Editing Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor

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[[File:Huntingdon wheelpit2.jpg|thumb|right|The remains of the wheelpit at Huntingdon mine on southern Dartmoor]]
The '''[[industrial archaeology]] of [[Dartmoor]]''' covers a number of the industries which have, over the ages, taken place on Dartmoor, and the remaining evidence surrounding them. Currently only three industries are economically significant, yet all three will inevitably leave their own traces on the moor: china clay mining, farming and tourism.

A good general guide to the commercial activities on Dartmoor at the end of the 19th century is [[William Crossing]]'s ''The Dartmoor Worker''.

== Mining ==
{{Main|Dartmoor tin-mining}}
[[File:050715 101 uk dev betsy.jpg|thumb|left|The Wheal Betsy engine house]]
In former times, lead, silver, tin and copper were mined extensively on Dartmoor. The most obvious evidence of mining to the casual visitor to Dartmoor are the remains of the old engine-house at [[Wheal Betsy]] which is alongside the [[A386 road]] between [[Tavistock, Devon|Tavistock]] and [[Okehampton]]. The word ''Wheal'' has a particular meaning in [[Devon]] and [[Cornwall]] being either a [[tin]] or a [[copper]] mine, however in the case of Wheal Betsy it was principally lead and silver which were mined.

Once widely practised by many miners across the moor, by the early 1900s only a few tinners remained, and mining had almost completely ceased twenty years later. Some of the more significant mines were [[Eylesbarrow mine|Eylesbarrow]], [[Knock Mine]], [[Vitifer Mine]] and [[Hexworthy Mine]]. The last active mine in the Dartmoor area was [[Great Rock Mine]], which shut down in 1969.<ref>[http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/print/index/learningabout/lab-exhibitions/lab-dartmoorrock/dartmoor_rock-online.htm The Uses of Dartmoor Rock] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005721/http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/print/index/learningabout/lab-exhibitions/lab-dartmoorrock/dartmoor_rock-online.htm |date=2007-09-27 }}. ''Dartmoor National Park Authority''. Retrieved on 2007-06-15.</ref>

[[File:050715 043 uk dev quarry.jpg|thumb|right|One of the granite quarries near [[Haytor]]]]

== Quarrying ==
Dartmoor granite has been used in many Devon and Cornish buildings. The prison at [[Princetown, England|Princetown]] was built from granite taken from [[Walkhampton Common]].  When the horse tramroad from [[Plymouth]] to [[Princetown, England|Princetown]] was completed in 1823, large quantities of granite were more easily transported.

There were three major granite quarries on the moor: Haytor, Foggintor and Merrivale. The granite quarries around [[Haytor]] were the source of the stone used in several famous structures, including the [[London Bridge#New London Bridge|New London Bridge]], completed in 1831. This granite was transported from the moor via the [[Haytor Granite Tramway]], stretches of which are still visible.

The extensive quarries at Foggintor provided granite for the construction of London's [[Nelson's Column]] in the early 1840s, and [[New Scotland Yard]] was faced with granite from the quarry at Merrivale.<ref>Mercer 2009, pp.270–271</ref> Merrivale Quarry continued excavating and working its own granite until the 1970s, producing gravestones and [[Roller (agricultural tool)|agricultural rollers]]. Work at Merrivale continued until the 1990s, for the last 20 years imported stone such as [[gabbro]] from Norway and Italian marble was dressed and polished.<ref>Mercer 2009, pp.271–272</ref> The unusual pink granite at Great Trowlesworthy Tor was also quarried, and there were many other small granite quarries dotted around the moor. Various metamorphic rocks were also quarried in the [[metamorphic aureole]] around the edge of the moor, most notably at [[Meldon Quarry|Meldon]].<ref>Mercer 2009, p.273</ref>

==Gunpowder factory==
[[File:Powdermills incorporating mill01.jpg|thumb|left|One of the incorporating mills at Powdermills]]
In 1844 a factory for making gunpowder was built on the open moor, not far from [[Postbridge]]. Gunpowder was needed for the tin mines and granite quarries then in operation on the moor. The buildings were widely spaced from one another for safety and the mechanical power for grinding ("incorporating") the powder was derived from waterwheels driven by a [[leat]].

Now known as "Powdermills" or "Powder Mills", there are extensive remains of this factory still visible. Two chimneys still stand and the walls of the two sturdily-built incorporating mills with central waterwheels survive well: they were built with substantial walls but flimsy roofs so that in the event of an explosion, the force of the blast would be directed safely upwards. The ruins of a number of ancillary buildings also survive. A proving [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]—a type of small cannon used to gauge the strength of the gunpowder—used by the factory still lies by the side of the road to the nearby pottery.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/powder_mills.htm
|title=Dartmoor Powdermills
|publisher=Legendary Dartmoor
|access-date=2010-08-25
|last=Sandles
|first=Tim
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121132212/http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/powder_mills.htm
|archive-date=2010-11-21
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

== Peat-cutting ==
Peat-cutting for fuel occurred at some locations on Dartmoor until certainly the 1970s, usually for personal use. The right of [[Dartmoor commoners]] to cut peat for fuel is known as ''turbary''. These rights were conferred a long time ago, pre-dating most written records. The area once known as the ''Turbary of Alberysheved'' between the [[River Teign]] and the headwaters of the [[River Bovey]] is mentioned in the Perambulation of the [[Forest of Dartmoor]] of 1240 (by 1609 the name of the area had changed to Turf Hill).

An attempt was made to commercialise the cutting of peat in 1901 at [[Rattle Brook Head]], however this quickly failed.

== Warrens ==
From at least the 13th century until early in the 20th, rabbits were kept on a commercial scale, both for their flesh and their fur. Documentary evidence for this exists in place names such as Trowlesworthy Warren (mentioned in a document dated 1272) and [[Warren House Inn]]. The physical evidence, in the form of [[pillow mounds]] is also plentiful, for example there are 50 pillow mounds at Legis Tor Warren.<ref>Mercer 2009, pp.296–298</ref> The sophistication of the warreners is shown by the existence of vermin traps that were placed near the warrens to capture weasels and stoats attempting to get at the rabbits.

The significance of the term ''[[Warren (free)|warren]]'' nowadays is not what it once was. In the [[Middle Ages]] it was a privileged place, and the creatures of the warren were protected by the king 'for his princely delight and pleasure'.

The subject of warrening on Dartmoor was addressed in [[Eden Phillpotts]]' story ''The River''.

== Farming ==
Farming has been practised on Dartmoor since time immemorial. The [[dry-stone wall]]s which separate fields and mark boundaries give an idea of the extent to which the landscape has been shaped by farming. There is little or no arable farming within the moor, mostly being given over to livestock farming on account of the thin and rocky soil. Some Dartmoor farms are remote in the extreme.

==See also==
*[[Dartmoor tin-mining]]
*[[Warren House Inn]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book | title=Industrial Archaeology of Dartmoor| last=Harris| first=Helen| year=1972| publisher=David & Charles| location=Newton Abbot| isbn=0-7153-4302-5}}
*{{cite book| last=Mercer| first=Ian| title=Dartmoor - A Statement of its Time| publisher=Collins| location=London| year=2009| isbn=978-0-00-718499-6}}

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[[Category:History of Dartmoor]]
[[Category:Industrial archaeological sites in Devon|Dartmoor]]
[[Category:History of mining in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Mining in Devon]]