Editing Interlibrary loan

{{Short description|Patrons of one library borrowing material owned by another library}}[[File:Interlibrary Loan (3744575318).jpg|thumb|Picking up books requested through interlibrary loan]]

'''Inter-library loan''' (abbreviated '''ILL''', sometimes called '''document delivery''', '''document supply''', '''inter-lending, inter-library services''', '''inter-loan,''' or '''resource sharing''') is a service that enables patrons of one [[library]] to borrow materials that are held by another library.<ref>lnterlibrary Loan Committee, Management and Operation of Public Services Section, Reference and Adult Services Division, American Library Association, ''National lnterlibrary Loan Code for the United States, 1993.'' RQ 33 no. 4 (Summer 1994).</ref>

==Methods==
After receiving a request, the borrowing library identifies potential lending libraries with the desired item. The lending library delivers the item physically or electronically, and the borrowing library receives the item and delivers it to their patron, and if necessary, arranges for its return. Sometimes, fees accompany interlibrary loan services. 

Libraries can define what materials from their holdings are eligible for interlibrary loan. Many journal or database licenses specify whether a library can or cannot supply journal articles via ILL, with libraries negotiating for ILL eligibility.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Croft |first=Janet Brennan |date=2005-05-31 |title=Interlibrary Loan and Licensing |journal=Journal of Library Administration |volume=42 |issue=3–4 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.1300/J111v42n03_03 |issn=0193-0826 |s2cid=152664274}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Litsey |first1=Ryan |last2=Ketner |first2=Kenny |date=2013-11-18 |title=Oh the possibilities: ebook lending and interlibrary loan |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ILDS-09-2013-0027/full/html |journal=Interlending & Document Supply |language=en |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=120–121 |doi=10.1108/ILDS-09-2013-0027 |issn=0264-1615}}</ref>

The [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) developed ISO standards [[ISO 10160|10160]] and [[ISO 10161|10161]] to standardize terminology and define a set of communication protocols between interlibrary loan systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 10160:2015 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/66169.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=ISO |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISO 10161-1:2014 |url=https://www.iso.org/standard/66170.html |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=ISO |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Informal borrowing and lending between libraries has examples in Western Europe as early as the 8th century CE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miguel |first=Teresa M. |date=2007 |title=Exchanging Books in Western Europe: A Brief History of International Interlibrary Loan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-legal-information/article/abs/exchanging-books-in-western-europe-a-brief-history-of-international-interlibrary-loan/026400D1E7B4EC97C4D8805DB62CFC86 |journal=International Journal of Legal Information |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=499–513 |doi=10.1017/S073112650000247X |s2cid=162691373 |issn=0731-1265}}</ref>

In the 16th century, [[Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc]] unsuccessfully attempted to establish an interlibrary loan system between the Royal Library at the [[Louvre Palace]] in Paris and the [[Vatican Library]] in Rome.<ref>Gravit, Francis W. "A Proposed Interlibrary Loan System in the Seventeenth Century." ''The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy'' 16, no. 4 (1946): 331–34. {{JSTOR|4303518}}.</ref>
In 1876, [[Massachusetts]] librarian [[Samuel Swett Green]] published a proposal for an interlibrary loan system modeled on European examples, writing, "It would add greatly to the usefulness of our reference libraries if an agreement should be made to lend books to each other for short periods of time."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Green |first=Samuel |date=1876 |title=The Lending of Books to One Another by Libraries |journal=Library Journal |volume=15 |issue=16}}</ref>[[File:Joseph_C._Rowell_1919.jpg|thumb|Joseph C. Rowell]]In 1886, Joseph C. Rowell, librarian at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], sought permission to begin an interlibrary loan program. In 1894, Rowell initiated U.C. Berkeley's first program of interlibrary lending with the [[California State Library]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nesta |first=Frederick |date=2019-01-14 |title=Consortia from past to future |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/LM-02-2018-0006/full/html |journal=Library Management |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1/2 |pages=12–22 |doi=10.1108/LM-02-2018-0006 |s2cid=57969972 |issn=0143-5124}}</ref> In 1917, the [[American Library Association]] established a national code for interlibrary loan in the United States.<ref>Russell, Harold. "The Interlibrary Loan Code." ''ALA Bulletin'' 33, no. 5 (1939): 321–54. {{JSTOR|25690164}}.</ref>

In [[China]], formalized interlibrary loan policies were established as early as 1924 through the Shanghai Library Constitution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fang |first=Conghui |date=2007-08-21 |title=The history and development of interlibrary loans and document supply in China |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02641610710780818/full/html |journal=Interlending & Document Supply |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=145–153 |doi=10.1108/02641610710780818 |issn=0264-1615}}</ref>

In 1927, an increase in international lending and borrowing between libraries  following the [[World War I|First World War]] led to the establishment of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA). IFLA published the "International Resource Sharing and Document Delivery: Principles and Guidelines for Procedure" in 1954.<ref>{{Cite journal |website=ifla.org |date=2012 |title=Guidelines for Best Practice in Interlibrary Loan and Document Delivery |url=https://repository.ifla.org/handle/123456789/705 |language=en}}</ref>

In Great Britain, [[Kate Edith Pierce]] became the chair of the newly formed East Midlands Regional Library Bureau in 1935. Enabled by [[Carnegie Trust]] funding, the Bureau introduced formalized "Inter-Library Lending".<ref name="orb3">{{Cite ODNB|last=Kerslake|first=Evelyn|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-70123|title=Pierce, Kate Edith (1873–1966), librarian|date=2014-09-25|volume=1|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/70123|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8}}</ref>

The [[Ohio State University]] and others in Ohio began integrating campus library systems at an early date. In the 1960s, state funds supported development of the Ohio College Library Center, now the [[Online Computer Library Center]] (OCLC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-04 |title=In the beginning [OCLC - Heritage] |url=https://www.oclc.org/us/en/about/history/beginning.htm |access-date=2024-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004135231/https://www.oclc.org/us/en/about/history/beginning.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref>

In 1994, the Reference and User Services Association (RUSA) of the [[American Library Association|ALA]] (America Library Association) formed an ALA Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 13, 2023 |title=Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States |url=https://www.ala.org/rusa/interlibrary-loan-code-united-states-explanatory-text |access-date=August 14, 2023 |website=RUSA}}</ref>

In 1997, following the [[1997 Spring Creek flood]], which significantly damaged its physical journal holdings, [[Colorado State University]] developed RapidILL as a resource sharing solution.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breeding |first=Marshall |date=2019-08-01 |title=Ex Libris Acquires RapidILL |url=https://librarytechnology.org/document/24547 |journal=Smart Libraries Newsletter |language=en |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=2–5}}</ref> The service has grown to include over 300 member libraries internationally, with most member libraries in the United States. In 2019, [[Ex Libris Group|Ex Libris]] acquired RapidILL from CSU.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex Libris acquires RapidILL to help improve resource sharing among libraries {{!}} Built In Colorado |url=https://www.builtincolorado.com/2019/06/24/rapidill-acquired-ex-libris |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=www.builtincolorado.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Resource sharing networks==

Libraries have established voluntary associations for resource sharing, organized on a regional or national basis, or through other affiliations such as university systems with multiple campuses, communities of libraries with related holdings and research interests, or established [[Library consortium|library consortia]].

The International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) guides interlibrary loan policies internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Interlibrary Voucher Scheme |url=https://www.ifla.org/voucher-scheme/ |access-date=2023-03-12 |website=IFLA |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== North America ===
In the US, the Online Computer Library Center ([[OCLC]]) is used by public and academic libraries. Formerly, Research Libraries Group ([[Research Libraries Group|RLG]]) was used primarily by academic libraries, but it merged with OCLC in July, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Mergers and acquisitions |url=https://www.oclc.org/en/about/finance/mergers.html#:~:text=The%20Research%20Libraries%20Group%20(RLG,and%20other%20cultural%20heritage%20institutions. |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=OCLC |language=en-US}}</ref> The Center for Research Libraries ([[Center for Research Libraries|CRL]]) is a major resource sharing network in North America with a buy-in membership system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voting Membership {{!}} CRL |url=https://www.crl.edu/membership/voting-members |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.crl.edu}}</ref> Other large resource sharing networks include Libraries Very Interested in Sharing (LVIS)<ref>{{cite web |title=Libraries Very Interested in Sharing |url=http://www.cyberdriveillinois.com/departments/library/libraries/OCLC/lvis.html |work=cyberdriveillinois.com}}</ref> and Amigos.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amigos Library Services - Resource Sharing Through Technology |url=http://www.amigos.org/ |work=amigos.org}}</ref>

Medical libraries in the United States participate in the National Network of Libraries of Medicine to share resources. The [[National Library of Medicine]] developed the request routing system DOCLINE for this purpose.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DOCLINE® System |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/docline/ |access-date=2016-03-24 |website=www.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
The South African Bibliographic and Information Network (SABINET) was developed in 1983 for the purposes of collection development and resource sharing across [[List of libraries in South Africa|libraries]] in [[South Africa]].<ref>Willemse, John; United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1995-04). The South African Bibliographic and Information Network (SABINET) as a model for library and information resource sharing. UN. ECA African Regional Symposium on Telematics for Development (1995, Apr.3-7 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. {{hdl|10855/9068}}</ref>

In [[Ghana]], the Ghana Inter-Library Lending and Document Delivery Network (GILLDDNET) pioneered resource sharing in West Africa. The network was replaced in 2004 by the Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries (CARLIGH).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nche Che |first1=Eugene |last2=Njiraine |first2=Dorothy |last3=Makori |first3=Elisha |date=2022-09-22 |title=Impact of Library Consortia on Resource Sharing in Academic Libraries: Evidence From the University of Nairobi Library |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/7334 |journal=Library Philosophy and Practice (E-journal)}}</ref>

=== Central and South America ===
''Consorcio Iberoamericano para la Educación en Ciencia y Tecnología'' (ISTEC) is a consortium and resource sharing network of 50 institutions across 17 countries in Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula, with a focus on science and technology materials.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Stephen G |date=2015-08-17 |title=Resource sharing in Latin America |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ILDS-05-2015-0015/full/html |journal=Interlending & Document Supply |language=en |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=138–144 |doi=10.1108/ILDS-05-2015-0015 |issn=0264-1615}}</ref> Many ISTEC member libraries use the software Celsius, which was developed as part of the consortium initiative.<ref>Schmidt, LeEtta M., "Interlibrary Lending in Mexican, Caribbean, Central American, and South American Libraries" (2014). Academic Services Faculty and Staff Publications. 172. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/tlas_pub/172</ref>

''[https://cbues.org.sv/ Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de El Salvador]'' (CBUES) is a resource sharing consortium of institutions in El Salvador with comments that there are other CBUES affiliated institutions along the Atlantic coast, including libraries from Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Mexico and Panama; however only El Salvadorian institutions are listed on CBUES's website.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Miembros – CBUES |url=https://cbues.org.sv/index.php/miembros-2/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
In [[France]], the PEB ILL network services over 300 libraries using the SUPEB ILL software.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menil |first=Céline |date=1999-12-01 |title=Interlibrary lending in France: the situation today |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02641619910300602/full/html |journal=Interlending & Document Supply |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=166–170 |doi=10.1108/02641619910300602 |issn=0264-1615}}</ref>

In [[Germany]], [https://gateway-bayern.de/TP61/start.do Gateway Bayern] (GB) is the ILL network and tool for Bavarian libraries, including the [[Bavarian State Library]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interlibrary loan |url=https://www.bsb-muenchen.de/en/search-and-service/registration-loan-order/ordering-media-or-copies/interlibrary-loan/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.bsb-muenchen.de}}</ref>

=== Asia ===
National Library of New Zealand (Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa)DELNET, the Developing Library Network (formerly the Delhi Library Network), is a resource sharing network supporting [[India]] and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaul |first=Sangeeta |date=2010-06-01 |title=DELNET – the functional resource sharing library network: a success story from India |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/02641611011047169/full/html |journal=Interlending & Document Supply |language=en |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.1108/02641611011047169 |issn=0264-1615}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DELNET - About Us |url=https://delnet.in/about-us.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=delnet.in}}</ref>

The [[National Diet Library]] of Japan serves as a resource sharing hub for Japanese-language materials domestically and internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Cooperation {{!}} National Diet Library |url=https://www.ndl.go.jp/en/international/index.html |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=www.ndl.go.jp}}</ref>

Launched in 1998, [[China Academic Library and Information System]] (CALIS) is a [[Beijing]]-based academic library consortium that facilitates interlibrary loan among research libraries in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hongyang |first=Dai, Longji~Chen, Ling~Zhang |date=2000-09-01 |title=China Academic Library and Information System: an academic library consortium in China |url=https://librarytechnology.org/document/8523 |journal=Information Technology and Libraries |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240229060946/https://librarytechnology.org/document/8523 |archive-date=2024-02-29}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
Australia uses [https://trove.nla.gov.au/ TROVE]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/ |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref>

New Zealand utilizes the [https://natlib.govt.nz/ National Library of New Zealand].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://natlib.govt.nz/about-us |access-date=2024-12-12 |website=natlib.govt.nz}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Boucher, Virginia (1997). ''Interlibrary Loan Practices Handbook'', 2nd Edition. Chicago and London: [[American Library Association]].
* {{Cite journal |last1=Frederiksen |first1=Linda |last2=Cummings |first2=Joel |last3=Cummings |first3=Lara |last4=Carroll |first4=Diane |title=Ebooks and Interlibrary Loan: Licensed to Fill? |journal=Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Electronic Reserve |date=2011 |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=117–131 |doi=10.1080/1072303X.2011.585102|hdl=2376/4898 |s2cid=62548634 |hdl-access=free }}
* ''[[Journal of Library Administration]]''; Volume 23, [https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/wjla20/23/1-2?nav=tocList Numbers 1–2] {{subscription required}}, 1996: A special issue devoted to ILL.
* {{Cite journal|last1=Levine-Clark|first1= Michael|date=2011|title= Whither ILL? Wither ILL: The Changing Nature of Resource Sharing for E-Books|journal= Collaborative Librarianship|volume= 3|issue=2|pages=71–72|doi= 10.29087/2011.3.2.01|url=https://digitalcommons.du.edu/collaborativelibrarianship/vol3/iss2/1|issn=1943-7528|doi-access=free}}
* Newcombe, Luxmoore. ''Library Co-operation in the British Isles''. Practical Library Handbooks series, no. 4. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1937.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Interlibrary Loan}}
[[Category:Library circulation]]
[[Category:Library cooperation]]