Editing Iceberg

{{Short description|Large piece of freshwater ice broken off a glacier or ice shelf and floating in open water}}
{{Other uses}}

[[File:Iceberg in the Arctic with its underside exposed.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|An iceberg in the [[Arctic Ocean]]]]
[[File:Blue Tabular Iceberg.jpg|thumb|Tabular iceberg]]
[[File:Iceberg from overhead IMG 0320.jpg|thumb|Iceberg from overhead showing above and submerged ice]]

An '''iceberg''' is a piece of [[fresh water]] ice more than {{convert|15|m|yd|sp=us|abbr=off}} long<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Iceberg Formation: International Ice Patrol|url=https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/Iceberg_Formation.pdf|url-status=dead|website=International Ice Patrol|access-date=2021-08-23|archive-date=2017-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509054249/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/iip/Iceberg_Formation.pdf}}</ref> that has broken off a [[glacier]] or an [[ice shelf]] and is floating freely in open water.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/iceberg |title=iceberg |access-date=2024-07-06|work=Cambridge Dictionary}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/icebergs-and-glaciers/common-misconceptions-about-icebergs-and-glaciers |title=Common Misconceptions about Icebergs and Glaciers |date=19 July 2011 |publisher=Ohio State University |quote=Icebergs float in salt water, but they are formed from freshwater glacial ice.}}</ref> Smaller chunks of floating glacially derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nsidc.org/learn/cryosphere-glossary/bergy-bit |title=bergy bit |website=National Snow and Ice Data Center |access-date=2024-07-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.athropolis.com/arctic-facts/fact-bergy-bits.htm |title=Bergy Bits and Growlers |website=www.athropolis.com |access-date=2019-12-01}}</ref> Much of an iceberg is below the water's surface, which led to the expression "[[wikt:tip of the iceberg|tip of the iceberg]]" to illustrate a small part of a larger unseen issue. Icebergs are considered a [[List of ships sunk by icebergs|serious maritime hazard]].

Icebergs vary considerably in size and shape. Icebergs that [[Ice calving|calve]] from glaciers in [[Greenland]] are often irregularly shaped while [[Antarctica|Antarctic]] ice shelves often produce large tabular (table top) icebergs. The largest iceberg in recent history, named [[Iceberg B-15|B-15]], was measured at nearly {{convert|300|by|40|km}} in 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Remy|first1=J.-P.|last2=Becquevort|first2=S.|last3=Haskell|first3=T.G.|last4=Tison|first4=J.-L.|date=December 2008|title=Impact of the B-15 iceberg "stranding event" on the physical and biological properties of sea ice in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, Antarctica|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0954102008001284/type/journal_article|journal=Antarctic Science|language=en|volume=20|issue=6|pages=593–604|doi=10.1017/S0954102008001284|bibcode=2008AntSc..20..593R|s2cid=73604210|issn=0954-1020}}</ref> The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg measuring {{convert|335|by|97|km|mi}} sighted {{convert|150|mi|km|order=flip}} west of [[Scott Island]], in the South Pacific Ocean, by the [[USS Glacier (AGB-4)|USS ''Glacier'']] on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than [[Belgium]].<ref>{{cite journal|date=1956|title=Antarctica shed a 208-mile-long berg in 1956|volume=43|page=18|journal=[[The Polar Times]]|url=https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/coldscience/2005-01-20-1956-antarctic-iceberg_x.htm |via=[[USA Today]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522193438/https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/coldscience/2005-01-20-1956-antarctic-iceberg_x.htm |archive-date=2006-05-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''iceberg'' is a partial [[loan translation]] from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] word [[wikt:ijsberg#Dutch|''ijsberg'']], literally meaning ''ice mountain'',<ref>{{cite web|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=iceberg&searchmode=none|title=Iceberg|access-date=2006-03-26}}</ref> cognate to [[Danish language|Danish]] [[wikt:isbjerg#Danish|''isbjerg'']], [[German language|German]] [[wikt:Eisberg#German|''Eisberg'']], [[Northern Low Saxon|Low Saxon]] ''<span lang="nds-nl" dir="ltr">Iesbarg</span>'' and [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ''<span lang="sv" dir="ltr">[[wikt:isberg#Swedish|isberg]]</span>''.

==Overview==
Typically about one-tenth of the volume of an iceberg is above water, which follows from [[Buoyancy|Archimedes's Principle of buoyancy]]; the [[density]] of pure ice is about 920&nbsp;[[kilogram per cubic metre|kg/m<sup>3</sup>]] (57&nbsp;lb/cu&nbsp;ft), and that of [[seawater]] about {{convert|1025|kg/m3|lb/ft3|abbr=on|0}}. The contour of the underwater portion can be difficult to judge by looking at the portion above the surface. 
[[File:Research on Iceberg B-15A by Josh Landis, National Science Foundation (Image 4) (NSF).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Northern edge of [[Iceberg B-15]]A in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 29 January 2001]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Iceberg size classifications according to the International Ice Patrol<ref name=":0" />
! Size class
! Height (m)
! Length (m)
|-
| Growler
| <1
| <5
|-
| Bergy bit
| 1–5
| 5–15
|-
| Small
| 5–15
| 15–60
|-
| Medium
| 15–45
| 60–122
|-
| Large
| 45–75
| 122–213
|-
| Very large
| >75
| >213
|}

The largest icebergs recorded have been [[Ice calving|calved]], or broken off, from the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] of [[Antarctica]]. Icebergs may reach a height of more than {{convert|100|m|ft|sigfig=1}} above the sea surface and have mass ranging from about 100,000 tonnes up to more than 10&nbsp;million tonnes. Icebergs or pieces of floating ice smaller than 5&nbsp;meters above the sea surface are classified as "bergy bits"; smaller than 1&nbsp;meter—"growlers".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universalcompendium.com/tables/science/iceb.htm |title=Iceberg Classification Systems}}</ref> The largest known iceberg in the [[Atlantic Ocean#Northern Atlantic|North Atlantic]] was {{convert|168|m|ft}} above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker [[USCGC Eastwind (WAGB-279)|''Eastwind'']] in 1958, making it the height of a 55-story building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland and may have interior temperatures of {{convert|-15|to|-20|C|F}}.<ref name="cgfoi">{{cite web |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp |work=Canadian Geographic |title=Facts on Icebergs |date=2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331032737/https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/justthefacts.asp |archive-date=2006-03-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Grotto in an iceberg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Grotto]] in an iceberg, photographed during the [[Terra Nova Expedition|British Antarctic Expedition]] of 1911–1913, 5&nbsp;Jan 1911]]

=== Drift ===
A given iceberg's trajectory through the ocean can be modelled by integrating the equation

: <math>m \frac{d\vec{v}}{dt} = -mf\vec{k} \times \vec{v} + \vec{F}_\text{a} + \vec{F}_\text{w} + \vec{F}_\text{r} + \vec{F}_\text{s} + \vec{F}_\text{p},</math>

where ''m'' is the iceberg mass, ''v'' the drift velocity, and the variables ''f'', ''k'', and ''F'' correspond to the [[Coriolis force]], the vertical unit vector, and a given force. The subscripts a, w, r, s, and p correspond to the air drag, water drag, wave radiation force, sea ice drag, and the horizontal pressure gradient force.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Carlson |first1=Daniel F. |last2=Boone |first2=Wieter |last3=Meire |first3=Lorenz |last4=Abermann |first4=Jakob |last5=Rysgaard |first5=Søren |date=2017-08-28 |title=Bergy Bit and Melt Water Trajectories in Godthåbsfjord (SW Greenland) Observed by the Expendable Ice Tracker |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=4 |pages=276 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2017.00276 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Bigg |first1=Grant R. |last2=Wadley |first2=Martin R. |last3=Stevens |first3=David P. |last4=Johnson |first4=John A. |date=October 1997 |title=Modelling the dynamics and thermodynamics of icebergs |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0165232X97000128 |journal=Cold Regions Science and Technology |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=113–135 |doi=10.1016/S0165-232X(97)00012-8|bibcode=1997CRST...26..113B }}</ref>

Icebergs deteriorate through melting and fracturing, which changes the mass ''m'', as well as the surface area, volume, and stability of the iceberg.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crawford |first1=Anna |last2=Mueller |first2=Derek |last3=Joyal |first3=Gabriel |date=2018-04-08 |title=Surveying Drifting Icebergs and Ice Islands: Deterioration Detection and Mass Estimation with Aerial Photogrammetry and Laser Scanning |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=575 |doi=10.3390/rs10040575 |bibcode=2018RemS...10..575C |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free|hdl=10023/16996 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Iceberg deterioration and drift, therefore, are interconnected ie. iceberg thermodynamics, and fracturing must be considered when modelling iceberg drift.<ref name=":2" />

Winds and currents may move icebergs close to coastlines, where they can become frozen into [[Drift ice|pack ice]] (one form of [[sea ice]]), or drift into shallow waters, where they can come into contact with the seabed, a phenomenon called [[seabed gouging by ice|seabed gouging]].

=== Mass loss ===
Icebergs lose mass due to melting, and [[Ice calving|calving]]. Melting can be due to solar radiation, or heat and salt transport from the ocean. Iceberg calving is generally enhanced by waves impacting the iceberg. 

Melting tends to be driven by the ocean, rather than solar radiation. Ocean driven melting is often modelled as

: <math>M_{b} = K \Delta u^{0.8} \frac{T_0-T}{L^{0.2}},</math>

where <math>M_\text{b}</math> is the melt rate in m/day, <math>\Delta u</math> is the relative velocity between the iceberg and the ocean, <math>T_0-T</math> is the temperature difference between the ocean and the iceberg, and <math>L</math> is the length of the iceberg. <math>K</math> is a constant based on properties of the iceberg and the ocean and is approximately <math>0.75^\circ \text{C}^{-1} \text{m}^{0.4} \text{day}^{-1} \text{s}^{0.8}</math> in the polar ocean.<ref name="Cenedese">{{cite journal |last1=Cenedese |first1=Claudia |last2=Straneo |first2=Fiamma |title=Icebergs Melting |journal=Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics |date=19 January 2023 |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=377–402 |doi=10.1146/annurev-fluid-032522-100734|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023AnRFM..55..377C }}</ref>

The influence of the shape of an iceberg<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hester |first1=Eric W. |last2=McConnochie |first2=Craig D. |last3=Cenedese |first3=Claudia |last4=Couston |first4=Louis-Alexandre |last5=Vasil |first5=Geoffrey |title=Aspect ratio affects iceberg melting |journal=Physical Review Fluids |date=12 February 2021 |volume=6 |issue=2 |page=023802 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevFluids.6.023802|arxiv=2009.10281 |bibcode=2021PhRvF...6b3802H }}</ref> and of the Coriolis force<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meroni |first1=Agostino N. |last2=McConnochie |first2=Craig D. |last3=Cenedese |first3=Claudia |last4=Sutherland |first4=Bruce |last5=Snow |first5=Kate |title=Nonlinear influence of the Earth's rotation on iceberg melting |journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics |date=10 January 2019 |volume=858 |pages=832–851 |doi=10.1017/jfm.2018.798|bibcode=2019JFM...858..832M |s2cid=126234419 }}</ref> on iceberg melting rates has been demonstrated in laboratory experiments.

Wave erosion is more poorly constrained but can be estimated by

: <math> M_\text{e} = cS_s(T_\text{s}+2)[1+\text{cos}(I_\text{c}^3\pi)],</math>

where <math>M_\text{e}</math> is the wave erosion rate in m/day, <math>c = \frac{1}{12} \text{m day}^{-1}</math>, <math>S_\text{S}</math> describes the sea state, <math>T_\text{S}</math> is the sea surface temperature, and <math>I_\text{c}</math> is the [[sea ice]] concentration.<ref name="Cenedese" />

=== Bubbles ===
Air trapped in snow forms bubbles as the snow is compressed to form firn and then glacial ice.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Scholander |first1=P. F. |last2=Nutt |first2=D. C. |date=1960 |title=Bubble Pressure in Greenland Icebergs |journal=Journal of Glaciology |language=en |volume=3 |issue=28 |pages=671–678 |doi=10.3189/S0022143000017950 |issn=0022-1430 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Icebergs can contain up to 10% air bubbles by volume.<ref name=":3" />{{not in source|reason=The article only reports gas pressures in the bubbles up to 20 atm, without volume estimations, but saying that "At high pressures the bubbles are compressed so the difference in density between glacier ice and bubble-free ice becomes only a small fraction of 1 per cent". Since air even at 20 atm is ≳30 times lighter than pure ice, this by no means can be interpreted as "10% air bubbles by volume".|date=August 2022}} These bubbles are released during melting, producing a fizzing sound that some may call "Bergie [[Carbonated water|Seltzer]]". This sound results when the water-ice interface reaches compressed air bubbles trapped in the ice. As each bubble bursts it makes a "popping" sound<ref name="cgfoi" /> and the acoustic properties of these bubbles can be used to study iceberg melt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Glowacki |first1=Oskar |last2=Deane |first2=Grant B. |last3=Moskalik |first3=Mateusz |date=2018-05-16 |title=The Intensity, Directionality, and Statistics of Underwater Noise From Melting Icebergs |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=4105–4113 |doi=10.1029/2018GL077632 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4105G |s2cid=135352794 |issn=0094-8276|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Stability ===
An iceberg may flip, or capsize, as it melts and breaks apart, changing the [[Center of mass|center of gravity]]. Capsizing can occur shortly after calving when the iceberg is young and establishing balance.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacAyeal|first1=Douglas R.|last2=Abbot|first2=Dorian S.|last3=Sergienko|first3=Olga V.|date=2011|title=Iceberg-capsize tsunamigenesis|journal=Annals of Glaciology|language=en|volume=52|issue=58|pages=51–56|doi=10.3189/172756411797252103|bibcode=2011AnGla..52...51M|issn=0260-3055|doi-access=free}}</ref> Icebergs are unpredictable and can capsize anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that break off from a glacier front and flip onto the glacier face can push the entire glacier backwards momentarily, producing 'glacial earthquakes' that generate as much energy as an atomic bomb.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/flipping-icebergs |title=Flipping Icebergs  |work=ScienceNews for Students |author=Stephen Ornes |date=April 3, 2012 |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/06/25/417457888/study-reveals-what-happens-during-a-glacial-earthquake |title=Study Reveals What Happens During A 'Glacial Earthquake' |work=NPR |author=Nell Greenfieldboyce  |date=June 25, 2015 |accessdate=March 9, 2021}}</ref>

===Color===
Icebergs are generally white because they are covered in snow, but can be green, blue, yellow, black, striped, or even [[rainbow]]-colored.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/icebergs-can-be-green-black-striped-even-rainbow-slide-show/ |title=Icebergs Can Be Green, Black, Striped, Even Rainbow  |work=Scientific American |author=Katherine Wright  |date=January 5, 2018 |access-date=June 9, 2019}}</ref> Seawater, algae and lack of air bubbles in the ice can create diverse colors. Sediment can create the dirty black coloration present in some icebergs.<ref name="Image of the Week - Super-cool colours of icebergs">{{cite web |last1=Roach |first1=Lettie |title=Image of the Week - Super-cool colours of icebergs |url=https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/cr/2018/03/30/image-of-the-week-super-cool-colours-of-icebergs/ |website=EGU Blogs |date=11 January 2019 |publisher=European Geosciences Union |access-date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

===Shape===
[[File:Iceberg Shape.svg|thumb|Different shapes of icebergs]]
[[File:Antarctic Sound-2016-Iceberg 02.jpg|thumb|Tabular iceberg, near [[Brown Bluff]] in the [[Antarctic Sound]] off [[Tabarin Peninsula]]]]

In addition to size classification (Table 1), icebergs can be classified on the basis of their shapes. The two basic types of iceberg forms are ''tabular'' and ''non-tabular''. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a [[plateau]], with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1.<ref name="iipssc">{{cite web|url=http://www.uscg.mil/lantarea/iip/docs/AOS_2011.pdf|title=Sizes and Shapes of Icebergs|publisher=International Ice Patrol|access-date=2006-12-20}}</ref>

This type of iceberg, also known as an ''ice island'',<ref>Weeks, W.F. (2010), On Sea Ice, University of Alaska Press, p. 399</ref> can be quite large, as in the case of [[Pobeda Ice Island]]. [[Antarctic]] icebergs formed by breaking off from an [[ice shelf]], such as the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] or [[Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf]], are typically tabular. The largest icebergs in the world are formed this way.

Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes and include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ma06/indepth/nathistory.asp|title=Iceberg Physiology|publisher=Canadian Geographic|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060331032649/https://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ma06/indepth/nathistory.asp|archive-date=2006-03-31|url-status=dead|author=Holly Gordon}}</ref>

* ''Dome'': An iceberg with a rounded top.
* ''Pinnacle'': An iceberg with one or more [[spire]]s.
* ''Wedge'': An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.
* ''Dry-dock'': An iceberg that has [[Erosion|eroded]] to form a slot or [[Channel (geography)|channel]].
* ''Blocky'': An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its [[aspect ratio]], the ratio between its width and height, is small, more like that of a block than a flat sheet.

==Monitoring and control==

===History===
[[Image:Titanic iceberg.jpg|thumb|The [[Iceberg that struck the Titanic|iceberg suspected of sinking]] the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']]; a smudge of red paint much like the ''Titanic''{{'s}} red hull stripe runs along its base at the waterline.]]

Prior to 1914 there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard ships against collisions{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} despite [[List of ships sunk by icebergs|fatal sinkings]] of ships by icebergs. In 1907, ''[[SS Kronprinz Wilhelm]]'', a German liner, rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow, but she was still able to complete her voyage. The advent of [[Compartment (ship)|watertight compartmentalization]] in ship construction led designers to declare their ships "unsinkable".

During the [[sinking of the Titanic|1912 sinking of the ''Titanic'']], the [[iceberg that sank the Titanic]] killed more than 1,500 of its estimated 2,224 passengers and crew, seriously damaging the 'unsinkable' claim. For the remainder of the ice season of that year, the [[United States Navy]] patrolled the waters and monitored ice movements. In November 1913, the [[International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea]] met in [[London]] to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months the participating maritime nations had formed the [[International Ice Patrol]] (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on [[meteorology]] and [[oceanography]] to measure currents, ice-flow, [[ocean temperature]], and salinity levels. They monitored iceberg dangers near the [[Grand Banks]] of Newfoundland and provided the "limits of all known ice" in that vicinity to the maritime community. The IIP published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement.

===Technological development===
[[File:Burton Island, Atka, and Glacier push iceberg in McMurdo Sound (827218l).jpg|thumb|An iceberg being pushed by three [[U.S. Navy]] ships in [[McMurdo Sound]], Antarctica]]
Aerial surveillance of the seas in the early 1930s allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945, experiments tested the effectiveness of [[radar]] in detecting icebergs. A decade later, oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue to serve in environmental study. A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, [[icebreaking|ice-breaking]] ships were equipped with automatic transmissions of [[satellite]] photographs of ice in Antarctica. Systems for optical satellites had been developed but were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting [[buoy]]s were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and [[climate research]]. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents.

[[File:Singing iceberg.oga|thumb|Acoustic monitoring of an iceberg]]
[[Side looking airborne radar]] (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions. On November 4, 1995, [[Canada]] launched [[RADARSAT-1]]. Developed by the [[Canadian Space Agency]], it provides images of Earth for scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use [[synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR), which sends [[microwave]] energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The [[European Space Agency]] launched [[ENVISAT]] (an observation satellite that orbits the Earth's poles)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/web/guest/missions/esa-operational-eo-missions/envisat|title=Envisat|publisher=European Space Agency|access-date=2011-03-09}}</ref> on March 1, 2002. ENVISAT employs advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) technology, which can detect changes in surface height accurately. The Canadian Space Agency launched [[RADARSAT-2]] in December 2007, which uses SAR and multi-polarization modes and follows the same [[orbit]] path as RADARSAT-1.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Canadian Geographic|author=Ainslie MacLellan|url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/MA06/indepth/technology_side2.asp|title=Tracking Monsters|date=2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031234546/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/ma06/indepth/technology.asp|archive-date=2006-10-31|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Modern monitoring===

Iceberg concentrations and size distributions are monitored worldwide by the U.S. [[National Ice Center]] (NIC), established in 1995, which produces analyses and forecasts of [[Arctic]], [[Antarctic Circle|Antarctic]], [[Great Lakes]] and [[Chesapeake Bay]] ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth.
[[Image:Iceberg A22A, South Atlantic Ocean.jpg|thumb|Iceberg A22A in the South [[Atlantic Ocean]]]]
The NIC is the only organization that names and tracks all Antarctic Icebergs. It assigns each iceberg larger than {{convert|10|nmi|km}} along at least one axis a name composed of a letter indicating its point of origin and a running number. The letters used are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlkop/ronne.html|publisher=NOAA|date=15 October 1998|title=New Iceberg Breaks off Ronne Ice Shelf in Antarctica|access-date=2011-03-09}}</ref>
:'''A''' &ndash; [[longitude]] 0° to 90°&nbsp;W ([[Bellingshausen Sea]], [[Weddell Sea]])
:'''B''' &ndash; longitude 90°&nbsp;W to 180° ([[Amundsen Sea]], Eastern [[Ross Sea]])
:'''C''' &ndash; longitude 90°&nbsp;E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, [[Wilkes Land]])
:'''D''' &ndash; longitude 0° to 90°&nbsp;E ([[Amery Ice Shelf]], Eastern Weddell Sea)

{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=550|from=Antarctic Iceberg.map|frame-latitude=-70|frame-longitude=0|zoom=1|text=Map of icebergs in the Antarctic as of 23 January 2025 (20 sqNM or greater, or 10 NM on its longest axis) ([[:c:Data:Antarctic Iceberg.map|map data]])
{{legend|red|A}}
{{legend|blue|B}}
{{legend|green|C}}
{{legend|yellow|D}}
}}

The [[Danish Meteorological Institute]] monitors iceberg populations around Greenland using data collected by the [[Synthetic-aperture radar|synthetic aperture radar]] (SAR) on the [[Sentinel-1A|Sentinel-1 satellites]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Icebergs: Polar Portal |url=http://polarportal.dk/en/sea-ice-and-icebergs/icebergs/ |website=polarportal.dk |access-date=28 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Iceberg management ===
In Labrador and Newfoundland, iceberg management plans have been developed to protect offshore installations from impacts with icebergs.<ref>[https://atlanticcanadaoffshore.ca/ice-management-newfoundland-labradors-offshore-industry/ Ice-management, Newfoundland Labrador offshore-industry]</ref>

=== Commercial use ===
The idea of towing large icebergs to other regions as a source of water has been raised since at least the 1950s, without having been put into practice.<ref name="abc"/> In 2017, a business from the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] announced plans to tow an iceberg from Antarctica to the Middle East; in 2019 salvage engineer [[Nick Sloane]] announced a plan to move one to South Africa<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maynard |first1=Matt |title=Iceberg towing: a bizarre 'solution' to the freshwater crisis |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/iceberg-towing-a-bizarre-solution-to-the-freshwater-crisis |access-date=15 January 2024 |work=Geographical |date=12 June 2022}}</ref> at an estimated cost of $200 million.<ref name="abc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-08-14/why-a-middle-eastern-business-cant-just-tow-antarctica-iceberg/11318638?nw=0|title = Why a Middle Eastern business thirsty for water can't just tow an iceberg from Antarctica|website = [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date = 14 August 2019}}</ref> In 2019, a German company, Polewater, announced plans to tow Antarctic icebergs to places like South Africa.<ref name="Jacobs" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polewater.com/?lang=en |title=Home Page |work=Polewater |author= |date= |accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref>

Companies have used iceberg water in products such as [[bottled water]], fizzy ice cubes and alcoholic drinks.<ref name="Jacobs">{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/10/iceberg-water-and-race-exploit-arctic/601147/ |title=$166 Water Could Dictate International Iceberg Law |work=[[The Atlantic]] |author=Matthew H. Birkhold |date=October 31, 2019 |accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> For example, Iceberg Beer by [[Quidi Vidi Brewing Company]] is made from icebergs found around [[St. John's, Newfoundland]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2012/02/29/147581630/newfoundland-gives-whole-new-meaning-to-ice-cold-beer |title=Newfoundland Gives Whole New Meaning To Ice Cold Beer |work=[[Morning Edition]] |author=Emma Jacobs |date=February 29, 2012 |accessdate=September 8, 2021}}</ref> Although annual iceberg supply in [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] exceeds the total freshwater consumption of the United States, in 2016 the province introduced a tax on iceberg harvesting and imposed a limit on how much fresh water can be exported yearly.<ref name="Jacobs" />

== Oceanography and ecology ==
[[File:Scenic_view_of_Greenland_icebergs_in_Baffin_Bay_in_Disko_Bay_07.jpg|thumb|Icebergs in [[Disko Bay]]]]The freshwater injected into the ocean by melting icebergs can change the density of the seawater in the vicinity of the iceberg.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Yankovsky|first1=Alexander E.|last2=Yashayaev|first2=Igor|date=September 2014|title=Surface buoyant plumes from melting icebergs in the Labrador Sea|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967063714000879|journal=Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers|language=en|volume=91|pages=1–9|doi=10.1016/j.dsr.2014.05.014|bibcode=2014DSRI...91....1Y}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Stephenson|first1=Gordon R.|last2=Sprintall|first2=Janet|last3=Gille|first3=Sarah T.|last4=Vernet|first4=Maria|last5=Helly|first5=John J.|last6=Kaufmann|first6=Ronald S.|date=June 2011|title=Subsurface melting of a free-floating Antarctic iceberg|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0967064510003656|journal=Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography|language=en|volume=58|issue=11–12|pages=1336–1345|doi=10.1016/j.dsr2.2010.11.009|bibcode=2011DSRII..58.1336S}}</ref> Fresh melt water released at depth is lighter, and therefore more buoyant, than the surrounding seawater causing it to rise towards the surface.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Icebergs can also act as floating [[Breakwater (structure)|breakwaters]], impacting ocean waves.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ardhuin|first1=Fabrice|last2=Tournadre|first2=Jean|last3=Queffeulou|first3=Pierre|last4=Girard-Ardhuin|first4=Fanny|last5=Collard|first5=Fabrice|date=January 2011|title=Observation and parameterization of small icebergs: Drifting breakwaters in the southern ocean|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S146350031100062X|journal=Ocean Modelling|language=en|volume=39|issue=3–4|pages=405–410|doi=10.1016/j.ocemod.2011.03.004|bibcode=2011OcMod..39..405A}}</ref>

Icebergs contain variable concentrations of nutrients and minerals that are released into the ocean during melting.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Duprat|first1=Luis P. A. M.|last2=Bigg|first2=Grant R.|last3=Wilton|first3=David J.|date=March 2016|title=Enhanced Southern Ocean marine productivity due to fertilization by giant icebergs|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2633|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=219–221|doi=10.1038/ngeo2633|bibcode=2016NatGe...9..219D|issn=1752-0894}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last1=Hopwood|first1=Mark J.|last2=Carroll|first2=Dustin|last3=Höfer|first3=Juan|last4=Achterberg|first4=Eric P.|last5=Meire|first5=Lorenz|last6=Le Moigne|first6=Frédéric A. C.|last7=Bach|first7=Lennart T.|last8=Eich|first8=Charlotte|last9=Sutherland|first9=David A.|last10=González|first10=Humberto E.|date=December 2019|title=Highly variable iron content modulates iceberg-ocean fertilisation and potential carbon export|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=5261|doi=10.1038/s41467-019-13231-0|issn=2041-1723|pmc=6868171|pmid=31748607|bibcode=2019NatCo..10.5261H}}</ref> Iceberg-derived nutrients, particularly the iron contained in sediments, can fuel blooms of phytoplankton.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=Shuang-Ye|last2=Hou|first2=Shugui|date=2017-03-17|title=Impact of icebergs on net primary productivity in the Southern Ocean|url=https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/11/707/2017/|journal=The Cryosphere|language=en|volume=11|issue=2|pages=707–722|doi=10.5194/tc-11-707-2017|bibcode=2017TCry...11..707W|issn=1994-0424|doi-access=free}}</ref> Samples collected from icebergs in Antarctica, Patagonia, Greenland, Svalbard, and Iceland, however, show that iron concentrations vary significantly,<ref name=":7" /> complicating efforts to generalize the impacts of icebergs on marine ecosystems.

==Recent large icebergs==
[[File:Iceberg A-38.jpg|thumb|The [[Ice calving|calving]] of Iceberg A-38 off [[Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf]]]][[Iceberg B15]] calved from the [[Ross Ice Shelf]] in 2000 and initially had an area of {{convert|11000|km2|mi2}}. It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, [[Iceberg B-15A]], with an area of {{convert|3000|km2|mi2}}, was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces October 27, 2005, an event that was observed by seismographs both on the iceberg and across Antarctica.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Martin|first1=Seelye|last2=Drucker|first2=Robert|last3=Aster|first3=Richard|last4=Davey|first4=Fred|last5=Okal|first5=Emile|last6=Scambos|first6=Ted|last7=MacAyeal|first7=Douglas|year=2010|title=Kinematic and seismic analysis of giant tabular iceberg breakup at Cape Adare, Antarctica|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=115|issue=B6|pages=B06311|bibcode=2010JGRB..115.6311M|doi=10.1029/2009JB006700|doi-access=|s2cid=16420188}}</ref> It has been hypothesized that this breakup may also have been abetted by ocean swell generated by an [[Alaska]]n storm 6 days earlier and {{convert|13500|km|mi}} away.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alaskan storm cracks giant iceberg to pieces in faraway Antarctica|url=http://www.physorg.com/news79026480.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=MacAyeal|first1=Douglas R|last2=Okal|first2=Emile A|last3=Aster|first3=Richard C|last4=Bassis|first4=Jeremy N|last5=Brunt|first5=Kelly M|last6=Cathles|first6=L. Mac|last7=Drucker|first7=Robert|last8=Fricker|first8=Helen A|last9=Kim|first9=Young-Jin|last10=Martin|first10=Seelye|last11=Okal|first11=Marianne H|year=2006|title=Transoceanic wave propagation links iceberg calving margins of Antarctica with storms in tropics and Northern Hemisphere|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=33|issue=17|pages=L17502|bibcode=2006GeoRL..3317502M|doi=10.1029/2006GL027235|doi-access=free|last13=Sponsler|first13=Mark P|last14=Thom|first14=Jonathan E|first12=Olga V|last12=Sergienko}}</ref>
*1987, [[Iceberg B-9]], {{convert|5390|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
*1998, [[Iceberg A-38]], about {{convert|6900|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=6831|work=Visible Earth|title=Iceberg A-38B off South Georgia|access-date=2011-03-09|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005164529/http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=6831|archive-date=2008-10-05}}</ref>
*1999, [[Iceberg B-17B]] {{convert|140|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, [[sea lane|shipping]] alert issued December 2009.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna34380916|title=Shipping alert issued over giant iceberg|newspaper=Associated Press|date=December 11, 2009}}</ref>
*2000, [[Iceberg B-15]] {{convert|11000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
*2002, [[Iceberg C-19]], {{convert|5500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
*2002, [[Thwaites Glacier#Thwaites Glacier Tongue|Iceberg B-22]], {{convert|5490|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
*2003 broke off, [[Iceberg B-15]]A, {{convert|3100|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
*2006, [[Iceberg D-16]], {{convert|120|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}
*2010, Ice sheet, {{convert|100|sqmi|km2|abbr=on|order=flip}}, broken off of [[Petermann Glacier]] in northern Greenland on August 5, 2010, considered to be the largest Arctic iceberg since 1962.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10900235|title=Huge ice sheet breaks from Greenland glacier|publisher=BBC|access-date=2011-03-09|date=2010-08-07}}</ref> About a month later, this iceberg split into two pieces upon crashing into Joe Island in the [[Nares Strait]] next to Greenland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aolnews.com/2010/09/11/giant-ice-island-splits-near-greenland/|title=Massive Iceberg Crashes into Island, Splits in Two|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310053924/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/09/11/giant-ice-island-splits-near-greenland/|archive-date=2011-03-10}}</ref> In June 2011, large fragments of the Petermann Ice Islands were observed off the Labrador coast.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/massive-ice-island-heading-for-southern-labrador-1.1105031|title=Massive ice island heading for southern Labrador | work=CBC News | date=2011-06-23}}</ref>
*2014, [[Iceberg B-31]], {{convert|615|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, 2014<ref>{{cite news|author=Lendon |first=Brad |date=22 April 2014 |title=Iceberg is twice the size of Atlanta |url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/22/world/asia/antarctic-iceberg/index.html?hpt=hp_t1 |work=CNN}}</ref>
*2017, [[Iceberg A-68]], (Larsen C) {{convert|5800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name="IcebergA68">{{cite news|title=Iceberg four times the size of London breaks off from Antarctica ice shelf|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/07/12/iceberg-four-times-size-london-breaks-antarctica-ice-shelf/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/07/12/iceberg-four-times-size-london-breaks-antarctica-ice-shelf/ |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2017|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*2018, [[Iceberg B-46]], {{convert|225|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name='NASA'>{{cite web|title=Pine Island Glacier Quickly Drops Another Iceberg|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/144212/pine-island-glacier-quickly-drops-another-iceberg|work=Nasa Earth Observatory|date=8 November 2018|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>
*2019, [[Iceberg D-28]], {{convert|1636|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref name='IcebergD28'>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/01/giant-iceberg-breaks-off-east-antarctica|title=Giant iceberg breaks off east Antarctica|last=Cox|first=Lisa|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 September 2019|access-date=1 September 2019|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*2021, [[Iceberg A-74]] from the [[Brunt Ice Shelf]], {{convert|1270|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bas.ac.uk/media-post/brunt-ice-shelf-in-antarctica-calves/ | title=Brunt Ice Shelf in Antarctica calves | date=26 February 2021 | publisher=[[British Antarctic Survey]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://usicecenter.gov/PressRelease/IcebergA74 | title=Iceberg A-74 Calves from the Brunt Ice Shelf in the Weddell Sea | author=LT Falon M. Essary | date=1 March 2021 | publisher=U.S. National Ice Center}}</ref>
*2021, [[Iceberg A-76]] from the [[Ronne Ice Shelf]], {{convert|4320|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/19/world/iceberg-a-76-antarctica-intl/index.html | title=World's largest iceberg breaks off from Antarctica | date=19 May 2021 | publisher=[[CNN.com]]}}</ref>

== In culture and metaphorical use==
[[File:Albert Bierstadt - The_Iceberg.jpg|thumb|alt=Painting of an large iceberg and a small skiff in the foreground|[[Albert Bierstadt]]'s painting ''The Iceberg'']]

One of the most infamous icebergs in history is the [[Iceberg that sank the Titanic|iceberg that sank the ''Titanic'']]. The catastrophe led to the establishment of an [[International Ice Patrol]] shortly afterwards. Icebergs in both the northern and southern hemispheres have often been compared in size to multiples of the {{convert|59.1|km2|sqmi}}-area of [[Manhattan Island]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/14/europe/greenland-arctic-ice-shelf-intl/index.html|title=A chunk of ice twice the size of Manhattan has broken off Greenland in the last two years|author=Zamira Rahim|publisher=CNN|date=September 14, 2020|access-date=September 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/an-iceberg-30-times-the-size-of-manhattan-is-about-to-b-1832764641|title=An Iceberg 30 Times the Size of Manhattan Is About to Break Off Antarctica|author=Maddie Stone|website=[[Gizmodo]]|date=February 21, 2019|access-date=September 3, 2023|archive-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051022/https://earther.gizmodo.com/an-iceberg-30-times-the-size-of-manhattan-is-about-to-b-1832764641|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11|title=An iceberg 5 times bigger than Manhattan just broke off from Antarctica|author=Lorraine Chow|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 1, 2018|access-date=October 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027051017/https://www.businessinsider.com/iceberg-bigger-manhattan-broke-antarctica-2018-11|archive-date=October 27, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/iceberg-70-times-size-manhattan-114459703.html | title=An iceberg about 70 times the size of Manhattan broke off from Antarctica, creating the world's largest iceberg | date=20 May 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/04/americas/worlds-biggest-iceberg-a68a-intl/index.html | title=An iceberg 80 times the size of Manhattan could destroy a fragile South Atlantic ecosystem }}</ref>

Artists have used icebergs as the subject matter for their paintings. [[Frederic Edwin Church]], ''[[The Icebergs]]'', 1861 was painted from sketches Church completed on a boat trip off Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Icebergs |url=https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719235827/https://dma.org/art/collection/object/4171219 |archive-date=July 19, 2023 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=Dallas Museum of Art}}</ref> [[Caspar David Friedrich]], ''[[The Sea of Ice]],'' 1823–1824 is a polar landscape with an iceberg and ship wreck depicting the dangers of such conditions''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Online Collection - Caspar David Friedrich, The Sea of Ice, 1823/24 |url=https://online-sammlung.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/en/objekt/HK-1051 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122857/https://online-sammlung.hamburger-kunsthalle.de/en/objekt/HK-1051 |archive-date=September 22, 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=Hamburger Kunsthalle |language=German}}</ref> [[William Bradford (painter)|William Bradford]] created detailed paintings of sailing ships set in arctic coasts and was fascinated by icebergs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Overeem |first=Irina |date=January 28, 2018 |title=Full article/ William Bradford/ Sailing Ships and Arctic Seas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430%282003%29035%5B0541%3ABR%5D2.0.CO%3B2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426024031/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0541%3ABR]2.0.CO%3B2 |archive-date=April 26, 2022 |access-date=March 7, 2024 |journal=Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research|volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=541 |doi=10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0541:BR]2.0.CO;2 |issn=1523-0430 }}</ref> [[Albert Bierstadt]] made studies on arctic trips aboard steamships in 1883 and 1884 that were the basis of his paintings of arctic scenes with colossal icebergs made in the studio.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902), Icebergs |url=https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308004355/https://www.christies.com.cn/en/lot/lot-6134527 |archive-date=March 8, 2024 |access-date=March 8, 2024 |website=Christie's}}</ref>

American poet, [[Lydia Sigourney]], wrote the poem [[:s:Poems_for_the_Sea/Icebergs|"Icebergs"]]. While on a return journey from Europe in 1841, her steamship encountered a field of icebergs overnight, during an [[Aurora Borealis]]. The ship made it through unscathed to the next morning, when the sun rose and "touched the crowns, Of all those arctic kings".<ref>{{cite book |last=Sigourney |first=Lydia |author-link=Lydia Sigourney |chapter=[[:s:Poems_for_the_Sea/Icebergs|Icebergs]] |title=[[:s:Poems for the Sea|Poems for the Sea]] |year=1850 |publisher=H. S. Parsons & Company}}</ref>

Because much of an iceberg is below the water's surface and not readily visible, the expression "tip of [an] iceberg" is often used to illustrate that what is visible or addressable is a small part of a larger unseen issue. [[Metaphor]]ical references to icebergs include the [[iceberg theory]] or theory of omission in writing adopted, for example, by [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[Sigmund Freud]]'s iceberg model of the [[psyche (psychology)|psyche]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Heffner|first=Christopher|title=Freud's Structural and Topographical Models of Personality|url=http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html|website=Psychology 101|access-date=5 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110913161450/http://allpsych.com/psychology101/ego.html|archive-date=13 September 2011}}</ref> the "behavioural iceberg",<ref>[[London Borough of Bromley]]: Bromley Parenting Hub, [https://www.bromley.gov.uk/downloads/file/2837/activity-7-the-behavioural-iceberg Activity #07: The behavioural iceberg], published in October 2021, accessed on 22 April 2025</ref> and models analysing the frequencies of accidents and underlying errors.<ref>Wright, L., "[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=ceb4444ee545cfd17906aa9947ba4f252dafc3f7#page=157 Towards an Empirical Test of the Iceberg Model"] in the Proceedings of the [[European Commission Joint Research Centre]]'s EAM 2000, 19th European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, Ispra, 26-28 June 2000, pages 145-152, accessed on 22 April 2025</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Oceans}}
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[List of recorded icebergs by area]]
* [[Drifting ice station]]
* [[Ice calving]]
* [[Sea ice]]
* [[Polar ice cap]]
* [[Polar ice pack (disambiguation)]]
* [[Polynya]]
* [[Seabed gouging by ice]]
* [[Shelf ice]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons and category|Iceberg}}
*[http://www.icebergfinder.com/ Iceberg Finder Service] for east coast of Canada
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090826010509/http://www.solcomhouse.com/iceberg.htm Icebergs of The Arctic and Antarctic]
*{{Wikisource-inline|Iceberg}}

{{Ice |expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bodies of ice]]
[[Category:Icebergs|*]]
[[Category:Ice in transportation]]
[[Category:Oceanographical terminology]]
[[Category:Snow or ice weather phenomena]]
[[Category:Water ice]]