Editing Inigo Jones

{{Short description|English architect (1573–1652)}}
{{About|the architect|the British general|Inigo Jones (British Army officer)|the meteorologist and farmer|Inigo Owen Jones}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox architect
|name                  = Inigo Jones
|image                 = PortraitInigoJones.jpg
|caption               = Portrait of Jones painted by [[William Hogarth]] in 1758 from a 1636 painting by Sir [[Anthony van Dyck]]
|alt                   =
|nationality           = English
|birth_date            = {{birth date|1573|7|15|df=y}}
|birth_place           = [[London]], England
|death_date            = {{death date and age|df=yes|1652|6|21|1573|7|15}}
|death_place           = [[Somerset House]], London
|significant_buildings = [[Banqueting House, Whitehall]]<br />[[Queen's House]]<br />[[Wilton House]]<br />[[Covent Garden]]
}}
'''Inigo Jones''' (15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was an English architect who was the first significant<ref name="Strickland2001" /> [[Architecture of England|architect in England]] in the [[early modern era]] and the first to employ [[Vitruvius|Vitruvian]] rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings.<ref name=Hart2011>{{cite book |last1=Hart |first1=Vaughan |title=Inigo Jones: The Architect of Kings |date=2011 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300141498 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbX3tgAACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>
As the most notable architect in England,<ref name=Hart2011 /> Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as the [[Queen's House]] which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the [[Banqueting House, Whitehall]], as well as the layout for [[Covent Garden]] square which became a model for future developments in the West End. He made major contributions to [[Scenic design|stage design]] by his work as a theatrical designer for several dozen [[masque]]s, most by royal command and many in collaboration with [[Ben Jonson]].

==Early life and career==
[[File:Bust of Inigo Jones by John Michael Rysbrack, 1725.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Bust of Inigo Jones by [[John Michael Rysbrack]], 1725]]
Beyond that he was born in [[Smithfield, London|Smithfield]], London, as the son of clothworker Inigo Jones Snr., and baptised at the <!-- Anglican??? -->church of [[St Bartholomew-the-Less]], little is known about Jones's early years. Later Welsh sources claim that the family was from [[Wales]], and even that Inigo was originally named Ynir or Ynyr Jones.<ref>Angharad Llwyd, A History of the Island of Mona, Or Anglesey (Ruthin: R. Jones, 1833) 360</ref><ref>Arthur Aitkin, Journal of a Tour Through North Wales (London: J. Johnson, 1797) 108</ref><ref>John Evans, A Tour through Part of North Wales (London: J. White, 1800) 279</ref> But no records from his own time indicate any family ties to Wales.

He did not approach the architectural profession in the traditional way, namely either by rising up from a craft or through early exposure to the Office of Works, although there is evidence that [[Christopher Wren]] obtained information that recorded Jones as an apprentice joiner in [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's Churchyard]].<ref>Colvin, Howard, ''A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects: 1600 to 1840'' (1954)</ref> At some point before 1603, a rich patron (possibly the [[Earl of Pembroke]] or [[Roger Manners, 5th Earl of Rutland|the Earl of Rutland]]) sent him to Italy to study drawing after being impressed by the quality of his sketches. From Italy he travelled to Denmark where he worked for [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] on the design of the palaces of [[Rosenborg Castle|Rosenborg]] and [[Frederiksborg Castle|Frederiksborg]].<ref name=Chambers>{{Cite book|title=The English House|first=James|last=Chambers|year=1985|location=London|publisher=Guild Publishing|page=75}}</ref>

[[File:IJonesKnightmasque.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[masque]] costume for a knight, designed by Inigo Jones]]

Jones first became famous as a designer of costumes and stage settings, especially after he brought "[[masque]]s" to the stage. Under the patronage of Queen [[Anne of Denmark]] (the consort of King [[James I of England|James I]]),<ref name=Chambers /> he is credited with introducing movable scenery and the [[proscenium]] arch to English theatre. Between 1605 and 1640, he was responsible for staging over 500 performances, collaborating with [[Ben Jonson]] for many years, despite a relationship fraught with competition and jealousy: the two had arguments about whether stage design or literature was more important in theatre. (Jonson ridiculed Jones in a series of his works, written over two decades.)<ref>See: ''[[The Masque of Augurs]]''; ''[[The Staple of News]];'' [[A Tale of a Tub (play)|''A Tale of a Tub;'']] ''[[Love's Welcome at Bolsover]]''. Jonson's follower [[Richard Brome]] also took a swipe at Jones in ''[[The Weeding of Covent Garden]]''.</ref> Over 450 drawings for the scenery and costumes survive, demonstrating Jones's virtuosity as a draughtsman and his development between 1605 and 1609 from initially showing "no knowledge of Renaissance draughtsmanship" to exhibiting an "accomplished Italianate manner"<ref>Orgel, Steven and Strong, Roy C., ''Inigo Jones and the theatre of the Stuart Court'', 1973</ref> and understanding of Italian set design, particularly that of [[Alfonso Parigi the Elder|Alfonso]] and [[Giulio Parigi]]. This development suggests a second visit to Italy, {{Circa|1606}},<ref>Gotch, A. J., ''Inigo Jones'', 1968</ref> influenced by the ambassador [[Henry Wotton]]. Jones learned to speak Italian fluently and there is evidence that he owned an Italian copy of [[Andrea Palladio]]'s {{lang|it|[[I quattro libri dell'architettura]]}} with [[marginalia]] that refer to Wotton. His architectural work was particularly influenced by Palladio.<ref>[[The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc.]], [http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html Palladio and English-American Palladianism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091023050942/http://www.palladiancenter.org/timeline-Palladianism.html |date=23 October 2009 }}</ref> To a lesser extent, he also held to the architectural principles of the ancient Roman writer [[Vitruvius]].

Jones's first recorded architectural design is for a monument to Frances, Lady Cotton, commissioned by [[Rowland Cotton]], {{Circa|1608–1611}},<ref>Giles Worsley, ''Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition'' (Yale, 2007), pp. 6, 8–9.</ref> at [[Norton-in-Hales]], Shropshire, showing early signs of his classical intentions.<ref>John Newman, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/877379 "An Early Drawing by Inigo Jones and a Monument in Shropshire"], ''The Burlington Magazine'' 115 (843) (June 1973), pp.&nbsp;360+</ref> In July 1606, Jones made scenery for a masque at [[Theobalds]] for the [[Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury|Earl of Salisbury]]. In the following years, Jones made drawings for the Earl of Salisbury's New Exchange in the Strand, where work commenced in June 1608,<ref>Giles Worsley, ''Inigo Jones and the European Classical Tradition'' (Yale, 2007), p. 7.</ref> and the central tower of St Paul's Cathedral, displaying a similar practical architectural inexperience and immature handling of themes from sources including Palladio, Serlio and Sangallo. In 1609, having perhaps accompanied Salisbury's son and heir, [[William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]], around France, he appears as an architectural consultant at [[Hatfield House]], making small modifications to the design as the project progressed, and in 1610, Jones was appointed Surveyor to [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Prince Henry]]. He devised the masques the ''[[The Speeches at Prince Henry's Barriers|Barriers]]'' and the ''[[Oberon, the Faery Prince|Masque of Oberon]]'' for the Prince and was possibly involved in some alterations to [[St James's Palace]].<ref>Edward Chaney and Timothy Wilks, ''The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early Stuart Travellers in Europe'' (I.B. Tauris: London, 2014), pp. 64–6, 153.</ref>

On 27 April 1613, Jones was appointed the position of [[Office of Works|Surveyor of the King's Works]] and shortly after, embarked on a tour of Italy with the [[Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel|Earl of Arundel]], destined to become one of the most important patrons in the history of English art. On this trip, Jones was exposed to the architecture of [[Rome]], [[Padua]], [[Florence]], [[Vicenza]], [[Genoa]] and [[Venice]] among others. His surviving sketchbook shows his preoccupation with such artists as [[Parmigianino]] and [[Andrea Schiavone]]. He is also known to have met [[Vincenzo Scamozzi]] at this time. His annotated copy of Palladio's ''Quattro libri dell'architettura'' also demonstrates his close interest in classical architecture: Jones gave priority to Roman antiquity rather than observing the contemporary fashion in Italy. He was probably the first native-born to study these Roman remains first hand and this was key to the new architecture Jones introduced in England and Wales.<ref name="Strickland2001">{{cite book |last1=Strickland |first1=Carol |last2=Handy |first2=Amy |title=The Annotated Arch: A Crash Course in the History of Architecture |date=2001 |publisher=Andrews McMeel Publishing |isbn=9780740710247 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdiFhC6XOWwC&pg=PA67 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Masques ==
Jones worked as a producer and architect for [[Masque]]s from 1605 to 1640, but his most known work in this field came from his collaboration with poet and playwright [[Ben Jonson]]. Having worked together for fifteen years, the two debated and had disagreements about their line of work and about what was most integral in a masque. While Jonson argued that the most important aspect of a masque was the written word that the audience heard, Jones argued that the visual spectacle was the most important aspect, and that what the audience saw was more important.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Designs by Inigo Jones for masques & plays at court.|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/miua.1398364.0001.001?urlappend=%3Bseq=7|access-date=14 May 2021|via=HathiTrust| series=Twelfth volume of the Walpole society | year=1924 | publisher=The Walpole ad Malone societies |hdl = 2027/miua.1398364.0001.001?urlappend=%3Bseq=7|language=en}}</ref> Jones also felt that the architect had just as much creative freedom and rights as the writer or poet of the masque.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McKee|first=Alexander|year=2007|title=Jonson vs. Jones in "Prospero's Books"|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43797345|journal=Literature/Film Quarterly|volume=35|issue=2|pages=121–128|jstor=43797345|issn=0090-4260}}</ref> In defence of this Jones stated that masques were "nothing but pictures with light and motion," making little to note of the words spoken.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Rodgers|first=Amy|year=2014|title=The Language of Looking: Making Senses Speak in Jonsonian Masque|journal=Renaissance Drama|volume=42|pages=29–55|doi=10.1086/674681|s2cid=191446731}}</ref>

Jones's work on masques with Jonson is credited to be one of the first instances of [[Theatrical scenery|scenery]] introduced in theatre.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cunningham|first=Peter|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/yale.39002006874656|title=Inigo Jones.A life of the architect;| series=Shakespeare society. Publications; no. 39 |date=1848|publisher=London|hdl=2027/yale.39002006874656}}</ref> In his masques, curtains were used and placed in between the stage and the audience, and they were to be opened to introduce a scene. Jones was also known for using the stage and theatre space in its entirety, putting his actors throughout different parts of the theatre, such as placing them below the stage or elevating them onto a higher platform. Jones's settings on the stage also incorporated different uses of light, experimenting with coloured glasses, screens and oiled paper to create a softer source of light on the stage.<ref name=":0" />

Jones is also known for introducing to English audiences moving scenery through what is called 'machina versatilis', helping to create motion among a stable scene without any noticeable [[Stagehand]]s and of creating a representation of the ethereal.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

These elements of stage design and of theatre production would later have influence beyond the English court, as those working in the public stage would take up these ideas and apply them to the early modern stage and for its larger audience.<ref name=":1" />

==Architecture==
[[File:Queens House.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|left|The [[Queen's House]] at [[Greenwich]], facing the [[River Thames]]]]
In September 1615, Jones was appointed Surveyor-General of the King's Works, marking the beginning of Jones's career in earnest. Fortunately, both James I and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] spent lavishly on their buildings, contrasting hugely with the economical court of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]. As the King's Surveyor, Jones built some of his key buildings in London. In 1616, work began on the [[Queen's House]], Greenwich, for James I's wife, [[Anne of Denmark|Anne]]. With the foundations laid and the first storey built, work stopped suddenly when Anne died in 1619.<ref>[[Jemma Field]], ''Anna of Denmark: The Material and Visual Culture of the Stuart Courts'' (Manchester, 2020), pp. 67–8.</ref> Jones provided a design for the queen's funeral hearse or catafalque, but it was not implemented.<ref>Clare McManus, ''Women on the Renaissance stage'' (Manchester, 2002), pp. 205–8.</ref> Work at Greenwich resumed in 1629, this time for Charles I's Queen, [[Henrietta Maria of France|Henrietta Maria]]. It was finished in 1635 as the first strictly classical building in England, employing ideas found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient Rome.<ref name="Harris2005">{{cite book |last1=Harris |first1=Ann Sutherland |title=Seventeenth-century Art and Architecture |date=2005 |publisher=Laurence King Publishing |isbn=9781856694155 |page=396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd0CuzsPYJcC&pg=PA396 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> This is Jones's earliest-surviving work.

[[File:Banqueting House 801.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Interior of the [[Banqueting House]] in [[Whitehall]], with its ceiling painted by [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]]]]
Between 1619 and 1622, the [[Banqueting House]] in the [[Palace of Whitehall]] was built, a design derived from buildings by [[Scamozzi]] and [[Palladio]], to which a ceiling painted by [[Peter Paul Rubens]] was added several years later. The Whitehall palace was one of several projects where Jones worked with his personal assistant and nephew by marriage [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howarth |first1=David |title=Images of Rule: Art and Politics in the English Renaissance, 1485–1649 |date=1997 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520209916 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_QTGR7PGPc4C&pg=PA47 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Queen's Chapel]], [[St. James's Palace]], was built between 1623 and 1627, initially for Charles I's proposed bride, the Roman Catholic [[Infanta Maria Anna of Spain]], and then for Charles I's wife, Henrietta Maria of France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen's Chapel |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1273605 |website=National Heritage List for England |publisher=Historic England |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> Parts of the design originate in the [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] of ancient Rome and Jones evidently intended the church to evoke the Roman temple. These buildings show the realization of a mature architect with a confident grasp of classical principles and an intellectual understanding of how to implement them.

[[File:West Front of St Paul's, Covent Garden, by Edward Rooker after Paul Sandby, 1766 - gac 06359.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Church [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]], 1766]]
The other project in which Jones was involved is the design of [[Covent Garden]] Square. He was commissioned by [[Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford|the Earl of Bedford]] to build a residential square, which he did along the lines of the Italian piazza of [[Livorno]].<ref name=4th>{{cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=362|title=Survey of London: volume 36 – Covent Garden|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=27 July 2010}}</ref> It is the first regularly planned square in London. The Earl felt obliged to provide a church and he warned Jones that he wanted to economise. He told him to simply erect a "barn" and Jones's oft-quoted response was that his lordship would have "the finest barn in Europe". In the design of St Paul's, Jones faithfully adhered to [[Vitruvius]]'s design for a Tuscan temple and it was the first wholly and authentically classical church built in England. The inside of [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]] was gutted by fire in 1795, but externally it remains much as Jones designed it and dominates the west side of the piazza.<ref name="Summerson1993">{{cite book |last1=Summers on |first1=John |last2=Sir |first2=John Newnham Summer son |title=Architecture in Britain, 1530 to 1830 |date=1993 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=9780300058864 |pages=124–126 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7FoFUkbJ_gC&q=Architecture%20in%20Britain%2C%201530%20to%201830&pg=PA124 |language=en}}</ref>

Jones also designed the square of [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]], and a house in the square, the Lindsey House built in 1640, is often attributed to Jones.<ref>{{cite book |title=London: The Unique City |author=Steen Eiler Rasmussen |edition=Revised |publisher=MIT Press |year=1988 |page=[https://archive.org/details/londonuniquecity00rasm/page/86 86] |isbn=978-0262680271 |url=https://archive.org/details/londonuniquecity00rasm/page/86 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/londonarchitectu0000sutc |url-access=registration |title = London: An Architectural History|author= Anthony Sutcliffe |page=[https://archive.org/details/londonarchitectu0000sutc/page/81 81] |publisher= Yale University Press |date=12 May 2006|isbn= 978-0300110067 }}</ref> Its design of a rusticated ground floor with giant [[pilaster]]s above supporting the [[entablature]] and [[balustrade]] served as a model for other town houses in London such as [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]]'s [[Regent's Park]] terraces, as well as in other English and Welsh towns such as [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]'s [[Royal Crescent]].<ref>{{cite book |title=An outline of European architecture |author=Nikolaus Pevsner |author-link=Nikolaus Pevsner |publisher=Penguin Books |year=1970 |page=[https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs/page/310 310] |isbn=978-0140201093 |url=https://archive.org/details/outlineofeuropea00pevs/page/310 }}</ref>

Another large project Jones undertook was the repair and remodelling of [[St Paul's Cathedral]]. Between the years of 1634 and 1642, Jones wrestled with the dilapidated Gothicism of Old St Paul's, casing it in classical masonry and totally redesigning the west front. Jones incorporated the giant scrolls from [[Vignola]] and [[della Porta]]'s [[Church of the Gesù]] with a giant Corinthian portico, the largest of its type north of the Alps, but the church would be destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London]] in 1666. Also around this time, circa 1638, Jones devised drawings completely redesigning the [[Palace of Whitehall]], but the execution of these designs was frustrated by Charles I's financial and political difficulties.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Nigel R. |title=Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales |date=2005 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=9780313318504 |pages=11–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=epsFOeV1mCMC&q=%22inigo%20jones%22%20roman%20architecture&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref>

More than 1000 buildings have been attributed to Jones but only a very small number of those are certain to be his work. According to architecture historian [[John Summerson]], the modern concept of an architect's artistic responsibility for a building did not exist at that time, and Jones's role in many instances may be that of a civil servant in getting things done rather than as an architect. Jones's contribution to a building may also simply be verbal instructions to a mason or bricklayer and providing an Italian engraving or two as a guide, or the correction of drafts.<ref>{{cite book |title=Georgian London |author= John Summerson |edition=1978 Revised |year=1945|publisher=Penguin Books |page=34 }}</ref> In the 1630s, Jones was in high demand and, as Surveyor to the King, his services were only available to a very limited circle of people, so often projects were commissioned to other members of the Works. [[Stoke Park Pavilions|Stoke Bruerne Park]] in Northamptonshire was built by Sir [[Francis Crane]], "receiving the assistance of Inigo Jones", between 1629 and 1635. Jones is also thought to have been involved in another country house, this time in [[Wiltshire]]. [[Wilton House]] was renovated from about 1630 onwards, at times worked on by Jones, then passed on to [[Isaac de Caus]] when Jones was too busy with royal clients. He then returned in 1646 with his student, [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]], to try and complete the project.<ref name="Summerson1993" /> {{rp|130–132}} Contemporary equivalent architects included Sir [[Balthazar Gerbier]] and [[Nicholas Stone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNay |first1=Michael |title=Hidden Treasures of London |date=2015 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9781847946171 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U93eCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA103 |language=en}}</ref>

One of Jones's designs is the "double cube" room at Wilton, and it was also the foundation stone of his status as the father of British architecture. Jones, as the pioneer in his era, had strong influence during their time. His revolutionary ideas even effect beyond the Court circle, and today, many scholars believe that he also started the golden age of British architecture.<ref name="Parry1981">{{cite book |last1=Parry |first1=Graham |title=The Golden Age Restor'd: The Culture of the Stuart Court, 1603–42 |date=1981 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=9780719008252 |pages=153–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H91RAQAAIAAJ&q=%22inigo%20jones%22%20%22double%20cube%22%20%22golden%20age%22&pg=PA153 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political and civic life==
On 16 February 1621, in a by-election caused by the ejection of an existing member Sir [[John Leedes]], Jones was elected M.P. in the [[Parliament of England]] for [[New Shoreham (UK Parliament constituency)|New Shoreham]] in West [[Sussex]], a borough constituency controlled by the Earl of Arundel, and sat till the dissolution of that parliament in February 1622. He was named to a committee to improve lighting and increase seating in the House of Commons' chamber, resulting in a new gallery being erected in [[St Stephen's Chapel]] during the summer recess and was also responsible for a new ceiling put in the House of Lords chamber in 1623. He also served as a Justice of the Peace (J.P.) for the county of [[Middlesex]] and borough of [[Westminster]] from 1630 until at least 1640. He was made a freeman of the borough of [[Southampton]] in 1623<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1604-1629/member/jones-inigo-1573-1651|title=History of Parliament article by Paul Honeyball.}}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and in 1633 was offered, but declined, a knighthood by Charles I.<ref name=odnb>{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-15017|title=Jones, Inigo (1573–1652), architect and theatre designer|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/15017}}</ref>

==Later life==
[[File:Inigo Jones by Sir Anthony Van Dyck.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Inigo Jones, by [[Anthony van Dyck]]]]

Jones's full-time career effectively ended with the outbreak of the [[English Civil War]] in 1642 and the seizure of the King's houses in 1643. Jones was captured at the third siege of [[Basing House]] in October 1645.<ref name="Blomfield2017">{{cite book |last1=Blomfield |first1=Reginald |title=A short History of Renaissance Architecture in England 1500–1800 |date=2017 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=9789925066025 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dkqxDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |access-date=17 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Unfortunately, as one of the last great strongholds to the Cavaliers, the great mansion inside was destroyed by Cromwell's army and even the walls were broken into many pieces.<ref>{{citation |last=Rakoczy|first=Lila|title=Archaeology of destruction: a reinterpretation of castle slightings in the English Civil War|publisher=University of York (PhD thesis)|year=2007|url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11092/|page=121|type=phd}} {{open access}}</ref> His property was later returned to him (c. 1646) but Jones ended his days, unmarried, living in [[Somerset House]]. He was, however, closely involved in the design of [[Coleshill House]], in Berkshire, for the Pratt family, which he visited with the young apprentice architect [[Roger Pratt (architect)|Roger Pratt]], to fix a new site for the proposed mansion. He died on 21 June 1652 and was buried with his parents at [[St Benet's, Paul's Wharf]], the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] church of the [[City of London]]. [[John Denham (poet)|John Denham]] and then [[Christopher Wren]] followed him as King's Surveyor of Works. A monument dedicated to him in the church, portraying St Paul's Cathedral and other buildings, was destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London|Great Fire]] in 1666.

==Legacy==

Jones was an influence on a number of 18th-century architects, notably [[Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington|Lord Burlington]] and [[William Kent]]. There is an Inigo Jones Road in [[Charlton, London|Charlton]], southeast London (SE7), near [[Charlton House]], some of whose features were allegedly designed by him.

A bridge in [[Llanrwst]], North Wales, built in 1636 and named "Pont Fawr" is also known locally as "Pont Inigo Jones" (Inigo Jones's Bridge). He is also said{{by whom|date=July 2023}} to be responsible for the Masonic "Inigo Jones Manuscript", from around 1607, a document of the Old Charges of Freemasonry.<ref>[https://encyclopediaoffreemasonry.com/i/inigo-jones-manuscript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142526/https://encyclopediaoffreemasonry.com/i/inigo-jones-manuscript/|date=2 April 2015}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/masonic_manuscripts_jones.html|title=MASONIC MANUSCRIPTS &#124; INIGO JONES – 1725c.|website=freemasons-freemasonry.com}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==List of architectural works==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Design for the completion of the central tower, old [[St Paul's Cathedral]], not executed (c. 1608)
*Design for the New Exchange in the Strand, London, not executed (c.1608)
*The [[Queen's House]], Greenwich (1616–1619), work suspended on the death of [[Anne of Denmark]] completed (1630–1635) for [[Henrietta Maria of France]]
*Design for the [[Star Chamber]] building, not executed (1617)
*Gateway at [[Oatlands Palace]] (1617), now at [[Chiswick House]]
*Gateway at [[Arundel House]] (1618), demolished
*[[Banqueting House, Whitehall]] (1619–22)
*Prince's Lodging, [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]] for [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales]] (1619), demolished
*The [[Queen's Chapel]], [[St. James's Palace]] (1623–27), for [[Henrietta Maria of France]]
*[[Fort Amsterdam]] (1625) – The [[Dutch East India Company]] asked Jones to design a stone fortification on the [[Hudson River]], which he did, but the fort was built (by [[Cryn Fredericks]]) out of wood instead and was torn down in 1790.
*The Cockpit Theatre, [[Palace of Whitehall]] (1629) demolished
*[[Stoke Park Pavilions]], Northamptonshire, attributed (c. 1629–35)
*[[Somerset House]] Chapel (1630–35), demolished
*[[Covent Garden]], London, houses on the north and east side as well as [[St Paul's, Covent Garden]] on the west (1631–1637) only the church survives
*[[Old St Paul's Cathedral]], new west front and remodelling of the nave and transepts (1634–42) destroyed in the [[Great Fire of London]]
*[[Wilton House]], Wiltshire (1636–40) the interior burnt c.1647, rebuilt to the designs of [[John Webb (architect)|John Webb]] (1648)
*Sir Peter Killigrew's House, [[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]], London (1630s) not known if built
*[[Palace of Whitehall]], various schemes for the complete rebuilding of the palace (c. 1637–39)
*Lord Maltravers's House, [[Lothbury]], London (1638) if built destroyed in the Great Fire of London
*[[Temple Bar, London|Temple Bar]], London, design for a triumphal arch, not executed (1638)
*Screen in [[Winchester Cathedral]] (c.1638), removed by the dean in 1820, and its central portion is now found in the [[Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge|Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology]], [[Cambridge]], incorporated into the building as an architectural feature.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkBgk5nXXLIC&pg=PA19 |title=Cathedrals Under Siege: Cathedrals in English Society, 1600–1700  |author=Standford E. Lehrberg |pages=18–19 |publisher= Penn State University Press |isbn=9780271044200 }}</ref>
*Design for a row of houses in Lothbury for [[Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel]] (c.1638), destroyed in the Great Fire of London
*Lindsey House, [[Lincoln's Inn Fields]] now numbers 59 & 60, attributed (c. 1638–40)<ref>The list is based on, Inigo Jones, John Summerson, 2nd edition 2000, Yale University Press</ref>
*Milton Manor House, Milton, Abingdon, Oxfordshire
*[[Coleshill House]], Berkshire (designed by Jones and executed by Roger Pratt)
*[[Chesterton Windmill]], Warwickshire (assisted his pupil John Stone with the design)
{{div col end}}

==Gallery of architectural works==
<gallery>
File:Banqueting House London.jpg|Banqueting House Whitehall
File:Banqueting House Vit Brit edited.jpg|Banqueting House Whitehall
File:Bottom storey façade Banqueting House.JPG|Detail of the Banqueting House Whitehall
File:Banqueting House Londres.JPG|Interior looking north, Banqueting House Whitehall
File:Banqueting House 803.jpg|Ceiling, with Rubens paintings, Banqueting House Whitehall
File:Ingo Jones plan for a new palace at Whitehall 1638.jpg|Design to rebuild Whitehall Palace
File:Old St. Paul's Cathedral from the west - Project Gutenberg eText 16531.png|West front, nave and transepts, Old St. Paul's Cathedral, as remodelled by Jones
File:The Queen's House, Greenwich.JPG|North front, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:Queenshouse.jpg|South front, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:Queen's House Vit Brit edited.jpg|South front, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:The Queen's House, Greenwich - Great Hall-8148915844.jpg|Great Hall, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:TulipStair QueensHouse Greenwich.jpg|Tulip Stair, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:Queen's House plan.jpg|Plan, The Queen's House, Greenwich
File:Nebot covent garden market clean.jpg|Covent Garden
File:St. Paul's, Covent Garden.jpg|St. Paul's Covent Garden
File:Chiswick House 314.jpg|Gateway from Oatlands, now at Chiswick House
File:Wilton House.jpg|Wilton House, Wiltshire
File:RollsChapel.jpg|Rolls Chapel and Rolls House, now part of [[Maughan Library]], [[King's College London]]
File:QueensChapelLondon.jpg|Queen's Chapel, St. James Palace, London
File:Stoke Park Pavilions 2008 08 16.jpg|Stoke Park, attributed
</gallery>

==See also==
{{portal|Architecture|Biography|London}}
* [[List of architects]]
*[[Lists of people from London]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Sources==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Anderson |first=Christy |author-link=Christy Anderson |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67375135 |title=Inigo Jones and the classical tradition |date=2007 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-82027-1 |location=Cambridge |oclc=67375135}}
* {{Cite book |last=Chaney |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Chaney |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38304358 |title=The evolution of the grand tour: Anglo-Italian cultural relations since the Renaissance |date=1998 |publisher=Frank Cass |isbn=0-7146-4577-X |location=London |oclc=38304358}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Edward Chaney |first=Chaney |last=Edward |chapter=Evelyn, Inigo Jones, and the Collector Earl of Arundel |pages=37–60 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/645917819 |title=John Evelyn and his milieu |date=2003 |publisher=[[British Library]] |editor1-first=Frances |editor1-last=Harris |editor2-first=Michael |editor2-last=Hunter |isbn=978-0-7123-6360-0 |location=London |oclc=645917819}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Edward Chaney |first=Chaney |last=Edward  |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76978073 |title=Inigo Jones's "Roman sketchbook" |date=2006 |publisher=[[Roxburghe Club]] |isbn=0-901953-12-1 |location=London |oclc=76978073}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Edward Chaney |last=Chaney |first=Edward |chapter=Roma Britannica and the Cultural Memory of Egypt: Lord Arundel and the Obelisk of Domitian |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731728128 |title=Roma Britannica : art patronage and cultural exchange in eighteenth-century Rome |date=2011 |pages=147–170 |publisher=British School at Rome |editor1-first=David Ryley |editor1-last=Marshall |editor2-first=Susan |editor2-last=Russell |editor3-first=Karin Elizabeth |editor3-last=Wolfe |isbn=978-0-904152-55-5 |location=London |oclc=731728128}}
* {{Cite book |author-link=Edward Chaney |last=Chaney |first=Edward |author2-first=Timothy |author2-last=Wilks |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/892799515 |title=The Jacobean Grand Tour: Early Stuart Travellers in Europe. |date=2013 |publisher=I.B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-531-7 |location=London |oclc=892799515}}
* Colvin, Howard, "A Biographical Dictionary of British Architects: 1600 to 1840", 1954
* Gotch, A J, "Inigo Jones", 1968.
* {{Cite book |author-link=Vaughan Hart |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/243606208 |title=Art and magic in the court of the Stuarts |date=1994 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-203-20078-0 |location=London |oclc=243606208}}
* {{Cite journal |author-link=Vaughan Hart |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |title=Imperial Seat or Ecumenical Temple? On Inigo Jones's use of 'Decorum' at St Paul's Cathedral |journal=Architectura |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=194–213 |date=1995}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |author-link=Vaughan Hart |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/706965857 |title=Inigo Jones: the architect of kings |date=2011 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-14149-8 |location=New Haven |oclc=706965857}}
* {{Cite journal |author-link=Vaughan Hart |last1=Hart |first1=Vaughan |last2=Tucker |first2=Richard |date=March 2001 |title="Immaginacy Set Free": Aristotelian Ethics and Inigo Jones's Banqueting House at Whitehall |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/RESv39n1ms20167527 |journal=Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics |language=en |volume=39 |pages=151–167 |doi=10.1086/RESv39n1ms20167527 |s2cid=169066726 |issn=0277-1322}}
* {{Cite journal |author-link=Vaughan Hart |last=Hart |first=Vaughan |author2-first=Richard |author2-last=Tucker |title=Ornament and the work of Inigo Jones |journal=Architectura |volume=32 |pages=36–52 |date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leapman |first=Michael |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52358668 |title=Inigo: the troubled life of Inigo Jones, architect of the English Renaissance |date=2003 |publisher=Headline Book Publishing |isbn=0-7553-1002-0 |location=London |oclc=52358668}}
* {{Cite book |first=Stephen |last=Orgel |author2-first=Roy C. |author2-last=Strong |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/873803 |title=The theatre of the Stuart Court : including the complete designs for productions at court, for the most part in the Collection of the Duke of Devonshire, together with their texts and historical documentation |date=1973 |publisher=Sotheby Parke Bernet |isbn=0-520-02469-9 |location=London |oclc=873803}}
* {{Cite book |last=Worsley |first=Giles |author-link=Giles Worsley |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61821817 |title=Inigo Jones and the European classicist tradition |date=2007 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |isbn=978-0-300-11729-5 |location=New Haven |oclc=61821817}}
{{div col end}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Inigo Jones}}
{{EB1911 poster|Jones, Inigo}}
*{{cite DNB|wstitle=Jones, Inigo}}
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Inigo Jones}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110608140832/http://www.architecture.com/LibraryDrawingsAndPhotographs/Palladio/PalladianBritain/Architects/InigoJones.aspx Biography of Inigo Jones], Royal Institute of British Architects.
* [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/15017?docPos=1 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]
* [https://www.jstor.org.pss/877379 "An Early Drawing by Inigo Jones and a monument in Shropshire"]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Burlington Magazine, Vol. 115, No. 843, June 1973
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02456 Inigo Jones] at the [[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]], London
* [https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/tulip-stairs Inigo Jones' Tulip Stairs, Queen's House, Greenwich], photo gallery at [[Atlas Obscura]]
* H. Flitcroft, [[Henry Hulsbergh|H. Hulsbergh]], I. Cole, P. Fourdrinier, [[iarchive:designsInigoJon1Jone|"The designs of Inigo Jones : consisting of plans and elevations for publick and private buildings"]], 1727

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Inigo}}
[[Category:1573 births]]
[[Category:1652 deaths]]
[[Category:16th-century English architects]]
[[Category:17th-century English architects]]
[[Category:Architects from London]]
[[Category:People from the City of London]]
[[Category:Theatre in England]]