Editing Illyria

{{About|the ancient region in the south of Europe}}
{{Infobox settlement
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In [[Classical Antiquity|classical]] and [[late antiquity]], '''Illyria''' ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|l|ɪər|i|ə}}; {{langx|grc|Ἰλλυρία}}, ''Illyría'' or {{lang|grc|Ἰλλυρίς}}, ''Illyrís'';<ref>''Illyría'' and ''Illyrís'' respectively</ref><ref>Polybius. ''Histories'', [https://archive.today/20120716034333/http://old.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0233:book=1:chapter=13 1.13.1].</ref> {{langx|la|Illyria}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis|first1=Charlton T.|last2=Short|first2=Charles|title=A Latin Dictionary |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2321597|chapter=Illyria}}</ref> ''Illyricum'')<ref name="Dzino-book-Illyricum-Roman-Politics">{{cite book |last1=Dzino |first1=Danijel |title=Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68 |date=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139484237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kkhAwAAQBAJ&q=Illyricum |access-date=29 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> was a region in the western part of the [[Balkan Peninsula]] inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the [[Illyrians]].

The [[Ancient Greek]]s initially used the term '''Illyris''' to define approximately the area of northern and central [[Albania]] down to the [[Aoös]] valley (modern [[Vjosa]]) and the [[Bay of Vlorë]], including in most periods much of the lakeland area ([[Lake Ohrid|Ohrid]] and [[Lake Prespa|Prespa]]). It corresponded to the region that neighboured [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Epirus]].<ref name=Hammond&Wilkes/>{{sfn|Boardman|1982|p=623|ps=: "Illyris, a term different from Illyria and Illyricum, was that part of Albania which lies north of the lower and middle Vijosë valley, and during most epochs it included much of the lakeland area."}}{{sfn|Hammond|1982|p=261|ps=: "'Illyris', a geographical term which the Greeks applied to a territory neighbouring of their own, covers more or less the area of northern and central Albania down to the mouth of the Aous."}} In Roman times the terms Illyria, Illyris, or '''Illyricum''' were extended from the territory that was roughly located in the area of the south-eastern [[Adriatic]] coast (modern Albania and [[Montenegro]]) and its hinterland, to a broader region stretching between the whole eastern Adriatic and the [[Danube]].{{sfn|Ivetic|2022|p=44|ps=: "In 228, the Romans imposed a protectorate on the islands of Issa (Vis) and Corfu, and on the cities of Epidamnos (Durrës), Apollonia (present-day Pojani) and ''Oricum'' (Orikum) in the bay of Vlorë. This protectorate coincided with the use of the Roman concept of ''Illyricum''."}}<ref name=Hammond&Wilkes>{{harvnb|Hammond|Wilkes|2012|p=726|ps=: "'''Illyrii''', a large group of related *Indo-European tribes, who occupied in classical times the western side of the Balkan range from the head of the *Adriatic Sea to the hinterland of the gulf of Valona and extended northwards as far as the eastern *Alps and the Danube (see DANUVIUS) and eastwards into some districts beyond the Balkan range. The name was properly that of a small people between Scodra and the Mati river, and it was applied by the Greeks and later by the Romans to the other tribes with which they had regular contact. Thus Illyris meant to the Greeks the southern part of the area, that neighbouring *Mace-donia, *Epirus, and the Greek cities on the Adriatic coast and islands, and *Illyricum meant to the Romans the whole area from the eastern Alps to the gulf of Valona."}}</ref>{{sfn|Dzino|2014|pp=45–46|ps=: "The majority of authorities assume that this term expanded roughly from the region of the south-eastern Adriatic (modern Albania and Montenegro) with the hinterland, to the whole Roman Illyricum, between the eastern Adriatic and the Danube."}}

From about mid-1st century BC the term ''[[Illyricum (Roman province)|Illyricum]]'' was used by the Romans for the [[Roman province|province]] of the [[Roman Empire|Empire]] that stretched along the eastern Adriatic coast north of the [[Drin river]], south of which the [[Roman province of Macedonia]] began including the southern part of the traditional region of Illyria.{{sfn|Wilkes|1995|p=208|ps=: "By the middle of the first century the Romans were using the name Illyricum for their Adriatic territories north of the Drin, south of which the province Macedonia began."}} From about 69-79 AD Illyricum was subsumed into the Roman provinces of [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] and [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]].<ref>Šašel-Kos, "Pannonia or Lower Illyricum?" Tyche, Band 25 (2010), pp. 123–130</ref> In the [[Late Roman Empire]] the name was used for the [[praetorian prefecture of Illyricum]].

==Etymology==

In [[Greek mythology]], the name of Illyria is [[Etiology|aetiologically]] traced to [[Illyrius]], the son of [[Cadmus]] and [[Harmonia]], who eventually ruled Illyria and became the eponymous ancestor of the Illyrians.<ref>{{harvnb|Grimal|Maxwell-Hyslop|1996|p=230}}.</ref> A later version of the myth identifies [[Polyphemus]] and [[Acis and Galatea (mythology)|Galatea]] as parents of [[Celtus]], [[Galas]], and [[Illyrius]].<ref>{{harvnb|Grimal|Maxwell-Hyslop|1996|p=168}}</ref>

Ancient Greek writers used the name "Illyrian" to describe peoples between the [[Liburnians]] and [[Epirus]].{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=5}} Fourth-century BC Greek writers clearly separated the people along the [[Adriatic]] coast from the Illyrians, and only in the 1st century AD was "Illyrian" used as a general term for all the peoples across the Adriatic.{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=161}} Writers also spoke of "Illyrians in the strict sense of the word"; [[Pomponius Mela]] (43 AD) the ''stricto sensu'' Illyrians lived north of the [[Taulantii]] and [[Enchele]], on the Adriatic shore;<ref name="Katicic1976">{{cite book|author=Radoslav Katicic|title=Ancient Languages of the Balkans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSkjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA158|date=1 January 1976|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-156887-4|pages=158–}}</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] used "properly named Illyrians"{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=161}} (''Illyrii proprii/proprie dicti'') for a small people{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=161}} south of [[Epidaurum]],{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=161}} or between Epidaurum (now [[Cavtat]]) and [[Lissus (Illyria)|Lissus]] (now [[Lezhë]]).<ref name="Katicic1976"/> In the Roman period, ''Illyricum'', a term which signified a broader region than Illyria, was used for the area between the Adriatic and [[Danube]].{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=5}}<ref name="Kos2005">{{cite book|author=Marjeta Šašel Kos|title=Appian and Illyricum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opBpAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Narodni Muzej Slovenije|isbn=978-961-6169-36-3|page=231}}</ref>

==History==

The [[Prehistory of Southeastern Europe|prehistory]] of Illyria and the [[Illyrians]] is known from archaeological evidence. The [[Roman Republic|Romans]] conquered the region in 168 BC in the aftermath of the [[Illyrian Wars]].

===Kingdoms===
{{Main|Illyrian kingdom|Dardanian Kingdom|List of rulers of Illyria}}

The earliest recorded Illyrian kingdom was that of the [[Enchele]] in the 8th century BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Stipčević|2002|pages=46–47}}.</ref> The era in which we observe other Illyrian kingdoms begins approximately at 400 BC and ends at 167 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=298}}.</ref> The Autariatae under [[Pleurias]] (337 BC) were considered to have been a kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Lewis|Boardman|1994|p=785}}.</ref> The Kingdom of the [[Ardiaei]] began at 230 BC and ended at 167 BC.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1969|p=13}}.</ref> The most notable Illyrian kingdoms and dynasties were those of [[Bardyllis]] of the [[Dardani]] and of [[Agron of Illyria|Agron]] of the [[Ardiaei]] who created the last and best-known Illyrian kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Kipfer|2000|p=251}}.</ref> Agron ruled over the Ardiaei and had extended his rule to other tribes as well.<ref>{{harvnb|Hammond|1993|p=104}}.</ref> As for the Dardanians, they always had separate domains from the rest of the [[Illyrians]].<ref>{{harvnb|Papazoglu|1978|p=216}}.</ref>

The Illyrian kingdoms were composed of small areas within the region of Illyria. Only the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] ruled the entire region. The internal organization of the south Illyrian kingdoms points to imitation of their neighbouring Greek kingdoms and influence from the Greek and [[Hellenistic]] world in the growth of their [[urban area|urban]] centres.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=237}}.</ref> [[Polybius]] gives as an image of society within an Illyrian kingdom as peasant infantry fought under aristocrats which he calls in Greek ''Polydynastae'' (Greek: Πολυδυνάστες) where each one controlled a town within the kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=127}}.</ref> The monarchy was established on hereditary lines and Illyrian rulers used marriages as a means of alliance with other powers.<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=167}}.</ref> [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] (23–79 AD) writes that the people that formed the nucleus of the Illyrian kingdom were 'Illyrians proper' or [[Illyrii proprie dicti]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wilkes|1995|p=216}}.</ref> They were the [[Taulantii]], the [[Pleraei]], the [[Endirudini]], [[Sasaei]], [[Grabaei]] and the [[Labeatae]]. These later joined to form the [[Docleatae]].

===Roman and Byzantine rule===
{{Main|Illyricum (Roman province)|Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum}}The Romans defeated [[Gentius]], the last king of Illyria, at [[Scodra]] (in present-day Albania) in 168 BC and captured him, bringing him to Rome in 165 BC. Four client-republics were set up, which were in fact ruled by Rome. Later, the region was directly governed by Rome and organized as a [[Roman province|province]], with Scodra as its capital.

The Roman province of ''Illyricum'' replaced the formerly independent kingdom of Illyria. It stretched from the [[Drin River|Drilon]] river in modern [[Albania]] to [[Istria]] ([[Croatia]]) in the west and to the [[Sava]] river ([[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]) in the north. [[Salona]] (near modern [[Split (city)|Split]] in Croatia) functioned as its capital.

After subduing a troublesome [[Great Illyrian Revolt|revolt]] of [[Pannonians]] and [[Daesitiates]], Roman administrators dissolved the province of Illyricum and divided its lands between the new provinces of [[Pannonia]] in the north and [[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]] in the south. Although this division occurred in 10 AD, the term ''Illyria'' remained in use in [[Late Latin]] and throughout the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] period. After the [[division of the Roman Empire]], the [[bishops of Thessalonica]] appointed papal vicars for Illyricum. The first of these vicars is said to have been Bishop [[Acholius]] or Ascholius (died 383 or 384), the friend of [[St. Basil]]. In the 5th century, the bishops of Illyria withdrew from communion with Rome, without attaching themselves to [[Constantinople]], and remained for a time independent, but in 515, forty Illyrian bishops renewed their loyalty to Rome by declaring allegiance to [[Pope Hormisdas]]. The patriarchs of Constantinople succeeded in bringing Illyria under their jurisdiction in the 8th century.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia">{{harvnb|Lins|1910|loc="Illyria"}}.</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Coa Croatia Country Illyria History.svg|thumb|right|135px|Fictional "coat of arms of Illyria" in the 17th-century [[Fojnica Armorial]].]]
The name ''Illyria'' only disappears from the historical record after the [[Ottoman invasion of the Balkans|Ottoman expansion into the Balkans]] in the 15th century, and re-emerges in the 17th century, acquiring a new significance in the [[Ottoman–Habsburg Wars]], as [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]] designated as the "Illyrian nation" the [[South Slavs]] in Hungarian territory.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia"/> The term "[[Illyrian (South Slavic)|Illyrian]]" was sometimes used for the language they spoke. Several armorials of the Early modern period, popularly called the "[[Illyrian Armorials]]", depicted fictional coats of arms of Illyria.

The name ''Illyria'' was revived by [[Napoleon]] for the [[Illyrian Provinces]] that were incorporated into the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] from 1809 to 1813, and the [[Kingdom of Illyria (1816–1849)]] was part of [[Austria]] until 1849, after which time it was not used in the reorganised [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].

The [[Illyrian movement]] was a South Slavic cultural and political campaign by a group of young [[Croatia|Croatian]] intellectuals during the first half of the 19th century, that led to [[Yugoslavism]].

==In culture==
{{in popular culture|section|date=December 2024}}
[[William Shakespeare]] chose a fictionalized Illyria as the setting for his play ''[[Twelfth Night]]''. (The modernized film spoof ''[[She's the Man]]'' is set in "Illyria High School" in California.) Shakespeare also mentioned the region in ''[[Henry VI, Part 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Henry VI, part 2: Entire Play|url=http://shakespeare.mit.edu/2henryvi/full.html|website=shakespeare.mit.edu|access-date=2016-05-07|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630041122/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/2henryvi/full.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

An extensive history of Illyria by [[Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange]], was published by Joseph [[House of Keglević|Keglevich]] in 1746.<ref>{{harvnb|du Fresne|1746|p=1}}.</ref>

Illyria is the setting for [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]'s ''[[Les Mains Sales]].''

[[Lloyd Alexander]]'s ''The Illyrian Adventure'' is set in Illyria in 1872.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1986-04-01 |title=The Illyrian Adventure by Lloyd Alexander |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780525442509 |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=www.publishersweekly.com}}</ref>

[[John Hawkes (novelist)|John Hawkes]]' 1970 novel ''[[The Blood Oranges (novel)|The Blood Oranges]]'' is set in a fictionalized Illyria.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hawkes|first1=John|last2=Scholes|first2=Robert|year=1972|title=A Conversation on "The Blood Oranges" between John Hawkes and Robert Scholes |jstor=1345277|journal=Novel: A Forum on Fiction|volume=5|issue= 3|pages=203–204, 197–207|doi=10.2307/1345277}}</ref>

There is a fictional Illyria with its inhabitants, winged fae, in the fantasy series ''[[A Court of Thorns and Roses]]'' by [[Sarah J. Maas]].

The fighting game series '[[Guilty Gear]]' created by [[Daisuke Ishiwatari]], features a fictional Illyria in its world.

The television series ''[[Angel (1999 TV series)]]'' has a character named Illyria who is a main character for the back half of the final season, as well as a prominent figure in the comic spin-offs. 

The character of [[Number_One_(Star_Trek)|Una "Number One" Chin-Riley]] in the television series ''[[Star Trek: Strange New Worlds]]'' is a member of a humanoid species called "Illyrians".

==See also==
*[[Illyrian Tribes]]
*[[List of ancient tribes in Illyria]]
*[[Illyrian language]]
*[[Proposed Illyrian vocabulary]]
*[[List of rulers of Illyria]]
*[[Illyrian warfare]]
*[[Illyricum (Roman province)]]
*[[Timeline of Illyrian history]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|33em}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|33em}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Berranger|first1=Danièle|last2=Cabanes|first2=Pierre|last3=Berranger-Auserve|first3=Danièle|title=Épire, Illyrie, Macédoine: Mélanges Offerts au Professeur Pierre Cabanes|location=Clermont-Ferrand, France|publisher=Presses Universitaires Blaise Pascal|year=2007|isbn=978-2-84516-351-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_kFU6h77ssC}}
*{{Cite book|last=Boardman|first=John|title=The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-521-22496-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC}}
*{{Cite book|last=du Fresne|first=Charles|title=Illyricvm Vetvs & Novum: Sive Historia Regnorvm Dalmatiae, Croatiae, Slavoniae, Bosniae, Serviae, atqve Bvlgariae|location=Posonii|publisher=Typis Haeredvm Royerianorvm|year=1746|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_c4GAAAAQAAJ}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dzino|first=Danijel|title='Illyrians' in ancient ethnographic discourse|journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne|volume=40|number=2|year=2014|pages=45–65|doi=10.3917/dha.402.0045|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2014_num_40_2_3944}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Grimal|first1=Pierre|last2=Maxwell-Hyslop|first2=A. R.|title=The Dictionary of Classical Mythology|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Blackwell Publishing Limited|year=1996|isbn=0-631-20102-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtYQPW95-FsC}}
*{{cite dictionary|last1=Hammond|first1=N. G. L.|last2=Wilkes|first2=J. J.|editor-last1=Hornblower|editor-first1=Simon|editor-last2=Spawforth|editor-first2=Antony|editor-last3=Eidinow|editor-first3=Esther|dictionary=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|date=2012|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-954556-8|entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bVWcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA726|entry=Illyrii|page=726}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander|location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands|publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert|year=1993|isbn=9789025610500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwiAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hammond|first=Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière|title=Cambridge Ancient History, volume 3: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth centuries B.C.|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-521-23447-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0qAoqP4g1fEC}}
*{{cite book|last=Ivetic|first=Egidio|title=History of the Adriatic: A Sea and Its Civilization|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2022|isbn=9781509552535|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q91xEAAAQBAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kipfer|first=Barbara Ann|title=Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology|location=New York, New York|publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers|year=2000|isbn=0-306-46158-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Kos |first=M. Š. |year=2012 |title=Illyria and Illyrians |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History |doi=10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah09128 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781405179355 }}
*{{Cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=David Malcolm|last2=Boardman|first2=John|title=The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-521-23348-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vx251bK988gC}}
*{{cite book|last=Lins|first=Joseph|chapter=Illyria|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 7|location=New York, New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1910|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07663a.htm}}
*{{Cite book|last=Papazoglu|first=Fanula|title=The Central Balkan Tribes in Pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians|location=Amsterdam, the Netherlands|publisher=Adolf M. Hakkert|year=1978|isbn=90-256-0793-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ}}
*{{cite book|last=Stipčević|first=Aleksandar|title=Ilirët: Historia, Jeta, Kultura, Simbolet e Kultit|location=Tirana, Albania|publisher=Toena|year=2002|isbn=99927-1-609-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wANBcgAACAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John J.|title=History of the Provinces of the Roman Empire|location=London, United Kingdom|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul|year=1969|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uh7_RQAACAAJ}}
*{{Cite book|last=Wilkes|first=John J.|title=The Illyrians|year=1995|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|publisher=Blackwell Publishers Limited|isbn=0-631-19807-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons-inline|Illyria and Illyrians}}

{{Illyrians|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

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