Editing Inukai Tsuyoshi

{{short description|Prime Minister of Japan from 1931 to 1932}}
{{family name hatnote|Inukai|lang=Japanese}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = [[Senior Second Rank]]
| name                = Inukai Tsuyoshi
| native_name         = {{nobold|犬養 毅}}
| native_name_lang    = ja
| image               = Inukai Tsuyoshi.jpg
| caption             = 
| office              = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| monarch             = [[Hirohito]]
| term_start          = 13 December 1931
| term_end            = 15 May 1932
| predecessor         = [[Wakatsuki Reijirō]]
| successor           = [[Takahashi Korekiyo]] (acting)
| office1             = [[Rikken Seiyūkai|President of the Rikken Seiyūkai]]
| term_start1         = October 1929
| term_end1           = May 1932
| predecessor1        = [[Tanaka Giichi]]
| successor1          = [[Suzuki Kisaburō]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes | Ministerial offices |titlestyle       = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}
{{Infobox officeholder |embed=yes
| office2             = [[Home Ministry|Minister of Home Affairs]]
| primeminister2      = ''Himself''
| term_start2         = 16 March 1932
| term_end2           = 25 March 1932
| predecessor2        = [[Nakahashi Tokugorō]]
| successor2          = [[Suzuki Kisaburō]]
| office3             = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister3      = ''Himself''
| term_start3         = 13 December 1931
| term_end3           = 14 January 1932
| predecessor3        = [[Kijūrō Shidehara]]
| successor3          = [[Kenkichi Yoshizawa]]
| office4             = [[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Minister of Communications]]
| primeminister4      = [[Katō Takaaki]]
| term_start4         = 11 June 1924
| term_end4           = 30 May 1925
| predecessor4        = [[Yoshirō Fujimura]]
| successor4          = [[Adachi Kenzō]]
| primeminister5      = [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]]
| term_start5         = 2 September 1923
| term_end5           = 7 January 1924
| predecessor5        = [[Maeda Toshisada]]
| successor5          = [[Yoshirō Fujimura]]
| office6             = [[Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture|Minister of Education]]
| primeminister6      = Yamamoto Gonnohyōe
| term_start6         = 2 September 1923
| term_end6           = 6 September 1923
| predecessor6        = [[Kamata Eikichi]]
| successor6          = [[Okano Keijirō]]
| primeminister7      = [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
| term_start7         = 27 October 1898
| term_end7           = 8 November 1898
| predecessor7        = [[Yukio Ozaki]]
| successor7          = [[Kabayama Sukenori]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| office8             = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|House of Representatives]]
| constituency8       = [[Okayama 3rd district (1890–1898)|Okayama 3rd]] (1890–1902)<br>[[Okayama counties district|Okayama counties]] (1902–1920)<br>[[Okayama 4th district (1920–1924)|Okayama 4th]] (1920–1928)<br>[[Okayama 2nd district (1928–1942)|Okayama 2nd]] (1928–1932)
| term_start8         = 1 July 1890
| term_end8           = 15 May 1932
| predecessor8        = ''Constituency established''
| successor8          = ''Multi-member district''
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1855|6|4|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Okayama|Okayama, Bitchū]], [[Tokugawa shogunate|Japan]]
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1932|5|15|1855|6|4|df=y}}
| death_place         = [[Tokyo]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]
| restingplace        = [[Aoyama Cemetery]]
| party               = [[Rikken Seiyūkai]] (1924–1932)
| otherparty          = [[Rikken Kaishintō]] (1882–1894)<br>[[Chūgoku Progressive Party|Chūgoku Progressive]] (1894–1896)<br>[[Shimpotō]] (1896–1898)<br>[[Kenseitō]] (1898–1910)<br />[[Rikken Kokumintō]] (1910–1922)<br>[[Kakushin Club]] (1922–1924)
| spouse              = {{marriage|Inukai Chiyoko|1891}}
| children            = [[Takeru Inukai]]
| alma_mater          = [[Keio University]]
| signature           = InukaiT kao.png
| module              = {{Infobox Chinese|child=yes
| kanji = 犬養 毅
| hiragana = いぬかい つよし
| romaji = Inukai Tsuyoshi
}}
}}
'''Inukai Tsuyoshi''' ({{langx|ja|犬養 毅}}, 4 June 1855 – 15 May 1932) was a Japanese statesman who was [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister of Japan]] from 1931 to his assassination in 1932. At the age of 76, Inukai was Japan's second oldest serving prime minister, after [[Kantarō Suzuki]] whose term ended at the age of 77.<ref name="Jinjikoshin">{{cite web |title=犬養毅 (8th Edition) |url=https://jahis.law.nagoya-u.ac.jp/who/docs/who8-2538 |website=Jinjikoshinroku (who's who) Database |publisher=Nagoya University Graduate School of Law |date=July 1928}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Inukai was born 4 June 1855, in Kawairi, Kaya, [[Bitchū Province]] (in present-day [[Okayama]], [[Okayama Prefecture]]), the second son of Inukai Genzaemon, a [[samurai]], district [[magistrate]] and local official (''[[Nanushi|ōjōya]]''). His family was a branch of the [[Itakura clan]], and were originally given a status that allowed them to wear a [[katana]] by the [[Niwase Domain]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kobayashi |first=Tadashi |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/424555947 |title=Inukai Tsuyoshi : tōha ni junzezu, kokka ni junzu |publisher=Mineruva Shobō |year=2009 |isbn=978-4-623-05506-7 |edition=Shohan |page=1 |oclc=424555947}}</ref>

In 1876, Inukai travelled to [[Tokyo]] and subsequently graduated from the Keio Gijuku (now [[Keio University]]) where he specialized in Chinese studies. In his early career, Inukai worked as a journalist for the [[Sports Hochi|''Yūbin Hōchi Shimbun'']] (now a sports newspaper subsidiary of the ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]'') and ''[[Akita Sakigake Shimpō]]''.  He went with the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] to the front during the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] as a reporter.<ref name="Jinjikoshin"/>

==Political career==
[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]] invited Inukai to help form the ''[[Rikken Kaishintō]]'' [[political party]] in 1882, which supported [[Liberalism|liberal]] political causes, strongly opposed the domination of the government by members of the former [[Chōshū Domain|Chōshū]] and [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] domains, and called for a [[Westminster system|British-style]] [[constitutional monarchy]] within the framework of a [[parliamentary democracy]].

Inukai was first elected to the [[House of Representatives (Japan)|Lower House]] of the [[Diet of Japan|Imperial Diet]] in 1890, and was reelected 17 times, holding the same seat for 42 years until his death.

Inukai's first cabinet post was as [[Ministry of Education (Japan)|Minister of Education]] in the first [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]] administration of 1898, succeeding Ozaki Yukio, who was forced to resign due to a speech that conservative elements in the Diet charged promoted [[republicanism]]. However, Ozaki's resignation did not end the crisis, which culminated with the fall of the Ōkuma administration, so Inukai's term lasted only eleven days.<ref>Ozaki, ''Autobiography,'' pp. 177–184.</ref> Inukai was a leading figure in the successors to the ''Rikken Kaishintō'', the ''[[Shimpotō]],'' ''[[Kenseitō]]'' and the ''[[Rikken Kokumintō]],'' which eventually toppled the government of [[Katsura Tarō]] in 1913. During this time, his politics became increasingly conservative and he was associated with both leading figures from the [[Pan-Asianism|Pan-Asian movement]] and with nationalists such as [[Tōyama Mitsuru]]. He was also a strong supporter of the [[Tongmenghui|Chinese republican movement]], visiting China in 1907, and subsequently lending aid to [[Sun Yat-sen]] during the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911 which overthrew the [[Qing dynasty]]. He later assisted Sun when Sun had to flee to Japan after his attempt to overthrow [[Yuan Shikai]] failed. Inukai had a deep respect for Chinese culture, and felt that Sino-Japanese cooperation was the cornerstone of Asian solidarity.<ref>Lee. Sun Yat Sen. Page 64.</ref> Although in later years his vision of Sino-Japanese cooperation diverged greatly from Sun's, Inukai maintained close personal ties with many leading Chinese politicians. Inukai likewise supported the [[Vietnam]]ese independence leader, Prince [[Cường Để]], and invited him to Japan in 1915.<ref>Tran, A. ''Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan''. Page 95.</ref>

Inukai returned to the cabinet as [[Ministry of Communications (Japan)|Minister of Communications]] in the second [[Yamamoto Gonnohyōe]] administration from 1923 to 1924. He was concurrently Education Minister again for a four-day period in September 1923

In 1922 the ''Rikken Kokumintō'' became the ''[[Kakushin Club]],'' and joined forces with other minor parties to form the cabinet during the premiership of [[Katō Takaaki]] in 1924. During his time, Inukai served on the cabinet again as Minister of Communications. The ''Kakushin Club'' then merged with the ''[[Rikken Seiyūkai]]'', and Inukai continued as a senior member.

In July 1929, Inukai travelled to [[Nanjing]], China, with several other Japanese delegates at the invitation of Chinese government to a memorial service for Sun Yat-sen. The delegates later travelled to numerous other cities, and noted with concern the growing anti-Japanese sentiment.<ref>Fogel, ''The Literature of Travel''. Page 227.</ref> In 1929, after the sudden death of [[Tanaka Giichi]], Inukai became president of the ''Rikken Seiyūkai''. Inukai was an outspoken critic of Japan's signing of the [[London Naval Treaty]], which reduced military spending. He supported the actions of the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in invading [[Manchuria]] in 1931, and rejected criticism from the [[League of Nations]] over the [[Mukden Incident]].<ref name=Bix>''Hirohito'', p. 246.</ref>

==Premiership (1931–1932)==
{{seealso|Inukai Cabinet}}
[[File:Tsuyoshi Inukai facing right.jpg|thumb|right|Inukai Tsuyoshi as Prime Minister]]
Following the resignation of the [[Wakatsuki Reijirō|Wakatsuki administration]] over its failure to control the military and the failure of its economic policies, [[Saionji Kinmochi]], Japan's sole surviving ''[[genrō]]'', turned to Inukai to form a new government in 1931. Following his appointment, Inukai was instructed by Saionji to avoid drastic changes in either foreign policy or economics. Already disadvantaged by the fact that his Seiyukai was not the majority party in the Diet, he was also saddled with a cabinet composed of competing factions, ranging from his ultra-rightist Army Minister [[Sadao Araki]] to the liberal Finance Minister [[Takahashi Korekiyo]]. With a divided cabinet and a hostile Diet, Inukai governed with the assistance of the [[Privy Council (Japan)|Privy Council]], which passed emergency imperial edicts and budgetary measures to circumvent the normal Diet budgetary process.<ref>Bix. Page 247.</ref>

Inukai immediately took steps to inflate the economy and to take Japan off the [[gold standard]], implementing protectionist trade policies and attempting to stem Japan's [[trade deficit]]. These actions devaluated the yen, thus lowering the price of Japanese goods in world markets, and increasing exports.

However, Inukai was forced to accede to a request by the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] to dispatch additional troops to Manchuria and to [[Tianjin]], despite instructions as late as 23 December 1931 from Emperor [[Hirohito]] to maintain international trust per the [[Nine-Power Treaty]] in not attacking China, and on 27 December 1931 not to authorize any moves by the [[Kwantung Army]] to occupy [[Jinzhou]]. However, by now the Imperial Japanese Army was completely beyond any civilian control and from January to March 1932 the conflict had spread to [[Shanghai]] with the [[January 28 Incident|1st Shanghai Incident]].<ref name="Bix. Page 249-252">Bix. Page 249–252.</ref>
During the [[1932 Japanese general election|1932 General Election]], buoyed by an upsurge in public opinion due to Japanese military successes in China, the Rikken Seiyukai won an overwhelming majority.

On 8 January 1932, a Korean independence activist named Lee Bong Chang attempted to assassinate Emperor Hirohito in the [[Sakuradamon Incident (1932)|Sakuradamon Incident]]. Inukai and his cabinet immediately offered their resignations; however, Hirohito wished to downplay the incident and refused.<ref name="Bix. Page 249-252"/>

However, Inukai still came under strong criticism for his efforts to rein in the military, while reformists criticized him for not going far enough. Inukai's efforts to limit further troop deployments to China and to defuse the Shanghai Incident through negotiations with the Chinese government drew increasing ire from the general public as well as the militarists. This soon metamorphosed into terrorist activity with the [[League of Blood Incident]] in which extremists targeted wealthy businessmen and liberal politicians. The group chose twenty victims but succeeded in killing only two: former [[Ministry of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]] and head of the ''[[Rikken Minseitō]]'', [[Junnosuke Inoue]], and Director-General of [[Mitsui|Mitsui Holding Company]], [[Dan Takuma]].

On 1 March, the state of [[Manchukuo]] was formally proclaimed. Symbolically, Inukai withheld formal [[diplomatic recognition]] as a gesture of displeasure against the radical faction within the Imperial Japanese Army, and out of concern due to the rapidly worsening international relations with the [[United States]], on which country Japan depended for much of its raw materials and capital investment.<ref name="Bix. Page 249-252"/>

==Assassination==
{{Main article|May 15 incident}}
[[File:Tsuyoshi Inukai May 15 Incident Asahi Shimbun.png|thumb|250px|May 15 Incident reported in the Tokyo ''Asahi Shimbun'']]
Inukai's struggle against the military led to his [[assassination]] during the May 15 Incident of 1932, which effectively marked the end of civilian political control over government decisions until after [[World War&nbsp;II]]. Inukai was shot by eleven junior Navy officers (most were just turning twenty years of age) in the Prime Minister's residence in Tokyo. Inukai's last words were roughly: {{Nihongo|''If we could talk, you would understand''|話せば分かる|hanaseba wakaru}} to which his killers replied {{Nihongo|''Dialogue is useless''|問答無用|mondō muyō}}.<ref>Toland, ''The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945''. p. 10.</ref> The insurgents also attacked the residence of [[Makino Nobuaki]], the [[Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan|Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal]], the residence and office of [[Saionji Kinmochi]], headquarters of the Rikken Seiyukai, and tossed [[hand grenade]]s into Mitsubishi Bank headquarters in Tokyo, and several electrical transformer substations. The original assassination plan had included killing the English film star [[Charlie Chaplin]]&nbsp;– who had arrived in Japan on 14 May and was Inukai's guest&nbsp;– in the hope that this would provoke a war with the United States. However, at the time, Chaplin was watching a [[sumo]] wrestling match with the prime minister's son, [[Inukai Takeru]], and thus escaped. Inukai’s murderers received only light sentences for their actions.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Malcolm Duncan|title=The Estrangement of Great Britain and Japan, 1917-35|year=1969|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780719003523|page=[https://archive.org/details/estrangementofgr0000kenn/page/229 229]|url=https://archive.org/details/estrangementofgr0000kenn|url-access=registration|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Saraf|first1=Nandini|title=The Life And Times Of Charlie Chaplin|date=19 January 2021|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=9788184302080|page=118|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f7IwBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA118|language=en}}</ref>

Inukai's third son was writer, politician and post-war [[Ministry of Justice (Japan)|Minister of Justice]] [[Inukai Takeru]], whose granddaughter is popular actress [[Sakura Ando]]. His son-in-law was noted diplomat [[Kenkichi Yoshizawa]]. Through Yoshizawa, his great-granddaughter was [[Sadako Ogata]], who served as [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] from 1991 until 2001, and his great-grandson Yutaka Kawashima served as [[Board of Chamberlains#Grand Chamberlains|Grand Chamberlain]] to the Imperial Household. 
[[File:Inukai Tsuyoshi statue.JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Tsuyoshi at Kibitsu Shrine in Bitchū]]

==Honours==
<small>''From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia''</small>

*Senior Third [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles#Ranking system after the Meiji Restoration|Court Rank (正三位)]], 4 November 1898
*[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class), 18 June 1914
*[[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], Gold and Silver Star (2nd class), 10 November 1915
*[[Order of the Rising Sun]], Gold and Silver Star (2nd class), 1 April 1916
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (1st class), 7 September 1920
*[[Order of the Paulownia Flowers|Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers]], 16 May 1932 (posthumous)
*Senior Second [[List of Japanese court ranks, positions and hereditary titles#Ranking system after the Meiji Restoration|Court Rank (正二位)]], 16 May 1932 (posthumous)<ref>{{Cite book|title=平成新修旧華族家系大成|last=Kasumikaikan Compilation Committee|year=1996|publisher=Yoshikawa Hirobunkan|isbn=4642036717}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}}

==Family tree==

{{chart top|INUKAI (犬養) Family Tree<ref name="Jinjikoshin"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Takeuchi |first1=Masahiro |title=家系図」と「お屋敷」で読み解く歴代総理大臣 昭和・平成篇 |date=2017 |publisher=実業之日本社 |isbn=978-4408337180 |url=https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R100000002-I028342026?ar=4e1f}}</ref>{{page needed|date=October 2024}}}}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center}}
{{tree chart| | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |GEN| | | | | |GEN=INUKAI GENZAEMON <br><small>''Retainer to the [[Itakura clan|Itakura]]''</small><br>[[File:Kuyo Tomoe.svg|20px]]}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |INU|y|CHI| | | |INU=INUKAI TSUYOSHI<br><small>''29th Prime Minister of Japan''</small><br><small>(1855–1932)</small>|CHI=INUKAI CHIYOKO <small>''(née Mita)''<br>(1865–1952)</small>}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KEN|y|MIS| | |NAK|y|TAR|y|MAS | | |KEN=[[Kenkichi Yoshizawa|YOSHIZAWA KENKICHI]]<br><small>''46th Foreign Minister of Japan ''<br>(1874–1965)</small>|MIS=YOSHIZAWA MISAO''<br><small>(Inukai)</small>''|NAK=INUKAI NAKAKO ''<br><small>([[:w:jp:長與稱吉|née Nagayo]])</small>''|TAR=[[Takeru Inukai|INUKAI TAKERU]]<br><small>''politician and novelist''<br>(1896–1960)</small>||MAS=OGINO MASAKO<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fujiwara |first1=Kunihiro |title=女手一つで料亭開業。安藤和津さん、人生を人に捧げた母への尊敬 |url=https://www.fujingaho.jp/culture/archives/a42391685/ando-kazu-mothers-love-and-life-230126/ |website=fujingahao |publisher=婦人画報 |date=26 January 2023}}</ref><br><small>(1924–2006)</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|(| | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{tree chart| |TAK| |TOY|y|TSU| |UNK| |MAS|y|SAD| |MIK| |KAD|y|OKU | |AKI|~|y|~|KAZ| | |TAK=[[Taketora Ogata|OGATA TAKETORA]]<br><small>''President of LDP''<br>1888–1956</small>|TOY=NAKAMURA TOYOKAZU<br><small>''Diplomat''</small>| TSU=NAKAMURA TSUNE<br><small>''(Yoshizawa)''</small>|MAS=IGUCHI MASAKO<br><small>''(Yoshizawa)''</small>|UNK=''<small>unknown</small><br>KAWASHIMA OTOKAZU?''|SAD=[[Sadao Iguchi|IGUCHI SADAO]]<br><small>''Ambassador to the US''<br>(1899–1980)</small>|MIK=[[Michiko Inukai|INUKAI MICHIKO]]<br><small>''author and philanthropist''<br>(1921–2017)</small>|KAD=[[Kazu Ando|ANDO KAZU]]<br><small>''essayist and tarento''<br>(1948– )</small>|OKU=[[Eiji Okuda|OKUDA EIJI]]<br><small>''actor and film director''<br>(1950– )</small>|AKI=[[Akira Emoto|EMOTO AKIRA]]<br><small>''actor''<br>(1948– )</small>|KAZ=TSUNOGAE KAZUE<br><small>''actress''<br>(1981–2018)</small>}}
{{tree chart| | |!| | | | | |!| | | | |,|^|.| | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | |,|-|^|-|.|||}}
{{tree chart| | |SHI|y|SAD| | |YUT| |YOK| |IGU|~|ASA| | | |MOM| |SAK|y|TAS|||TKO| | |SHI=[[Shijuro Ogata|OGATA SHIJURO]]<br><small>''Director of the Bank of Japan''<br>(1927–2014)</small>|SAD=[[Sadako Ogata|OGATA SADAKO]]<br><small>''United Nations High Commissioner''<br>(1927–2019)</small>|YUT=[[Yutaka Kawashima|KAWASHIMA YUTAKA]]<br><small>''Royal Grand Chamberlain''<br>(1942– )</small>|YOK=[[:w:jp:佐々波楊子|SAZANAMI YOKO]]<br><small>''Economist and Professor''<br>(1932–2023)</small>|IGU=[[:w:jp:井口武夫|IGUCHI TAKEO]]<br><small>''Deputy Director-General of Foreign Affairs''<br>(1930– )</small>|ASA=IGUCHI SHOKO <small>([[:w:jp:浅尾新甫|née Asao]])</small>|MOM=[[Momoko Ando|ANDO MOMOKO]]<br><small>''Film Director and author''<br>(1982– )</small>|SAK=[[Sakura Ando|ANDO SAKURA]]<br><small>''actress''<br>(1986– )</small>|TAS=[[Tasuku Emoto|EMOTO TASAKU]]<br><small>''actor''<br>(1986– )</small>|TKO=[[Tokio Emoto|EMOTO TOKIO]]<br><small>''actor''<br>(1989– )</small>}}
{{tree chart| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |}}
{{tree chart| | | | |AUT| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |UN2| | | |AUT=[[Atsushi Ogata|OGATA ATSUSHI]]<br><small>''Film director and video artist''<br>(1962– )</small>|UN2=<small>''unknown daughter''<ref>{{cite news |title=「まんぷく」安藤サクラ、朝ドラ初ママさんヒロイン |url=https://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/201801310000363.html |publisher=Nikkan Sports |date=31 January 2018}}</ref><br>(2017)</small> }}
{{tree chart| | | | | | |}}
{{tree chart/end}}
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==References==
* [[Bix, Herbert P.]] ''[[Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan]]''. Harper Perennial (2001). {{ISBN|0-06-093130-2}}
* {{cite book  | last =Fogel | first = Joshua A  | title = The Literature of Travel in the Japanese Rediscovery of China, 1862–1945  | publisher = Stanford University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = 0804725675 }}
* Large S. S. (2001). ''Nationalist Extremism in Early Showa Japan: Inoue Nissho and the 'Blood-Pledge Corps Incident''', 1932. [[Modern Asian Studies]] 35(3): 553–564.
* {{cite book  | last = Lee  | first = To Yee  | title = Sun Yat-Sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution  | year = 2011 | publisher = Institute of Southeast Asian Studies | isbn = 978-9814345460 }}
* Oka Yoshitake, et al. ''Five Political Leaders of Modern Japan: Ito Hirobumi, Okuma Shigenobu, Hara Takashi, Inukai Tsuyoshi, and Saionji Kimmochi''. University of Tokyo Press (1984). {{ISBN|0-86008-379-9}}
* Ozaki, Yukio. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=VmFdariJ8hcC  ''The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in Japan'' (translated by Fujiko Hara).] Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-691-05095-9}}
* [[Piers Brendon|Brendon, Piers]]. ''The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s''. Vintage; Reprint edition (2002). {{ISBN|0-375-70808-1}}
* {{cite book  | last = Toland  | first = John | author-link=John Toland (author) | title = [[The Rising Sun: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire, 1936–1945]]  | publisher = Modern Library  | year = 2003|edition=reprint| isbn = 0-8129-6858-1}}
* {{cite book  | last = Tran  | first = My-Van  | title = A Vietnamese Royal Exile in Japan: Prince Cuong De (1882–1951)  | publisher = Routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0415297168 }}

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tsuyoshi Inukai}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060809213028/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/seikatsu/bunkasin/bokudou/bokudou.htm Inukai Memorial Museum (Okayama)]

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{{s-par|jp-lwr}}
{{s-new|district}}
{{s-ttl|title=Representative for [[Okayama 2nd district (1928–1942)|Okayama 2nd district]]|alongside=[[Ogawa Gōtarō]], [[Nishimura Tanjirō]], [[Hoshijima Nirō]], several others|years=1928−1932}}
{{s-vac|next=[[Inukai Takeru]] etc.}}
{{s-new|district}}
{{s-ttl|title=Representative for [[Okayama 4th district (1920–1924)|Okayama 4th district]] (single-member)|years=1920−1928}}
{{s-non|reason=district eliminated}}
{{s-new|district}}
{{s-ttl|title=Representative for [[Okayama counties district]]|alongside=[[Nishimura Tanjirō]], [[Moriya Konosuke]], many others|years=1902−1920}}
{{s-non|reason=district eliminated}}
{{s-new|parliament}}
{{s-ttl|title=Representative for [[Okayama 3rd district (1890–1898)|Okayama 3rd district]] (single-member)|years=1890−1902}}
{{s-non|reason=district eliminated}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{succession box| before=[[Tanaka Giichi]]| title=[[Rikken Seiyūkai]] president | years=1929−1932| after=[[Suzuki Kisaburō]]  }}
{{s-end}}

{{Japanese foreign ministers}}
{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Inukai, Tsuyoshi}}
[[Category:1855 births]] <!--Inukai is family name.  Sort by it-->
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:People murdered in 1932]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:People from Okayama]]
[[Category:Assassinated prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:People of Meiji-era Japan]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Japan]]
[[Category:People murdered in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Keio University alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Empire of Japan)]]
[[Category:Rikken Kokumintō politicians]]
[[Category:Kenseitō politicians]]
[[Category:Shimpotō politicians]]
[[Category:Rikken Kaishintō politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Japanese politicians]]
[[Category:Rikken Seiyūkai politicians]]
[[Category:Rikken Seiyūkai prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Paulownia Flowers]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Japan]]
[[Category:Inukai family]]
[[Category:Politicians from Okayama Prefecture]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in the 1930s]]
[[Category:Assassinated national legislators]]
[[Category:Japanese politicians assassinated in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Burials at Aoyama Cemetery]]