher=Queensland Government |access-date=12 April 2016 |date=2015-10-30 |archive-date=2016-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513074814/https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industry/agriculture/species/non-declared-pests/weeds/turbina |url-status=dead }}</ref> where it has become more naturalized.

==See also==
* [[Xtabay]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Turbina corymbosa}}
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/morning_glory/morning_glory.shtml Erowid Morning Glory vault]
* [http://www.erowid.org/plants/ololiuqui/ololiuqui.shtml Erowid Corymbosa Vault]

{{Psychedelics}}
{{Serotonin receptor modulators}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q133545}}

[[Category:5-HT2A agonists]]
[[Category:Convolvulaceae]]
[[Category:Entheogens]]
[[Category:Herbal and fungal hallucinogens]]
[[Category:Natural sources of lysergamides]]
[[Category:Flora of Cuba]]
[[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
[[Category:Flora of Peru]]
[[Category:Flora without expected TNC conservation status]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1759]]
[[Category:Project MKUltra]]
[[Category:Psychedelic drugs]]
[[Category:Serotonin receptor agonists]]