Editing Ille-et-Vilaine

{{Short description|Department of France}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name                            = Ille-et-Vilaine
|native_name                      = {{native name|mis|paren=no|Ill-e-Vilaenn}} ([[Gallo language|Gallo]])<br />{{native name|br|Il-ha-Gwilen}}
| native_name_lang                = fr<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead -->
| type                            = [[Departments of France|Department]]
| image_skyline                   = La Vilaine à Rennes.JPG
| image_alt                       = an urban river flowing past modern apartment buildings in the foreground past trees whose leaves are changing with autumn under a bridge and into the city center of Rennes. There are boats docked along the side of the river.
| image_caption                   = The river Vilaine flowing through Rennes
| image_flag                      = Flag_of_the_Department_of_Ille-et-Vilaine.svg
| flag_alt                        = 
| image_shield                    = Blason département fr Ille-et-Vilaine.svg
| shield_alt                      = 
| nickname                        = 
| motto                           = 
| image_map                       = Ille-et-Vilaine-Position.svg
| map_alt                         = 
| map_caption                     = Location of Ille-et-Vilaine in France
| pushpin_map                     = 
| pushpin_label_position          = 
| pushpin_map_alt                 = 
| pushpin_map_caption             = 
| coordinates                     = {{Coord|48|10|N|01|40|W|region:FR-35_type:adm2nd_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint                   = 
| coordinates_footnotes           = 
| subdivision_type                = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name                = [[France]]
| subdivision_type1               = [[Regions of France|Region]]
| subdivision_name1               = [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany]]
| established_title               = 
| established_date                = 
| founder                         = 
| seat_type                       = [[Prefectures in France|Prefecture]]
| seat                            = [[Rennes]]
| parts_type                      = [[Subprefectures in France|Subprefectures]]
| parts_style                     = para
| p1                              = [[Fougères]]<br />[[Redon, Ille-et-Vilaine|Redon]]<br />[[Saint-Malo]]
| government_footnotes            = 
| leader_party                    = [[Parti socialiste français|PS]]
| leader_title                    = [[President of the Departmental Council]]
| leader_name                     = Jean-Luc Chenut<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les conseillers départementaux|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/601ef073-d986-4582-8e1a-ed14dc857fba|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=4 May 2022|language=fr}}</ref>
| unit_pref                       = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_magnitude                  = 
| area_footnotes                  = {{ref|area|1}}
| area_total_km2                  = 6775
| area_note                       = 
| elevation_footnotes             = 
| elevation_m                     = 
| elevation_min_m                 = 
| elevation_max_m                 = 
| population_total                = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_as_of                = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes            = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes2}}
| population_rank                 = [[List of French departments by population|21st]]
| population_density_km2          = auto
| population_demonym              = 
| population_note                 = 
| blank_name_sec1                 = [[Departments of France|Department number]]
| blank_info_sec1                 = 35
| blank_name_sec2                 = [[Arrondissements of France|Arrondissements]]
| blank_info_sec2                 = [[arrondissements of the Ille-et-Vilaine department|4]]
| blank1_name_sec2                = [[Cantons in France|Cantons]]
| blank1_info_sec2                = [[cantons of the Ille-et-Vilaine department|27]]
| blank2_name_sec2                = [[Communes in France|Communes]]
| blank2_info_sec2                = [[communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department|333]]
| timezone1                       = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1                     = +1
| timezone1_DST                   = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST                 = +2
| postal_code_type                = 
| postal_code                     = 
| area_code_type                  = 
| area_code                       = 
| iso_code                        = FR-35
| website                         = 
| footnotes                       = {{note|area|1}} French Land Register data, which exclude [[estuary|estuaries]], and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km<sup>2</sup>
}}
'''Ille-et-Vilaine''' ({{IPA|fr|il e vilɛn|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-GrandCelinien-Ille-et-Vilaine.wav}}; [[Gallo language|Gallo]]: ''Ill-e-Vilaenn'', {{langx|br|Il-ha-Gwilen}}) is a [[departments of France|department]] of [[France]], located in the [[regions of France|region]] of [[Brittany (administrative region)|Brittany]] in the northwest of the country. It is named after its two main rivers, the [[Ille]] and the [[Vilaine]]. It had a population of 1,079,498 in 2019.<ref name=pop2019>[https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/fichier/6011060/dep35.pdf Populations légales 2019: 35 Ille-et-Vilaine], INSEE</ref>

== History ==
Ille-et-Vilaine is one of the original 83 departments created during the [[French Revolution]] on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the [[provinces of France|province]] of [[Brittany]].

== Geography ==
Ille-et-Vilaine is a part of the current region of Brittany and it is bordered by the departments of [[Manche]] to the north-east, [[Mayenne]] to the east, [[Maine-et-Loire]] to the south-east, [[Loire-Atlantique]] to the south, [[Morbihan]] to the south-west, and [[Côtes-d'Armor]] to the west and north-west – France's shortest administrative department boundary at 20 yards (19 metres), although this was not the case with the department boundary. Also the [[English Channel]] (''la Manche'' in French) borders the department to the north.

The department is named after its two main rivers, the [[Ille]] and the [[Vilaine]], whose confluence is in [[Rennes]], the capital of the department and of the region.  Other important rivers include:
* the [[Rance river|Rance]], that borders the department in the north-west and flows to the north, creating a deep fjord before reaching the English Channel on the western part of the coast (named [[Côte d'Émeraude]]) between the cities of [[Dinard]] and [[Saint-Malo]]); the Rance river is connected from the west of the department to the Ille river in the north-west suburbs of Rennes with a navigable channel (then the Ille river is channelized to join the Vilaine up to the center of the city of Rennes);
* and the [[Couesnon]] that borders the eastern part of the department and which reaches the eastern part of the coast of the English Channel, in the flat ''Bay of the [[Mont Saint-Michel]]''.

The department is moderately elevated above the level of the sea, with many hills; however the central part has a dense network of many tributaries to the Ille or the Vilaine from all around the large basin of Rennes. The elevated hills bordering this basin are covered by several old forests now exploited by men for the production of wood. The basin itself is a rich agriculture area, as well as the north-west of the department near the Rance.

In the extreme south of the department the Vilaine goes through a slower decrease in elevation in a small corridor in the area of the city of [[Redon]]; in this area, the Vilaine is known for its frequent floods during its recent history, often because of too-intensive draining of agricultural areas around Rennes (some floods also affected some parts of Rennes up to the 1980s due to incorrect management of old equipment of the canal of Ille-et-Rance). To avoid these hazards within inhabited cities, some natural fields bordering the Vilaine in the south of the department are now left floodable, and works for regulating the level have been done including, small artificial lakes with derivation channels, replanting trees in the basin, better management of forests, and regulating the artificial drains made for agriculture.

===Principal towns===

The most populous commune is [[Rennes]], the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 6 communes with more than 15,000 inhabitants:<ref name=pop2019/>

{| class=wikitable
! Commune
! Population (2019)
|-
| [[Rennes]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 220,488
|-
| [[Saint-Malo]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 46,803
|-
| [[Fougères]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 20,595
|-
| [[Bruz]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 18,905
|-
| [[Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine|Vitré]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 18,487
|-
| [[Cesson-Sévigné]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 17,082
|}

==Demographics==
The population has grown rapidly over the last few decades and was estimated at 1,051,779 in January 2016.

Population development since 1801:
{{historical populations|cols=2|align=none|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://splaf.free.fr/35his.html|title=Historique d'Ille-et-Vilaine|website=Le SPLAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4176909?geo=DEP-35|title=Évolution et structure de la population en 2016|publisher=INSEE}}</ref>|graph-pos=bottom
|15=1801|16=488,846|17=1821|18=533,207|19=1831|20=547,052|21=1841|22=549,217|23=1851|24=574,618|25=1861|26=584,930|27=1876|28=602,712|29=1881|30=615,480|31=1891|32=626,875|33=1901|34=614,000|35=1921|36=558,574|37=1936|38=566,000|39=1946|40=578,246|41=1954|42=586,812|43=1962|44=614,268|45=1968|46=653,000|47=1975|48=702,199|49=1982|50=748,272|51=1990|52=797,785|53=1999|54=866,111|55=2006|56=945,497|57=2011|58=996,439|59=2016|60=1,051,779}}

== Language ==
[[Gallo language|Gallo]] is a historic minority language spoken in eastern Brittany. Gallo and [[Breton language|Breton]] are both studied at the [[University of Rennes]].

=== Breton ===
Historically, the Breton language was little spoken in the eastern part of Brittany, and this was one of the first regions where the language disappeared such that Breton was not spoken for many centuries.

Today, Breton is again spoken due to schools teaching Breton, and due to a small immigration from Western Brittany to Eastern Brittany, where there are more cities with growing industries and external investment and therefore more work. A recent study<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.ofis-bzh.org/upload/travail_paragraphe/fichier/216fichier.pdf L'état de la langue bretonne dans l'enseignement en Ille-et-Vilaine (''State of the Breton language in education in Ille-et-Vilaine'')] from ''[http://www.ofis-bzh.org Ofis ar Brezhoneg]''</ref> shows that Breton speakers in this region represent 3.3% of the total number of Breton speakers. The Breton speakers aged 18–30 in this region represent 12.7% of the total number of Breton speakers of that age group. This is because there are relatively few elder speakers but many people are learning the language. The study says that about 1,800 people are learning it (this includes one [[Diwan (school)|Diwan]] school in [[Rennes]], some bilingual public and catholic schools, and evening courses).

==Politics==

The President of the Departmental Council is the [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist]] [[Jean-Luc Chenut]] since the [[2015 French departmental elections]], re-elected in 2021.

The city of [[Rennes]] and its suburbs are the original base of the rapid Socialist growth in the department. The city has been governed by Socialist Mayors since 1977, notably by [[Edmond Hervé]] between 1977 and 2008. Since then, the growth of [[middle-class]] suburbs have helped the Socialists, who have been rapidly gaining strength in those formerly right-leaning areas.

The right remains strong in a strongly [[Catholic]] ([[cleric]]al) area from outside [[Redon]] to [[Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine|Vitré]] or [[Fougères]]. In addition, the right is strong in the wealthy coastal area of [[Saint-Malo]] and [[Dinard]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!colspan=2| Party || seats
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]] ||align="right"| 21
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous Left}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Miscellaneous Left]] ||align="right"| 8
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Union for a Popular Movement}}" |
|[[Union for a Popular Movement]] ||align="right"| 6
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Miscellaneous Right}}" |
|[[Miscellaneous Right]] ||align="right"| 6
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Left Radical Party}}" |<span style="color:#fff; font-size:140%;">•</span>
|[[Left Radical Party]] ||align="right"| 5
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Union for French Democracy}}" |
|[[Centrist Alliance]] ||align="right"| 4
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|Democratic Movement (France)}}" |
|[[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]] ||align="right"| 2
|-
! style="background-color: {{party color|New Centre}}" |
|[[New Centre]] ||align="right"| 1
|}

=== Presidential elections 2nd round ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Election!!Winning Candidate!!Party!!%!!2nd Place Candidate!!Party!!%
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2022 French presidential election|2022]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/france-2022-election-presidentielle-second-tour-resultats |title=Les résultats du second tour de l'élection présidentielle |date=19 April 2022}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 70.94
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 29.06
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|La République En Marche!}}" |
| [[2017 French presidential election|2017]]<ref name="pres17">{{Cite web |url=https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Presidentielles |title=Présidentielles}}</ref>
| [[Emmanuel Macron]]
| [[La République En Marche!|LREM]]
| 77.67
| [[Marine Le Pen]]
| [[National Front (France)|FN]]
| 22.33
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[2012 French presidential election|2012]]
| [[François Hollande]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 55.71
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 44.29
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[2007 French presidential election|2007]]
| [[Ségolène Royal]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 52.39
| [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]
| [[Union for a Popular Movement|UMP]]
| 47.61
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[2002 French presidential election|2002]]<ref name="pres17" />
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 89.82
| [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]]
| [[National Rally|FN]]
| 10.18
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Rally for the Republic}}" |
| [[1995 French presidential election|1995]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politiquemania.com/presidentielles-1995-departement.html |title=Résultats de l'élection présidentielle de 1995 par département - Politiquemania}}</ref>
| [[Jacques Chirac]]
| [[Rally for the Republic|RPR]]
| 51.19
| [[Lionel Jospin]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
| 48.81
|}

===Current National Assembly Representatives===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="2"|Constituency!!Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/|title=Assemblée nationale ~ Les députés, le vote de la loi, le Parlement français|first=Assemblée|last=Nationale|website=Assemblée nationale}}</ref>!!Party
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| La France Insoumise}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 1st constituency]]
| [[Marie Mesmeur]]
| [[La France Insoumise]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| Génération.s}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 2nd constituency]]
| [[Tristan Lahais]]
| [[Génération.s]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 3rd constituency]]
| [[Claudia Rouaux]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| La France Insoumise}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 4th constituency]]
| [[Mathilde Hignet]]
| [[La France Insoumise]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| Renaissance (French political party)}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 5th constituency]]
| [[Christine Cloarec]]
| [[Renaissance (French political party)|Renaissance]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| Horizons (political party)}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 6th constituency]]
| [[Thierry Benoit]]
| [[Horizons (political party)|Horizons]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color|The Republicans (France)}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 7th constituency]]
| [[Jean-Luc Bourgeaux]]
| [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]
|-
|style="background-color: {{party color| Socialist Party (France)}}" |
| [[Ille-et-Vilaine's 8th constituency]]
| [[Mickaël Bouloux]]
| [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party]]
|}

== Tourism ==

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Place Saint Anne Rennes.JPG|[[Rennes]] downtown
File:Bretagne Ille Vitre1 tango7174.jpg|The medieval town of [[Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine|Vitré]]
File:Dinard Plage de l'Ecluse-2007-08-08.jpg|Plage de l'Écluse in [[Dinard]]
File:ValsansRetour09.JPG|Legendary forest [[Brocéliande]] in [[Paimpont forest]]
File:Fougères (35) Porte Notre-Dame 13.JPG|[[Château de Fougères]]
File:Saint-Suliac - Novembre 2011 (4).jpg|The fishing village of [[Saint-Suliac]]
File:Roche-aux-fées1.jpg|[[Stone row]] [[Essé|La Roche aux fées in Essé]]
</gallery>

[[File:Saint Malo from Dinard, France - July 2011.jpg|thumb|centre|900px|[[Saint-Malo]], the [[French corsairs|Corsair]]s' stronghold, view of the walled city from the south-west]]

== See also ==
* [[Cantons of the Ille-et-Vilaine department]]
* [[Communes of the Ille-et-Vilaine department]]
* [[Arrondissements of the Ille-et-Vilaine department]]
* [[Saint-Sauveur Abbey Church of Redon]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.ille-et-vilaine.gouv.fr/ Prefecture website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.ille-et-vilaine.fr/ Departmental Council website]
* {{in lang|fr}} [http://patrimoine.region-bretagne.fr/main.xsp?execute=parsed_query&query=dpt:|35 Cultural Heritage]

{{Departments of France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ille-Et-Vilaine}}
[[Category:Ille-et-Vilaine| ]]
[[Category:1790 establishments in France]]
[[Category:Departments of Brittany]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1790]]