Editing Ice skating

{{short description|Self-propulsion of a person over ice, wearing bladed skates}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Skating, man, woman, ice-skating rink, winter, smile, free time Fortepan 14348.jpg|thumb|Outdoor ice skaters in 1925|260x260px]]
[[File:DBP_1994_Tag_der_Briefmarke.jpg|thumb|A postman in Germany during the winter of 1900 (stamp from 1994)|173x173px]]
'''Ice skating''' is the [[self-propulsion]] and gliding of a person across an [[ice]] surface, using metal-bladed [[ice skate]]s. People skate for various reasons, including recreation (fun), exercise, competitive sports, and [[commuting]]. Ice skating may be performed on naturally frozen bodies of water, such as ponds, lakes, canals, and rivers, and on human-made ice surfaces both indoors and outdoors.

Natural ice surfaces used by skaters can accommodate a variety of winter sports which generally require an enclosed area, but are also used by skaters who need [[Ice rink#Tracks and trails|ice tracks and trails]] for [[Tour skating|distance skating]] and [[speed skating]]. Man-made ice surfaces include [[ice rink]]s, [[ice hockey rink]]s, [[bandy field]]s, ice tracks required for the sport of [[ice cross downhill]], and [[arena]]s.

Various formal sports involving ice skating have emerged since the 19th century. [[Ice hockey]], [[bandy]], [[rinkball]], and [[ringette]] are team sports played with, respectively, a flat sliding puck, a ball, and a rubber ring. [[Synchronized skating]] is a unique artistic team sport derived from [[figure skating]]. Figure skating, [[ice cross downhill]], [[speed skating]], and [[barrel jumping]] (a discipline of speed skating) are among the sporting disciplines for individuals.

==History==
===Early history of ice skating===
[[File:SCENEONICE.jpg|thumb|''Skating fun'' by 17th century Dutch painter Hendrick Avercamp|200x200px]]Research suggests that the earliest ice skating happened in southern [[Finland]] more than 4,000 years ago. This was done to save energy during winter journeys. True skating emerged when a steel blade with sharpened edges was used. Skates now cut into the ice instead of gliding on top of it. The [[Netherlands|Dutch]] added edges to [[ice skate]]s in the 13th or 14th century. These ice skates were made of steel, with sharpened edges on the bottom to aid movement.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brokaw |first=Irving |title=The Art of Skating: Its History and Development, with Practical Directions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ |year=1910 |publisher=Letchworth at the Arden Press & Fetter Lane |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12 12] |access-date=6 May 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413055940/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8lMAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The fundamental construction of modern ice skates has stayed largely the same since then, although differing greatly in the details, particularly in the method of binding and the shape and construction of the steel blades. In the [[Netherlands]], ice skating was considered proper for all classes of people, as shown in many pictures from [[Dutch Golden Age painter]]s.

Ice skating was also practiced in China during the [[Song dynasty]], and became popular among the ruling family of the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name=pdo130220/> Ancient ice skates, made of animal bones, were found at the bronze age Gaotai Ruins in [[North West China|north west China]], and are estimated to be likely 3,500 years old. Archeologists say these ancient skates are "clear evidence for communication between [[China]] and [[Europe]]" in the [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age era]], as they are very similar to bone skates unearthed in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Animal Bone Ice Skates Dating Back 3,500 Years Found In China |url=https://www.iflscience.com/animal-bone-ice-skates-dating-back-3-500-years-found-in-china-67780 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=IFLScience |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Tom Metcalfe |date=2023-03-07 |title=Bronze Age ice skates with bone blades discovered in China |url=https://www.livescience.com/bronze-age-ice-skates-with-bone-blades-discovered-in-china |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Rising popularity and first clubs===
[[File:Reverend Robert Walker (1755 - 1808) Skating on Duddingston Loch.jpg|thumb|''[[The Skating Minister]]'' by [[Henry Raeburn]], depicting a member of the [[Edinburgh Skating Club]] in the 1790s|208x208px]]
In England "the London boys" had improvised butcher's bones as skates since the 12th century.  Skating on metal skates seems to have arrived in England at the same time as the [[garden canal]], with the [[English Restoration]] in 1660, after the king and court returned from an exile largely spent in the Netherlands.  In London the ornamental "canal" in  [[St James's Park]] was the main centre until the 19th century.  Both [[Samuel Pepys]] and [[John Evelyn]], the two leading diarists of the day, saw it on the "new canal" there on 1 December 1662, the first time Pepys had ever seen it ("a very pretty art").  Then it was "performed before their Majesties and others, by diverse gentlemen and others, with scheets after the manner of the Hollanders".  Two weeks later, on 15 December 1662, Pepys accompanied the Duke of York, later King [[James II of England|James II]], on a skating outing: "To the Duke, and followed him in the Park, when, though the ice was broken, he would go slide upon his skates, which I did not like; but he slides very well."   In 1711 [[Jonathan Swift]] still thinks the sport might be unfamiliar to [[Esther Johnson|his "Stella"]], writing to her: "Delicate walking weather; and the Canal and Rosamund's Pond full of the rabble and with skates, ''if you know what that is''."<ref>[[Jacob Larwood|Larwood, Jacob]], ''St. James's Park'', Vol. 2 of ''The Story of the London Parks'', 118-119, 1872, Hotwood, [https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEHAAAAQAAJ&dq=skating+St+James's+Park+canal&pg=PA118 google books] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413055955/https://books.google.com/books?id=pxEHAAAAQAAJ&dq=skating+St+James%27s+Park+canal&pg=PA118 |date=13 April 2023 }}.  Larwood notes that  Rosamund's Pond was also in St James's Park, see pp. 85 (map), 87.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Adams |first=Mary Louise |title=The manly history of a 'girls' sport': Gender, class and the development of nineteenth-century figure skating |journal=International Journal of the History of Sport |year=2007 |volume=24 |issue=7 |pages=872–838 |doi=10.1080/09523360701311752 |s2cid=143833638 |via=Taylor & Francis}}</ref>

The first organised [[figure skating club|skating club]] was the [[Edinburgh Skating Club]], formed in the 1740s; some claim the club was established as early as 1642.<ref name="skating">"In The Beginning...", ''Skating'' magazine, Jun 1970</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceskating.org.uk/about-ice-skating |title=A Brief History of Ice and the National Ice Skating Association of Great Britain |last=Bird |first=Denis L. |publisher=[[British Ice Skating|NISA]] |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005170117/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/about-ice-skating |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/figure-skating |title=Figure Skating |date=2011 |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726173625/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/figure-skating |url-status=live }}</ref>[[File:Adam van Breen, Skating on the Frozen Amstel River, 1611, NGA 150754.jpg|thumb|Adam van Breen, ''Skating on the Frozen Amstel River'', 1611, [[National Gallery of Art]]|201x201px|left]]An early contemporary reference to the club appeared in the second edition (1783) of the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]:

{{Blockquote|The metropolis of Scotland has produced more instances of elegant skaters than perhaps any country whatever: and the institution of a skating club about 40 years ago has contributed not a little to the improvement of this elegant amusement.<ref name="skating"/>}}[[File:Z zabawy na lodzie odbytej d. 26 lutego r. b. - Rysował C. Jankowski (59016).jpg|thumb|Ice skating party in [[Warsaw]] in the 1880s|235x235px]]From this description and others, it is apparent that the form of skating practiced by club members was indeed an early form of [[figure skating]] rather than [[speed skating]]. For admission to the club, candidates had to pass a skating test where they performed a complete circle on either foot (e.g., a [[compulsory figures|figure eight]]), and then jumped over first one hat, then two and three, placed over each other on the ice.<ref name="skating" />

On the [[Continental Europe|Continent]], participation in ice skating was limited to members of the upper classes. Emperor [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Rudolf II]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] enjoyed ice skating so much, he had a large ice carnival constructed in his court in order to popularise the sport. King [[Louis XVI]] of France brought ice skating to [[Paris]] during his reign. [[Madame de Pompadour]], [[Napoleon I]], [[Napoleon III]], and the [[House of Stuart]] were, among others, royal and upper-class fans of ice skating.

The next skating club to be established was in [[London]] and was not founded until 1830.<ref name="skating"/> Members wore a silver skate hanging from their buttonhole and met on The Serpentine, [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] on 27 December 1830.<ref>{{cite news|title= Skaiting Club|newspaper= Bristol Mirror|date= 1 January 1831|page= 1}}</ref>
By the mid-19th century, ice skating was a popular pastime among the British upper and middle classes. [[Queen Victoria]] became acquainted with her future husband, [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], through a series of ice skating trips.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.followthebrownsigns.com/ice-skating/ |title=Ice Skating |website=followthebrownsigns.com |access-date=28 October 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028155237/http://www.followthebrownsigns.com/ice-skating/ |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Albert continued to skate after their marriage and on falling through the ice was once rescued by Victoria and a lady in waiting from a stretch of water in the grounds of [[Buckingham Palace]].<ref>{{cite news|title= British News|newspaper= The Atlas |date= 13 February 1841|page= 5}}</ref>

[[File:Glaciarium Ice Rink.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of the [[Glaciarium]] in 1876|200x200px]]Early attempts at the construction of artificial ice rinks were made during the "rink mania" of 1841–44. As the technology for the maintenance of natural ice did not exist, these early rinks used a substitute consisting of a mixture of hog's [[lard]] and various salts. An item in the 8 May 1844 issue of Littell's 'Living Age' headed the '[[Glaciarium]]' reported that "This establishment, which has been removed to Grafton Street East' [[Tottenham Court Road]], was opened on Monday afternoon. The area of artificial ice is extremely convenient for such as may be desirous of engaging in the graceful and manly pastime of skating."
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===Emergence as a sport===
[[File:Fenskaters ronden ton.jpg|thumb|19th-century [[fen skating]]|200x200px]]
Skating became popular as a recreation, a means of transport and spectator sport in [[fen skating|The Fens]] in England for people from all walks of life. Racing was the preserve of workers, most of them agricultural labourers. It is not known when the first skating matches were held, but by the early nineteenth century racing was well established and the results of matches were reported in the press.<ref name="Handbook">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Fen Skating |year=1882 |last1=Goodman |first1=Neville |last2=Goodman |first2=Albert |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookfenskat00goodgoog |ol=25422698M |location=London |access-date=15 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205539/https://archive.org/details/handbookfenskat00goodgoog |archive-date=10 June 2015}}</ref> Skating as a sport developed on the lakes of Scotland and the canals of the [[Netherlands]]. In the 13th and 14th centuries wood was substituted for bone in skate blades, and in 1572 the first iron skates were manufactured.<ref name="Ice Skating">{{cite web |last=Greiff |first=James |title=History of Ice Skating |url=https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ice-skating/ |publisher=[[Scholastic Corporation]] |access-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172243/https://www.scholastic.com/teachers/articles/teaching-content/ice-skating/ |archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> When the waters froze, skating matches were held in towns and villages all over the Fens. In these local matches men (or sometimes women or children) would compete for prizes of money, clothing, or food.<ref name="Cycling, 19 January 1895, p 19">''Cycling'', 19 January 1895, p 19.</ref>

The winners of local matches were invited to take part in the grand or championship matches, in which skaters from across the Fens would compete for cash prizes in front of crowds of thousands. The championship matches took the form of a Welsh main or "last man standing" contest ([[single-elimination tournament]]). The competitors, 16 or sometimes 32, were paired off in heats and the winner of each heat went through to the next round. A course of 660 yards was measured out on the ice, and a barrel with a flag on it placed at either end. For a one-and-a-half-mile race the skaters completed two rounds of the course, with three barrel turns.<ref name="Cycling, 19 January 1895, p 19"/>

[[File:Fen Runners.jpg|thumb|left|Fen runners|200x200px]]
In the Fens, skates were called [[patten (shoe)#Other uses of the term|pattens]], fen runners, or [[Whittlesey]] runners. The footstock was made of [[Beech tree|beechwood]]. A screw at the back was screwed into the heel of the boot, and three small spikes at the front kept the skate steady. There were holes in the footstock for leather straps to fasten it to the foot. The metal blades were slightly higher at the back than the front. In the 1890s, fen skaters started to race in Norwegian style skates.

On Saturday 1 February 1879, a number of professional ice skaters from [[Cambridgeshire]] and [[Huntingdonshire]] met in the Guildhall, Cambridge, to set up the [[National Ice Skating Association|National Skating Association]], the first national ice skating body in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceskating.org.uk/node/6297 |title=The History of Long Track Speed Skating |publisher=[[British Ice Skating|NISA]] |date=18 July 2014 |url-status=dead<!--deleted, not moved--> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028175114/https://www.iceskating.org.uk/node/6297 |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The founding committee consisted of several landowners, a vicar, a fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], a magistrate, two members of parliament, the mayor of [[Cambridge]], the Lord Lieutenant of Cambridge, journalist James Drake Digby, the president of [[Cambridge University]] Skating Club, and Neville Goodman, a graduate of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]] (and son of [[Potto Brown]]'s milling partner, Joseph Goodman).<ref name="Bird">DL Bird 1979 ''Our Skating Heritage''. London.</ref> The newly formed Association held their first one-and-a-half-mile British professional championship at Thorney in December 1879.

===Figure skating===
{{Main|Figure skating}}
[[File:Jackson Haines.png|thumb|Jackson Haines|291x291px]]
[[File:NSAPINY9 EXTR.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Central Park]], Winter – The Skating Pond'', 1862 lithograph by [[Currier and Ives]]|200x200px]]
The first instructional book concerning ice skating was published in London in 1772. The book titled ''The Art of Figure Skating'', written by a British artillery lieutenant, Robert Jones, describes basic [[figure skating]] forms such as circles and figure eights. The book was written solely for men, as women did not normally ice skate in the late 18th century. It was with the publication of this manual that ice skating split into its two main disciplines, speed skating and figure skating.

The founder of modern figure skating as it is known today was [[Jackson Haines]], an American. He was the first skater to incorporate ballet and dance movements into his skating, as opposed to focusing on tracing patterns on the ice. Haines also invented the [[sit spin]] and developed a shorter, curved blade for figure skating that allowed for easier turns. He was also the first to wear blades that were permanently attached to the boot.

The [[International Skating Union]] was founded in 1892 as the first international ice skating organisation in [[Scheveningen]], in the Netherlands. The Union created the first codified set of figure skating rules and governed international competition in speed and figure skating. The first Championship, known as the Championship of the Internationale Eislauf-Vereinigung, was held in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 1896. The event had four competitors and was won by [[Gilbert Fuchs]].<ref>Hines, p.75</ref>
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=={{anchor|Physics}} Physical mechanics of skating==

A skate can glide over ice because there is a layer of ice molecules on the surface that are not as tightly bound as the molecules of the mass of ice beneath. These molecules are in a semiliquid state, providing lubrication. The molecules in this "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer are less mobile than liquid water, but are much more mobile than the molecules deeper in the ice. At about {{convert|-250|F|order=flip}} the slippery layer is one molecule thick; as the temperature increases the slippery layer becomes thicker.<ref name=nyt060221/><ref name=SS97/><ref name=PPG121223/><ref name=explorat/><ref name=SN9612/>

It had long been believed that ice is slippery because the pressure of an object in contact with it causes a thin layer to melt. The hypothesis was that the blade of an ice skate, exerting pressure on the ice, melts a thin layer, providing lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation, called "[[Pressure melting point|pressure melting]]", originated in the 19th century. (See [[Regelation]].) Pressure melting could not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than −3.5&nbsp;°C, whereas skaters often skate on lower-temperature ice.<ref name=PT0512/>

In the 20th century, an alternative explanation, called "[[friction]] melting", proposed by Lozowski, Szilder, Le Berre, [[Yves Pomeau|Pomeau]], and others showed that because of the [[viscosity|viscous]] frictional heating, a macroscopic layer of melt ice is in-between the ice and the skate. With this they fully explained the low friction with nothing else but macroscopic physics, whereby the frictional heat generated between skate and ice melts a layer of ice.<ref name=Lozowski/><ref name=Berre/><ref name=Scipost/> This is a self-stabilizing mechanism of skating. If by fluctuation the friction gets high, the layer grows in thickness and lowers the friction, and if it gets low, the layer decreases in thickness and increases the friction. The friction generated in the sheared layer of water between skate and ice grows as ''√V'' with ''V'' the velocity of the skater, such that for low velocities the friction is also low.

Whatever the origin of the water layer, skating is more destructive than simply gliding. A skater leaves a visible trail behind on virgin ice and skating rinks have to be regularly resurfaced to improve the skating conditions. It means that the [[deformation (engineering)|deformation]] caused by the skate is plastic rather than elastic. The skate ploughs through the ice in particular due to the sharp edges. [[J.M.J. van Leeuwen|Van Leeuwen]] proposed that another component has to be added to the friction: the "ploughing friction".<ref name=Scipost/><ref name=EPN/> The calculated frictions are of the same order as the measured frictions in real skating in a rink.<ref name=Koning/> The ploughing friction decreases with the velocity ''V'', since the pressure in the water layer increases with V and lifts the skate ([[aquaplaning]]). As a result the sum of the water-layer friction and the ploughing friction only increases slightly with ''V'', making skating at high speeds (>90&nbsp;km/h) possible.

==Inherent safety risks==
[[File:Ice Skating (12).jpg|thumb|Adult and child ice skating]]
A person's ability to ice skate depends on the roughness of the ice, the design of the ice skate, and the skill and experience of the skater. While serious injury is rare, a number of [[short track speed skating|short track speed skaters]] have been [[paralysis|paralysed]] after a heavy fall when they collided with the boarding. A fall can be fatal if a [[helmet]] is not worn to protect against severe [[head injury]]. Accidents are rare but there is a risk of injury from collisions, particularly during hockey games or in [[pair skating]].

A significant danger when skating outdoors on a frozen body of water is falling through the ice into the freezing water underneath. Death can result from [[cold shock response|shock]], [[hypothermia]], or [[drowning]]. It is often difficult or impossible for the skater to climb out of the water, due to the weight of their ice skates and thick winter clothing, and the ice repeatedly breaking as they struggle to get back onto the surface. Also, if the skater becomes disoriented under the water, they might not be able to find the hole in the ice through which they have fallen. Although this can prove fatal, it is also possible for the rapid cooling to produce a condition in which a person can be revived up to hours after falling into the water. Experts have warned not to ice skate alone, and also warned parents not to leave children unattended on a frozen body of water.

==Communal activities on ice==
[[File:Ice skating on the Maumee River - DPLA - b8f4ed1d5efee68b00420d4e4b6a782f (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Ice skaters on the Maumee River in Toledo, Ohio, 1890s]]
A number of recreational and sporting activities take place on ice:

===Ice skating===

* [[Fen skating]] – a traditional form of ice skating in the [[The Fens|Fenland]] of England which involved skating races and matches held in towns and villages all over the Fens
* [[Tour skating]] – recreational and competitive long-distance skating outdoors on open areas of natural ice
* [[Speed skating]] – competitive form of ice skating in which contenders race over fixed distances, short track and long track versions
* [[Barrel jumping]] – a speed skating discipline in which skaters jump over a length of multiple barrels<ref>{{cite web |title=World Barrel Jumping Championships 1958 |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/world-barrel-jumping-championships |publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathé]] |access-date=7 December 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202211/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/world-barrel-jumping-championships |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
* [[Figure skating]] – winter sport with multiple disciplines: men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, ice dance, and [[synchronized skating]]
* [[Bandy]] – non-contact team sport similar to ice hockey, but using a bandy ball and played on a large ice field
* [[Ice hockey]] – fast-paced contact team sport, using a vulcanized rubber puck, usually played on a special ice hockey rink
* [[Rink bandy]] – a form of bandy that can be played on a standard ice hockey rink
* [[Rinkball]] – non-contact team sport using a bandy ball with combined elements from bandy and ice hockey
* [[Ringette]] – non-contact team sport using a rubber pneumatic ring instead of a ball or puck
* [[Ice cross downhill]] – competitive extreme sport featuring downhill skating on a walled track

===No skating===
The following sports and games are also played on ice, but players are not required to wear ice skates.

* [[Ice cricket]] - a variant of the English game of cricket played in harsh wintry conditions
* [[Spongee]] – an outdoor team sport which is a non-contact variant of ice hockey played on outdoor ice hockey rinks
* [[Broomball]] – a team sport played on ice hockey rinks using sticks with paddles to propel a ball into the opposing team's net 
* [[Moscow broomball]] – an outdoor team game played using ice hockey equipment and a ball played at the Russian embassy on frozen outdoor courts flooded with water 
* [[Curling]] – a team sport using "rocks" and lanes and a target
* [[Ice stock sport|Ice stock]] – a team sport using lanes and a target
* [[Crokicurl]] – an outdoor team sport using "rocks" on an octagonal playing area with posts and a target

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="160" heights="160" class="center" style="center">
Team L.T.D. Cruising to Victory (16227312684).jpg|[[Ice cross downhill]]<br />(Individual)
File:Kim 2010 Olympic FS.jpg|[[Figure skating]]<br />(Individual, Pairs)
File:Team amber WSSC.jpg|[[Synchronized skating]]<br />(Team)
File:Bandy game 1.jpg|[[Bandy]]<br />(Team)
File:УФХМР 2013.jpg|[[Rink bandy]]<br />(Team)
File:Stephen Weiss.jpg|[[Ice hockey]]<br />(Team)
File:Atlantic Attack Ringette Team.jpg|[[Ringette]]<br /> (Team)
File:Langfardsskridskoakning.jpg|[[Tour skating]]<br />(Individual)
File:Fenskaters ronden ton.jpg|[[Fen skating]]<br /> (Individual)
Paulien van Deutekom (08-12-2007).jpg|[[Speed skating]]<br /> (Individual)
File:Saguenay 500m.jpg|[[Short track speed skating]]<br />(Individual, Team Relay)
File:Black Forest Village (NBY 417446).jpg|[[Barrel jumping]]<br /> (Individual)

</gallery>

===Videos===
<gallery widths="160" heights="160" class="center" style="center">
File:Eislaufen 01.ogg|Ice skater on [[Lake Neusiedl]].
File:Skating in Central Park Frank-S.-Armitage-American-Mutoscope-And-Biograph-1900.ogv|''Skating in Central Park'' (1900), one minute silent film by Frank S. Armitage. [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].
File:Wereldkampioenschappen schaatsen.ogv|Documentary on the World Championship Skating for Women at [[Helsinki]] in 1971.
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Fen skating]]
* [[Ice resurfacer]]
* [[Kite ice skating]]
* [[Lidwina]], [[patron saint]] of ice skaters

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=PT0512>{{cite journal |url=http://lptms.u-psud.fr/membres/trizac/Ens/L3FIP/Ice.pdf |title=Why is ice slippery? |first=Robert |last=Rosenberg |journal=[[Physics Today]] |volume=58 |issue=12 |pages=50–54 |date=December 2005 |access-date=15 February 2009 |doi=10.1063/1.2169444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223210434/http://lptms.u-psud.fr/membres/trizac/Ens/L3FIP/Ice.pdf |archive-date=23 February 2014 |bibcode=2005PhT....58l..50R}}</ref>
<ref name=Scipost>{{cite journal |url=https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.3.6.042 |title=Skating on slippery ice |first=J.M.J. |last=van Leeuwen |author-link=Hans van Leeuwen (physicist) |journal=SciPost Physics |volume=03 |issue=6 |pages=043 |date=23 December 2017 |doi=10.21468/SciPostPhys.3.6.042 |arxiv=1706.08278 |bibcode=2017ScPP....3...42V |s2cid=54066700 |access-date=25 March 2019 |archive-date=6 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506015426/https://scipost.org/SciPostPhys.3.6.042 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=EPN>{{cite journal |title=Skating on slippery ice |first1=T.H. |last1=Oosterkamp |first2=T. |last2=Boudewijn |first3=J.M.J. |last3=van Leeuwen |journal=Europhysics News |volume=50 |pages=28–32 |date=12 February 2019 |issue=1 |doi=10.1051/epn/2019104 |bibcode=2019ENews..50a..28O |doi-access=free|hdl=1887/80098 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
<ref name=Lozowski>{{cite journal |title=Derivation and new analysis of a hydrodynamic model of speed skate ice friction |first1=E.P. |last1=Lozowski |first2=K. |last2=Szilder |journal=International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering |volume=23 |pages=104 |date=June 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=Berre>{{cite journal |title=Theory of ice-skating |first1=M. |last1=Le Berre |first2=Y. |last2=Pomeau |journal=International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics |volume=75 |pages=77–86 |date=October 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2015.02.004|arxiv=1502.00323 |bibcode=2015IJNLM..75...77L |s2cid=119278597 }}</ref>
<ref name=Koning>{{cite journal |title=Ice friction during speed skating. |first1=J.J. |last1=de Koning |first2=G. |last2=de Groot |first3=G.J. |last3=van Ingen Schenau |journal=Journal of Biomechanics |volume=25 |issue=6 |pages=565–571 |date=June 1992 |doi=10.1016/0021-9290(92)90099-m |pmid=1517252}}</ref>
<ref name=pdo130220>{{cite news |url=http://en.people.cn/102774/8135494.html |title='Imperial' ice skating|work=People's Daily Online |date=20 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317003728/http://en.people.cn/102774/8135494.html |archive-date=17 March 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=nyt060221>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html |title=Explaining Ice: The Answers Are Slippery |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 February 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211055112/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/21/science/21ice.html?pagewanted=all |archive-date=11 December 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=SS97>{{cite journal |title=Molecular surface structure of ice(0001): dynamical low-energy electron diffraction, total-energy calculations and molecular dynamics simulations |journal=Surface Science |volume=381 |issue=2–3 |pages=190–210 |date=10 June 1997 |first=G.A. |last=Somorjai |quote=Most studies so far were performed at temperatures well above 240&nbsp;K (−33&nbsp;°C) and report the presence of a liquid or quasiliquid layer on ice. Those studies that went below this temperature do not suggest a liquid-like layer. |doi=10.1016/S0039-6028(97)00090-3 |bibcode=1997SurSc.381..190M}}</ref>
<ref name=PPG121223>{{cite news |url=https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2012/12/23/Pitt-physics-professor-explains-the-science-of-skating-across-the-ice/stories/201212230227 |title=Pitt physics professor explains the science of skating across the ice |first=Mark |last=Roth |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=23 December 2012 |quote=It used to be thought ... that the reason skaters can glide gracefully across the ice is because the pressure they exert on the sharp blades creates a thin layer of liquid on top of the ice... More recent research has shown, though, that this property isn't why skaters can slide on the ice... It turns out that at the very surface of the ice, water molecules exist in a state somewhere between a pure liquid and a pure solid. ''It's not exactly water – but it's like water. The atoms in this layer are 100,000 times more mobile than the atoms [deeper] in the ice, but they're still 25 times less mobile than atoms in water. So it's like proto-water, and that's what we're really skimming on.'' |access-date=15 July 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715060239/https://www.post-gazette.com/local/city/2012/12/23/Pitt-physics-professor-explains-the-science-of-skating-across-the-ice/stories/201212230227 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref name=explorat>{{cite web |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/hockey/ice2.html |title=Slippery All the Time |publisher=[[Exploratorium]] |quote=Professor Somorjai's findings indicate that ice itself is slippery. You don't need to melt the ice to skate on it, or need a layer of water as a lubricant to help slide along the ice... the "quasi-fluid" or "water-like" layer exists on the surface of the ice and may be thicker or thinner depending on temperature. At about 250 degrees below zero Fahrenheit (−157&nbsp;°C), the ice has a slippery layer one molecule thick. As the ice is warmed, the number of these slippery layers increases. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719170256/https://www.exploratorium.edu/hockey/ice2.html |archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=SN9612>{{cite news |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/getting-grip-ice |title=Getting a Grip on Ice |author=Science News Staff |website=Science NOW |date=9 December 1996 |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=2 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202140418/https://www.science.org/content/article/getting-grip-ice |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ice skating}}
{{Wiktionary|ice skating}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190629193459/https://www.skridsko.net/klubbar/data/science.html Skating and Science] (a bibliography)
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Skating|short=x}}

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