Editing Industrial organization

{{Short description|Field that examines the structure of firms and markets}}
{{About|the field of economics|the field of psychology|Industrial and organizational psychology}}
{{Economics sidebar}}
{{Economic systems sidebar}}

In [[economics]], '''industrial organization''' is a field that builds on the [[theory of the firm]] by examining the structure of (and, therefore, the boundaries between) firms and [[market (economics)|market]]s. Industrial organization adds real-world complications to the [[perfect competition|perfectly competitive]] model, complications such as [[transaction cost]]s,<ref>• [[Ronald H. Coase|R. H. Coase]], 1937. "[[The Nature of the Firm]]", ''Economica'', N.S., 4(16), pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113105151/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/e/eyler/426/coase1.pdf 386–405].<br/>&nbsp;• _____, 1988. "The Nature of the Firm: Influence", ''Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization'', 4(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/765013 33]–47. Reprinted in ''The Nature of the Firm: Origins, Evolution, and Development'', 1993, O. E. Williamson and S, G. Winter, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VXIDgGjLHVgC&pg=PA61 61–74].<br/>&nbsp;• _____, 1991. "[https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1991/coase-lecture.html The Institutional Structure of Production]", Nobel Lecture, reprinted in 1992, ''American Economic Review'', 82(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2117340 713]–719.<br/>&nbsp;• [[Oliver E. Williamson]], 1981. "The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach", ''American Journal of Sociology'', 87(3), pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141018232235/http://glenn.osu.edu/faculty/brown/home/Org%20Theory/Readings/Williamson1981.pdf 548–577].<br/>&nbsp;• _____, 2009. "[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2009/williamson_lecture.pdf Transaction Cost Economics: The Natural Progression]", Nobel Lecture. Reprinted in 2010, ''American Economic Review'', 100(3), pp. 673–90.</ref> limited [[information economics|information]], and [[barriers to entry]] of new firms that may be associated with [[imperfect competition]]. It analyzes determinants of firm and market organization and behavior on a continuum between [[Competition (economics)|competition]]<ref>George J. Stigler, [1987] 2008. "competition", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000261&edition= Abstract.]</ref> and [[monopoly]],<ref>• [[Luigi Zingales]], 2008. "corporate governance", ''[[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]]'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000370&edition=current&q=governance%20&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]<br/>&nbsp;• Oliver E. Williamson, 2002. "The Theory of the Firm as Governance Structure: From Choice to Contract", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 16(3), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/089533002760278776 171–195.]<br/>&nbsp;• [[Frederic M. Scherer]] and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 Description] and 1st ed. review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3003013 extract].<br/>&nbsp;&nbsp;• Dennis W. Carlton and [[Jeffrey M. Perloff]], 2004. ''Modern Industrial Organization'', 4th edition, pp. 2–3. [http://www.lavoisier.fr/notice/frSWORK23A3RW32O.html Description.]</ref> including from government actions.

There are different approaches to the subject. One approach is descriptive in providing an overview of industrial organization, such as measures of competition and the size-[[concentration ratio|concentration]] of firms in an industry. A second approach uses [[microeconomic]] models to explain internal firm organization and market strategy, which includes internal research and development along with issues of internal reorganization and renewal.<ref>• Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 Description] and 1st ed. review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3003013 extract].<br/>&nbsp;• Dennis W. Carlton and Jeffery M. Perloff, 2004. "Modern Industrial Organization, Overview", ch. 5, ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 1, pp. 259–327. {{Cite book | doi=10.1016/S1573-448X(89)01008-3| chapter=Chapter 5 Noncooperative game theory for industrial organization: An introduction and overview| title=Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 1| volume=1| pages=259–327| year=1989| last1=Fudenberg| first1=Drew| last2=Tirole| first2=Jean| isbn=9780444704344| s2cid=154265880}}<br/>&nbsp;• [[Carl Shapiro]], 1989. "The Theory of Business Strategy", ''RAND Journal of Economics'', 20(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2555656 125]–137.<br/>&nbsp;• Kyle Bagwell and Asher Wolinsky (2002). "Game theory and Industrial Organization", ch. 49, ''Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications'', v. 3, pp. 1851–1895 {{Cite book | doi=10.1016/S1574-0005(02)03012-6| chapter=Chapter 49 Game theory and industrial organization| title=Handbook of Game Theory with Economic Applications Volume 3| volume=3| pages=1851–1895| year=2002| last1=Bagwell| first1=Kyle| last2=Wolinsky| first2=Asher| isbn=9780444894281}}<br/>&nbsp;• [[Martin Shubik]], 1987. ''A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy'', Part II. [[MIT Press]]. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=5086&ttype=2 Description]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503182202/https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |date=May 3, 2011 }}</ref> A third aspect is oriented to [[public policy]] related to [[economic regulation]],<ref>Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, eds., 1989. ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier, v. 2, Part 5, Government Intervention in the Marketplace, ch. 22–26, abstract [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/2 links.]</ref> [[antitrust law]],<ref>• [[Richard A. Posner]], 2001. ''Antitrust Law'', 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&dq==false&pg=PR5 Preview.]<br/>&nbsp;• D. L. Rubinfeld, 2001. "Antitrust Policy", ''[[International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences]]'', pp.&nbsp;553–560.
  {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&q=%3Dfalse&pg=PR5 |title=Antitrust Law, Second Edition |access-date=April 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107191058/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vV3i8XCzc8cC&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq==false |archive-date=January 7, 2017 |url-status=bot: unknown |isbn=9780226675787 |last1=Posner |first1=Richard A. |date=2009-04-22 |publisher=University of Chicago Press }}</ref> and, more generally, the economic governance of law in defining property rights, enforcing contracts, and providing organizational [[infrastructure]].<ref>• [[Avinash K. Dixit]], 2008. "economic governance", ''The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics'', 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000260&edition=current&q= Abstract.]<br/>&nbsp;• [[Oliver E. Williamson]], 1996. ''The Mechanisms of Governance'', "Prologue", pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=meERBVysP6YC&pg=PA3 3]–20.</ref><ref>• [[George J. Stigler]], 1983. ''The Organization of Industry'', University of Chicago Press. Description and contents [https://archive.today/20111107161440/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/presssite/metadata.epl?isbn=9780226774329 links] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=j6SOJv8OeHAC&pg=PA1=GBS_ATB preview.]<br/>&nbsp;• [[Richard Schmalensee]], 1988. "Industrial Economics: An Overview", ''Economic Journal'', 98(392), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2233907 643]–681. Working paper [http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/48172/industrialeconom00schm.pdf?s. link].<br/>&nbsp;• ''Handbook of Industrial Organization'', Elsevier:
:Richard Schmalensee and Robert Willig, ed., 1989. v. 1. Links to [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601119/description#description description & contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032608/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601119/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }} & (partial) chapter [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/1 outlines.]
: _____, ed., 1989. v. 2. Links to [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601120/description#description description & contents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032632/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601120/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }} and chapter [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/1573448X/2 outlines.]
:[[Mark Armstrong (economist)|Mark Armstrong]] and Robert Porter, ed., 2007. v. 3. Links to [https://books.google.com/books?id=bvrn72h8dDwC description], chapter-content [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601121/description#description descriptions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002032713/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601121/description#description |date=2012-10-02 }}</ref>

The extensive use of [[game theory]] in industrial economics has led to the export of this tool to other branches of [[microeconomics]], such as [[behavioral economics]] and [[corporate finance]]. Industrial organization has also had significant practical impacts on [[antitrust law]] and [[competition policy]].<ref>Exemplified in such advanced textbooks as [[Jean Tirole]], 1988,  ''The Theory of Industrial Organization'', MIT Press, [https://archive.org/details/theoryofindustri00jean description] and chapter-preview [https://archive.org/details/theoryofindustri00jean links.]</ref>

The development of industrial organization as a separate field owes much to [[Edward Chamberlin]],<ref>• Edward Hastings Chamberlin, 1933. ''The Theory of [[Monopolistic Competition]]: A Re-orientation of the Theory of Value'', 1965, 8th ed. Harvard University Press.<br/>&nbsp;• R. Rothschild, 1987. "The Theory of Monopolistic Competition: E.H. Chamberlin's Influence on Industrial Organisation Theory over Sixty Years", ''Journal of Economic Studies'', 14(1), pp. 34–54. [http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm?articleid=1709405 Abstract].<br/>&nbsp;• William L. Baldwin, 2007. "Edward Hastings Chamberlin", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA199=FALSE 199–].</ref> [[Joan Robinson]], [[Edward S. Mason]],<ref>Edward S. Mason, 1939. "Price and Production Policies of Large-Scale Enterprise", ''American Economic Review'', 29(1, Supplement), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1806955 61]–74.<br/>&nbsp;• _____, 1949. "The Current Status of the Monopoly Problem in the United States", ''Harvard Law Review'', 62(8), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1336466 1265]–1285.<br/>&nbsp;• _____, 1957. ''Economic Concentration and the Monopoly Problem'', Harvard University Press. Review [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1234950 extract].<br/>&nbsp;• William G. Shepherd, 2007. "Edward S. Mason", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed.</ref> [[John Maurice Clark|J. M. Clark]],<ref>J.M. Clark, 1940. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1807048 Toward a Concept of Workable Competition]. ''American Economic Review'', Vol. 30, No. 2, Part 1, Jun., pp. 241–256
<br/>&nbsp;• William L. Baldwin, 2007. "John Maurice Clark" in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA183 183–186].</ref> [[Joe S. Bain]]<ref>• Joe S. Bain, 1956. ''Barriers to New Competition: Their Character and Consequences in Manufacturing'', Harvard University Press. Review extracts [https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1811245?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101828169287][https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2097589?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101828169287].<br />&nbsp;• _____, 1959, 2nd ed., 1968. ''Industrial Organization: A Treatise'', John Wiley.<br />&nbsp;• [[Richard E. Caves]], 2007. "Joe S. Bain", in ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'', H. W. de Jong, W. G. Shepherd, ed., pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA224 224–231].</ref> and [[Paolo Sylos Labini]], among others.<ref name="Grether">E. T. Grether, 1970. "Industrial Organization: Past History and Future Problems", ''American Economic Review'', 60(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1815790 83]–89.</ref><ref>Oliver E. Williamson, ed., 1990. ''Industrial Organization'', Edward Elgar. [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=593 Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722004854/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=593 |date=2011-07-22 }} and article [http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_contents.lasso?id=593 list.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024124906/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/Bookentry_contents.lasso?id=593 |date=2014-10-24 }}23 articles, dating from 1937 to 1987.</ref>

==Subareas==
The [[JEL classification codes|Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) classification codes]] are one way of representing the range of economics subjects and subareas. There, Industrial Organization, one of 20 primary categories, has 9 secondary categories, each with multiple tertiary categories.<ref>A complete list of the JEL Industrial Organization codes is at [[JEL classification codes#Industrial organization JEL: L Subcategories]].</ref> The secondary categories are listed below with corresponding available article-preview links of [[The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics]] Online and footnotes to their respective JEL-tertiary categories and associated New-Palgrave links.
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L1 JEL: L1] – [[Market structure|Market Structure]], Firm Strategy, and Market Performance<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L10 JEL: L10] – General<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L11 JEL: L11] – Production, [[Pricing strategies|Pricing]], and [[Market structure]]; [[Ideal firm size|Size]] Distribution of Firms
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L12 JEL: L12] – [[Monopoly]]; [[Monopolization]] Strategies
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L13 JEL: L13] – [[Oligopoly]] and Other [[Imperfect competition|Imperfect Markets]]
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L14 JEL: L14] – Transactional Relationships; Contracts and Reputation; Networks
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L15 JEL: L15] – Information and Product Quality; Standardization and Compatibility
<br/> JEL: L16 – Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change; Industrial Price Indices
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L17 JEL: L17] – [[Open-source economics|Open Source Products and Markets]]</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L2 JEL: L2] – Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L20 JEL: L20] – General<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L21 JEL: L21] – Business Objectives of the Firm
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L22 JEL: L22] – Firm Organization and Market Structure
<br/>JEL: L23 – Organization of Production
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L24 JEL: L24] – [[Outsourcing|Contracting Out]]; [[Joint venture|Joint Ventures]]; Technology licensing 
<br/>JEL: L25 – Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
<br/>JEL: L26 – [[Entrepreneurship]]</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L3 JEL: L3] – [[Non-profit organizations]] and [[Government-owned corporation|Public enterprise]]<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L31 JEL: L31] – Nonprofit Institutions; [[NGOs]]<br/>JEL: L32 – [[Government-owned corporation|Public enterprises]]; Public-Private Enterprises<br/>JEL: L33 – Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises; [[Privatization]]; [[Outsourcing|Contracting out]]</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L4 JEL: L4] – [[Antitrust]] Issues and Policies<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L40 JEL: L40] – General<br/>JEL: L41 – Monopolization; Horizontal [[Anti-competitive practices|Anticompetitive Practices]]
<br/>JEL: L42 – Vertical Restraints; Resale Price Maintenance; Quantity Discounts
<br/>JEL: L43 – Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
<br/>JEL: L44 – Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprise, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L JEL: L5] – [[Regulatory economics|Regulation]] and [[Industrial policy]]<ref>JEL: L51 – [[Regulatory economics|Economics of Regulation]]
<br/>JEL: L52 – Industrial Policy; Sectoral Planning Methods
<br/>JEL: L53] – Enterprise Policy</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L6 JEL: L6] – Industry Studies: [[Manufacturing]]<ref>JEL: L61 – Metals and Metal Products; Cement; Glass; Ceramics
<br/>JEL: L62 – Automobiles; Other Transportation Equipment
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L63 JEL: L63] – Microelectronics; Computers; Communications Equipment
<br/>JEL: L64 – Other Machinery; Business Equipment; Armaments
<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L65 JEL: L65] – Chemicals; Rubber; Drugs; Biotechnology<br/>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L66 JEL: L66] – Food; Beverages; Cosmetics; Tobacco; Wine and Spirits
<br/>JEL: L67 – Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather
<br/>JEL: L68 – Appliances; Other Consumer Durables</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L7 JEL: L7] – Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction<ref>JEL: L71 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
<br/>JEL: L72 – Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other [[Non-renewable resource|Nonrenewable Resources]]
<br/>JEL: L73 – Forest Products
<br/>JEL: L74 – Construction
<br/>JEL: L78 – Government Policy</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L8 JEL: L8] – Industry Studies: Services<ref>[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L80 JEL: L80] – General<br/>JEL: L81 – Retail and Wholesale Trade; e-Commerce<br/>JEL: L82 – Entertainment; Media (Performing Arts, Visual Arts, Broadcasting, Publishing, etc.)<br/>JEL: L83 – Sports; Gambling; Recreation; Tourism<br/>JEL: L84 – Personal, Professional, and Business Services<br/>JEL: L85 – Real Estate Services<br/>JEL: L86 – Information and Internet Services; Computer Software<br/>JEL: L87 – Postal and Delivery Services
<br/>JEL: L88 – Government Policy</ref>
:[http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=&field=content&edition=all&topicid=L9 JEL: L9] – Industry Studies: [[Transportation industry|Transportation]] and [[Utility industry|Utilities]]<ref>JEL: L91 – Transportation: General<br/>JEL: L92 – Railroads and Other Surface Transportation<br/>JEL: L93 – [[Air transportation]]<br/>JEL: L94 – [[Electric utility|Electric utilities]]<br/>JEL: L95 – Gas Utilities; Pipelines; Water Utilities<br/>|JEL: L96 – [[Telecommunications industry|Telecommunications]]<br/>JEL: L97 – Utilities: General<br/>JEL: L98 – Government Policy</ref>

==Market structures==
The common [[market structure]]s studied in this field are: [[perfect competition]], [[monopolistic competition]], [[duopoly]], [[oligopoly]], [[oligopsony]], [[monopoly]] and [[monopsony]].
==Areas of study==
Industrial organization investigates the outcomes of these market structures in environments with
*[[Price discrimination]]
*[[Product differentiation]]
*[[Durable good]]s
*[[Experience good]]s
*[[Collusion]]
*[[Signalling (economics)|Signalling]], such as warranties and advertising.
*[[Mergers and acquisitions]]
*[[Entry (economics)|Entry]] and [[Exit (economics)|Exit]]

==History of the field==
A 2009 book ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization'' traces the development of the field from [[Adam Smith]] to recent times and includes dozens of short biographies of major figures in Europe and North America who contributed to the growth and development of the discipline.<ref name="“bazar1">Henry W. de Jong and William G. Shepherd, ed., 2007. ''Pioneers of Industrial Organization.'' Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. Description and content [http://www.e-elgar.com/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=3125 links] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=TpfrPPOFWUIC&pg=PA3=GBS_ATB preview]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807190244/http://www.e-elgar.com/Bookentry_DESCRIPTION.lasso?id=3125 |date=August 7, 2011 }}</ref>

Other reviews by publication year and earliest available cited works those in 1970/1937,<ref name="Grether"/> 1972/1933,<ref>James W. McKie, 1972. "Industrial Organization: Boxing the Compass", ch. 1 in [[Victor R. Fuchs|V. R. Fuchs]], ed., ''Policy Issues and Research Opportunities in Industrial Organization'', NBER, pp. [https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7615.pdf 1-15].</ref> 1974,<ref>[[Almarin Phillips]] and Rodney E. Stevenson, 1974. "The Historical Development of Industrial Organization", ''History of Political Economy'', 6(3), pp. 324–342. In Papers from the First Conference of the History of Economics Society. [http://hope.dukejournals.org/content/6/3/324.citation Citation].</ref> 1987/1937-1956 (3 cites), 1968–9 (7 cites),<ref>Timothy F. Bresnahan and Richard Schmalensee, 1987. "The Empirical Renaissance in Industrial Economics: An Overview", ''Journal of Industrial Economics'', 35(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2098578 371]–378.</ref> 2009/c. 1900,<ref name="bazar2">Lefteris Tsoulfidis, 2009. "Between Competition and Monopoly", ''Competing Schools of Economic Thought'', ch. 9, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8L2Zoui099UC&pg=PA213=ONEPAGE 213]–42. [https://archive.today/20130203011622/http://www.springerlink.com/content/978-3-540-92692-4 Springer]</ref> and 2010/1951.<ref>Liran Einav and [[Jonathan Levin (economist)|Jonathan Levin]], 2010. "Empirical Industrial Organization: A Progress Report", ''Journal of Economic Perspectives'', 24(2), pp. [http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.24.2.145                                                                                                                                145–162.]</ref>

==See also==
{{main|Outline of industrial organization}}
{{div col}}
*[[Bertrand competition]]
*[[Bertrand–Edgeworth model]]
*[[Competition policy]]
*[[Cournot competition]]
*[[Input–output model]]
*[[List of publications in economics#Industrial organization|Important publications in industrial organization]]
*[[Structure–conduct–performance paradigm]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Tirole, Jean (1988). ''The Theory of Industrial Organization'', MIT press.
* Belleflamme, Paul & Martin Peitz, 2010. ''Industrial Organization: Markets and Strategies''. Cambridge University Press. [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2714286/?site_locale=en_GB Summary] and [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item2714286/?site_locale=en_GB&display=genresources Resources]
* Cabral, Luís M. B., 2000. ''Introduction to Industrial Organization''. MIT Press. Links to [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112407/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3333 Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=1diOmC8t0fgC&pg=PR5=GBS_ATB links.]
* Shepherd, William, 1985. ''The Economics of Industrial Organization'', Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-231481-9}}
* Shy, Oz, 1995. ''Industrial Organization: Theory and Applications''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071227163628/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4262 Description] and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=tr4CjJ5LlRcC&pg=PR7=GBS_ATB links.] MIT Press.
* Vives, Xavier, 2001. ''Oligopoly Pricing: Old Ideas and New Tools''. MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071016152749/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8556 Description] and scroll to chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books/mitpress?id=le-OE5HMLY8C&printsec=frontcover&cd=1&source=gbs_ViewAPI#v=onepage&q&f=false links.]
* Jeffrey Church & Roger Ware, 2005. "Industrial Organization: A Strategic Approach", (aka [http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~jrchurch/page4/page4.html IOSA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208233721/http://homepages.ucalgary.ca/~jrchurch/page4/page4.html |date=2016-12-08 }})”, Free Textbook
* Nicolas Boccard, 2010. "Industrial Organization, a Contract Based approach (aka {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150801174648/http://iocb.info/ IOCB]}})”, Open Source Textbook

==Journals==
* [https://www.rje.org ''The RAND Journal of Economics'']
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/action/aboutThisJournal?journalCode=cijb20 ''International Journal of the Economics of Business''] and issue preview [http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cijb20 links] 
* [http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505551/description#description ''International Journal of Industrial Organization''] and issue-preview [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01677187 links]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090710083755/http://www.wiley.com/bw/journal.asp?ref=0022-1821 ''Journal of Industrial Economics''], [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145416/http://www.wiley.com/bw/aims.asp?ref=0022-1821&site=1 Aims and Scope], and issue-preview [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-6451/issues links.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050724105423/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/ ''Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization''] and issue-preview [https://web.archive.org/web/20110120130049/http://jleo.oxfordjournals.org/content/by/year links.]
* [https://www.springer.com/journal/11151 ''Review of Industrial Organization'']

==External links==
*{{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Economics}}
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[[Category:Industrial organization| ]]
[[Category:Market (economics)]]
[[Category:Management cybernetics]]