Editing In vivo

{{short description|Process of testing biological interventions on whole, living organisms}}
{{other uses|In Vivo (disambiguation)}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Laboratory_rat.jpg | thumb | right |A laboratory rat with a brain implant, that was used to record ''in vivo'' neuronal activity]]
[[Experiment|Studies]] that are '''''in vivo''''' ([[Latin language|Latin]] for "within the living"; often not [[italicized]] in English<ref name="MWCD">{{Citation | author = Merriam-Webster | author-link = Merriam-Webster | title = Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary | publisher = Merriam-Webster | url = http://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/collegiate/ | postscript = . | access-date = 2014-04-20 | archive-date = 2020-10-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201010163505/https://unabridged.merriam-webster.com/subscriber/login?redirect_to=%2Fcollegiate%2F | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="AMA10section12.1.1">{{cite book |veditors=Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Gregoline B, Lurie SJ, Meyer HS, Winker MA, Young RK |title=AMA Manual of Style |edition=10th |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford, Oxfordshire |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-517633-9 |section=12.1.1 Use of Italics |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/amamanualofstyle0000unse }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |author=American Psychological Association |author-link=American Psychological Association |year=2010 |title=The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association |edition=6th |location=Washington, DC|publisher=APA |isbn=978-1-4338-0562-2 |section=4.21 Use of Italics }}</ref>) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living [[organism]]s or [[Cell (biology)|cells]], usually [[Animal testing|animals]], including [[Clinical trial|humans]], and plants, as opposed to a [[biopsy|tissue extract]] or dead organism. This is not to be confused with experiments done ''[[in vitro]]'' ("within the glass"), i.e., in a laboratory environment using [[test tube]]s, [[Petri dish]]es, etc. Examples of investigations ''in vivo'' include: the [[pathogenesis]] of disease by comparing the effects of [[Pathogenic bacteria|bacterial infection]] with the effects of purified [[bacterial toxins]]; the development of non-antibiotics, antiviral drugs, and new drugs generally; and new surgical procedures. Consequently, [[animal testing]] and [[clinical trials]] are major elements of ''in vivo'' research. ''In vivo'' testing is often employed over ''in vitro'' because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject. In [[drug discovery]], for example, verification of efficacy ''in vivo'' is crucial, because ''in vitro'' assays can sometimes yield misleading results with drug candidate molecules that are irrelevant ''in vivo'' (e.g., because such molecules cannot reach their site of ''in vivo'' action, for example as a result of rapid [[catabolism]] in the liver).<ref name="pmid26281720">{{cite journal | vauthors = Atanasov AG, Waltenberger B, Pferschy-Wenzig EM, Linder T, Wawrosch C, Uhrin P, Temml V, Wang L, Schwaiger S, Heiss EH, Rollinger JM, Schuster D, Breuss JM, Bochkov V, Mihovilovic MD, Kopp B, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Stuppner H | display-authors = 6 | title = Discovery and resupply of pharmacologically active plant-derived natural products: A review | journal = Biotechnology Advances | volume = 33 | issue = 8 | pages = 1582–1614 | date = December 2015 | pmid = 26281720 | pmc = 4748402 | doi = 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.08.001 }}</ref>

The English [[microbiologist]] Professor [[Harry Smith (microbiologist)|Harry Smith]] and his colleagues in the mid-1950s found that sterile filtrates of serum from animals infected with ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]'' were lethal for other animals, whereas extracts of culture fluid from the same organism grown ''in vitro'' were not. This discovery of [[anthrax toxin]] through the use of ''in vivo'' experiments had a major impact on studies of the pathogenesis of infectious disease.

The maxim ''in vivo veritas'' ("in a living thing [there is] truth")<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.316.5832.1763 |title=Life Science Technologies, Cell Signaling: In Vivo Veritas |journal=Science Magazine |year=2007 |doi=10.1126/science.316.5832.1763 |access-date=2023-12-11}}</ref> is a play on ''[[in vino veritas]]'', ("in wine [there is] truth"), a well-known proverb.

==''In vivo'' versus ''ex vivo'' research<span class="anchor" id="In vivo vs. ex vivo research"></span>==
In [[microbiology]], ''in vivo'' is often used to refer to experimentation done in a whole [[organism]], rather than in live isolated [[Cell (biology)|cells]], for example, [[cultured cells]] derived from [[Biopsy|biopsies]]. In this situation, the more specific term is ''[[ex vivo]]''. Once cells are [[Disrupted cell|disrupted]] and individual parts are tested or analyzed, this is known as ''[[in vitro]]''.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

==Methods of use==
According to Christopher [[Lipinski's Rule of Five|Lipinski]] and Andrew Hopkins, "Whether the aim is to discover drugs or to gain knowledge of biological systems, the nature and properties of a chemical tool cannot be considered independently of the system it is to be tested in. Compounds that bind to isolated recombinant proteins are one thing; chemical tools that can perturb cell function another; and pharmacological agents that can be tolerated by a live organism and perturb its systems are yet another. If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered ''[[in vitro]]'' to one that is active ''in vivo'', drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing."<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lipinski C, Hopkins A | title = Navigating chemical space for biology and medicine | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | issue = 7019 | pages = 855–61 | date = December 2004 | pmid = 15602551 | doi = 10.1038/nature03193 | bibcode = 2004Natur.432..855L | s2cid = 4416216 }}</ref> Studies on ''In vivo'' behavior, determined the formulations of set specific drugs and their habits in a Biorelevant (or Biological relevance) medium.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Klein S | title = The use of biorelevant dissolution media to forecast the in vivo performance of a drug | journal = The AAPS Journal | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 397–406 | date = September 2010 | pmid = 20458565 | pmc = 2895438 | doi = 10.1208/s12248-010-9203-3 }}</ref>

== See also ==
{{wiktionary}}
* ''[[In natura]]''
* ''[[In ovo]]''
* ''[[In papyro]]''
* ''[[In silico]]''
* ''[[In simulacra]]''
* ''[[In situ]]''
* ''[[Uterus|In utero]]''
* [[In vivo imaging|''In vivo'' imaging]]
* [[Vivisection]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Medical research studies}}

[[Category:Latin biological phrases]]
[[Category:Animal test conditions]]