Editing Idiom dictionary

{{short description|Dictionary or phrase book that lists and explains idioms}}
[[File:Brewers p518 keep.pdf|thumb|right|A page from ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]'' contains many idioms such as "keep your hair on!".]]
An '''idiom dictionary''' is a [[dictionary]] or [[phrase book]] that lists and explains [[idiom]]s&nbsp;– distinctive words or phrases having a [[literal and figurative language|figurative meaning]] that goes beyond the original [[semantics]] of the words.

==Idioms==
{{main|idiom}}
An idiom is a phrase whose meaning could not be readily deduced from the meaning of its individual words.  The word comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''ἰδίωμα'' (idioma)&nbsp;– the distinctive style of a particular person.  The traditional example is "[[kick the bucket]]" which is normally understood to mean dying.  The extent to which a phrase is thought idiomatic is a matter of degree and [[First language|native speakers]] of English consider a phrase like "pop the question" (proposing marriage) to be less idiomatic than "kick the bucket".{{sfn|Wulff|2010|p=2,25,75}}

==Dictionary==
An idiom dictionary may be a traditional book or expressed in another medium such as a database within software for [[machine translation]].  Examples of the genre include ''[[Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable]]'', which explains traditional allusions and proverbs, and ''[[A Dictionary of Modern English Usage|Fowler's Modern English Usage]]'', which was conceived as an idiom dictionary following the completion of the ''[[Concise Oxford English Dictionary]]'', which itself contained many idioms.
{{sfn|Sutcliffe|1978|p=220}}

Some multilingual dictionaries of idioms are available on-line.
One of them is [http://www.babelite.org Babelite] which is freely accessible.

The main readership and market for idiom dictionaries are [[deaf]] people and learners of [[English as a foreign language]] (EFL).{{sfn|Gottlieb|1992|p=56}}  The first major dictionary of idioms in [[American English]] was ''A Dictionary of Idioms for the Deaf''; published in 1966 by the [[American School for the Deaf]].{{sfn|Gottlieb|1992|p=56}}  Subsequent editions were published under the more general title of ''A Dictionary of American Idioms''.

==Structure==
Idioms may vary considerably in their presentation.  The keywords may vary&nbsp;– "green fingers" or a "green thumb".  The grammar may vary&nbsp;– "turn the tables" or "the tables are turned".  A phrase may even be recast completely, just following a pattern&nbsp;– "a few gallons shy of a full tank" or "one sandwich short of a picnic".{{sfn|Szczepaniak|2006|p=34}}  This variation makes organisation of an idiom dictionary difficult.  The idioms may be organised in simple alphabetical order, as in ''The Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English''.  They may be grouped by keyword, as in the ''Longman Dictionary of English Idioms''.  Or they may be grouped by domain so that, for example, all idioms based upon nautical expressions such as "show him the ropes" and "three sheets to the wind" are put together.{{sfn|Kovecses|2001|p=89-92}}

==Bilingual dictionaries==
Bilingual dictionaries have an additional problem when dealing with idioms&nbsp;– as well as explaining the idiom, they also have to translate it.  In doing so, they will commonly provide both a [[literal translation]] and a [[free translation]].  For example, the phrase "can be counted on the fingers of one hand", meaning few in number, may translated literally into Chinese as ''qu zhe ke shu'' and, more sensibly, as ''liao liao wu ji'' (only a handful).{{sfn|Yong|Peng|2007|p=189}}

==See also==
*[[Glossary of nautical terms (A-L)]]
*[[Glossary of nautical terms (M-Z)]]
*[[Slang dictionary]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |title=The Oxford University Press: an informal History |last=Sutcliffe |first=Peter |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1978 |isbn=9780199510849 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/oxforduniversity0000sutc }}
*{{Cite book|title=Words that Teem with Meening |issn=0907-7901 |publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press |year=1992 |isbn=9788772892337 |chapter=Idioms into Danish |last=Gottlieb |first=Henrik|journal=Copenhagen Studies in Translation }}
*{{citation |title=Idioms and Idiomaticity |first=Fernando |last=Chitra |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=9780194371995}}
*{{Cite book|chapter=A Cognitive Linguistic View of Learning Idioms in an FLT Context |first=Zoltan |last=Kovecses |title=Applied Cognitive Linguistics II: Language Pedagogy  |journal=Cognitive Linguistics Research |issn=1861-4132 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2001 |isbn=9783110172225}}
*{{citation |title=The Role of Dictionary Use in the Comprehension of Idiom Variants |first=Renata |last=Szczepaniak |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |year=2006 |isbn=9783110891713}}
*{{Cite book|title=Bilingual Lexicography from a Communicative Perspective |issn=1388-8455 |first1=Heming |last1=Yong |first2=Jing |last2=Peng |publisher=[[John Benjamins]] |year=2007 |isbn=9789027223333 |chapter=Ch. 8 Bilingual dictionaries&nbsp;– ways of handling idioms|journal=Terminology and Lexicography Research and Practice |doi=10.1075/tlrp.9 }}
*{{citation |title=The Oxford History of English Lexicography |first=A.P. |last=Cowie |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9780199285624}}
*{{Cite book|title=Sugar and spice... Exploring Food and Drink Idioms in English |chapter=Lexicographical history |issn=1974-0603 |first=Laura |last=Pinnavaia |publisher=[[Polimetrica]] |year=2010 |isbn=9788876991912}}
*{{citation |title=Rethinking Idiomaticity |first=Stefanie |last=Wulff |publisher=Continuum International |year=2010 |isbn=9781441116444}}

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{{Lexicography}}

[[Category:Dictionaries by type]]
[[Category:Idioms|Dictionary]]