Editing I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang

{{short description|1932 film}}
{{about|the 1932 film|the book|I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang
| image          = I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (1932 poster - retouched).png
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Mervyn LeRoy]]
| producer       = [[Hal B. Wallis]]
| screenplay     = [[Howard J. Green]]<br />[[Brown Holmes]]
| based_on       = {{based on|''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!]]''<br>1932 book|[[Robert Elliott Burns|Robert E. Burns]]}}
| starring       = [[Paul Muni]]<br />[[Glenda Farrell]]<br />[[Helen Vinson]]<br />[[Noel Francis]]
| music          = [[Bernhard Kaun]]
| cinematography = [[Sol Polito]]
| editing        = [[William Holmes (film editor)|William Holmes]]
| studio         = [[The Vitaphone Corporation]]
| distributor    = [[Warner Bros.]]
| released       = {{film date|1932|11|10}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Screen Notes|newspaper=New York Times|date=November 10, 1932}}</ref>
| runtime        = 93 minutes
| language       = English
| country        = United States
| budget         = $228,000<ref name="warners">Warner Bros financial information in The William Schaefer Ledger. See Appendix 1, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, (1995) 15:sup1, 1-31 p 13 DOI: 10.1080/01439689508604551</ref>
| gross          = $1,599,000<ref name="warners"/>
}}

'''''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang''''' is a 1932 American [[Pre-Code Hollywood|pre-Code]] [[Crime film|crime]] [[Tragedy|tragedy film]] directed by [[Mervyn LeRoy]] and starring [[Paul Muni]] as a convicted man on a [[chain gang]] who escapes to Chicago. It was released on November 10, 1932. The film received critical acclaim and was nominated for three [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]]s including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Muni.

The film was written by [[Howard J. Green]] and [[Brown Holmes]] from [[Robert Elliott Burns]]'s 1932 autobiography of a similar name ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!]]'' originally serialized in the ''[[True Detective (magazine)|True Detective]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stim.com/Stim-x/8.1/detective/detective-08.1.html|title=True Detective, R.I.P.|first=John|last=Marr|work=Stim.com|access-date=January 26, 2016}}</ref> The true life story was later the basis for the television movie ''[[The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains]]'' (1987) starring [[Val Kilmer]].<ref name="tcm.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/782/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang#articles-reviews |title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang|first=Scott|last=McGee|website=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|publisher=Turner Entertainment Networks, Inc.|date=2014|access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref>

In 1991, the film was selected for preservation in the United States [[National Film Registry]] by the [[Library of Congress]] as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kehr|first=Dave|title=U.S. FILM REGISTRY ADDS 25 'SIGNIFICANT' MOVIES|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-09-26-9103130465-story.html|access-date=November 16, 2020|website=chicagotribune.com|date=September 26, 1991 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot==
White American sergeant James Allen returns to civilian life after [[World War I]]. He has served with distinction, earning a medal from Allied governments for his bravery, but his war experience has made him restless. His mother and [[minister (Christianity)|minister]] brother feel Allen should be grateful for a tedious office clerk job. When he announces that he wants to enter the construction industry and improve society as an engineer, his brother reacts with outrage, but his mother regretfully accepts his ambitions.

He leaves home to find work, but unskilled labor is plentiful, and it is hard for him to find a job. Allen sinks slowly into poverty. In an unnamed Southern state (the events upon which the film was based took place in [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]), Allen visits a diner with an acquaintance, who forces him at gunpoint to participate in a robbery. The police arrive and shoot and kill his friend. Allen panics and attempts to flee but is caught immediately.

Allen is tried and sentenced to [[prison]] with [[hard labor]]. He is quickly exposed to the brutal conditions of life on a [[chain gang]]. The work is agonizing, and the guards are cruel and sadistically whip prisoners for poor performance. Allen makes friends among the gang members, most notably Bomber Wells, an older murderer and chain gang veteran. The two conspire to stage a breakout.

While working on a railroad, Allen receives assistance from Sebastian T. Yale, a powerfully built prisoner who damages Allen's shackles by hammering them with Allen's ankles still inside. The following Monday, while on a "bathroom break," Allen slips out of his chains and runs. Armed guards and [[bloodhounds]] give chase, but Allen evades them by changing clothes and hiding at the bottom of a river. He makes it to a nearby town, where he is given money for a train ticket and a room for the night by one of Bomber's friends.

Allen makes his way to [[Chicago]], where he obtains a job as a manual laborer and uses his knowledge of engineering and construction to rise to a position of importance within a construction company. Along the way, he becomes romantically involved with his landlady, Marie Woods. Allen grows to loathe Marie, but she discovers his secret and [[blackmail]]s him into an unhappy marriage.

Trying to forget his troubles, he attends a high-society party at the invitation of his superiors and meets and falls in love with a younger woman named Helen. Marie betrays him to the authorities when he asks for a divorce. Allen describes the inhumane conditions of the chain gangs to the press, becoming national news. Many common citizens express their disgust with the chain gangs and their sympathy for a reformed man such as Allen, while editorials written by Southerners describe his continued freedom as a violation of "[[state's rights]]."

The governor of [[Illinois]] refuses to release Allen to the custody of the Southern state. Its officials offer Allen a deal: return voluntarily and receive a pardon after 90 days of easy clerical labor. Allen accepts, only to find the proposals were a ruse; he is sent to a chain gang, where he languishes for another year after being denied a pardon.

Reunited with Bomber, Allen decides to escape once more. The two steal a dump truck loaded with [[dynamite]] from a work site. While leaning out of his seat to taunt pursuing guards, Bomber gets shot. He takes some of the dynamite, lights it, and throws it at a police car, causing a minor landslide. Shortly afterward, Bomber falls from the truck and dies, causing Allen to stop the vehicle. Allen then uses more dynamite to blow up a bridge he just crossed, allowing him to make a close escape. Allen makes his way north again, evading a relentless manhunt.

Months later, he visits Helen in Chicago to wish her a permanent goodbye. Tearfully, she asks, "Can't you tell me where you're going? Will you write? Do you need any money?" Allen repeatedly shakes his head as he backs away. Finally, Helen says, "But you must, Jim. How do you live?" Allen's face is barely visible in the surrounding gloom as he replies, "I steal," disappearing into the darkness.

==Cast==
[[File:I Am a Fugitive from a Chain (1932).jpg|thumb|Paul Muni and Glenda Farrell in ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang'' (1932)]]

* [[Paul Muni]] as James Allen
* [[Glenda Farrell]] as Marie
* [[Helen Vinson]] as Helen
* [[Noel Francis]] as Linda
* [[Preston Foster]] as Pete
* [[Allen Jenkins]] as Barney Sykes
* [[Berton Churchill]] as the Judge
* [[Edward Ellis (actor)|Edward Ellis]] as Bomber Wells
* [[David Landau (actor)|David Landau]] as the Warden
* [[Hale Hamilton]] as Rev. Allen
* [[Sally Blane]] as Alice
* [[Louise Carter]] as Mrs. Allen
* [[Jack LaRue]] as Ackerman (uncredited)
* [[Walter Long (actor)|Walter Long]] as Blacksmith (uncredited)
* [[Charles Middleton (actor)|Charles Middleton]] as Train Conductor (uncredited)
* [[Everett Brown]] as Sebastian T. Yale (uncredited)

==Development and production==
The film was based on the book ''[[I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!]]'' (1932) written by [[Robert Elliott Burns]] and published by [[Vanguard Press]].<ref>"[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A03E3DD1431E633A25752C3A9679C946394D6CF A Fugitive From Georgia's Prison System]; ''I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang.'' By Robert E. Burns. Introduction by the Rev. Vincent G. Burns 257 pp. New York: The Vanguard Press.  . ''[[New York Times]]'', January 31, 1932. ''(Retrieved April 28, 2017.)''</ref> The book recounts Burns' service on a chain gang while imprisoned in Georgia in the 1920s, his subsequent escape and the furor that developed. The story was first published in January 1932, and serialized in [[True Detective (magazine)|''True Detective'']] mysteries magazine.

Despite [[Jack L. Warner]]'s and [[Darryl F. Zanuck]]'s interest in adapting Burns's book, the [[Warner Bros.]] story department voted against it with a report that concluded: "[T]his book might make a picture if we had no censorship, but all the strong and vivid points in the story are certain to be eliminated by the present censorship board." The story editor's reasons were mostly related to the story's violence and the uproar that was sure to explode in the Deep South. In the end, Warner and Zanuck had the final say and approved the project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/782/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang/ |access-date=2022-04-11 |website=Turner Classic Movies |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schatz |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFgXCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title=The Genius of the System: Hollywood Filmmaking in the Studio Era |date=2015-06-02 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |isbn=978-1-62779-645-3 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Roy Del Ruth]], the highest-paid director at Warner Bros., was assigned to direct, but he refused the assignment. In a lengthy memo to supervising producer [[Hal B. Wallis]], Del Ruth explained his decision: "This subject is heavy and morbid...there is not one moment of relief anywhere." Del Ruth further argued that the story "lacks box-office appeal," and that offering a depressing story to the public seemed ill-timed, given the harsh reality of the [[Great Depression]] outside the walls of the local neighborhood cinema. Mervyn LeRoy, who was at that time directing ''[[42nd Street (film)|42nd Street]]'' (released in 1933), dropped out of the shooting and left the reins to [[Lloyd Bacon]].

LeRoy cast Paul Muni in the role of James Allen after seeing him in a stage production of ''[[Counsellor-at-Law|Counsellor at Law]]''. Muni was not impressed with LeRoy upon first meeting him in the Warner Burbank office, but Muni and LeRoy became close friends. LeRoy was present at Muni's funeral in 1967 along with Muni's agent.

To prepare for the role, Muni conducted several intensive meetings with Robert E. Burns in Burbank to learn how Burns walked and talked, in essence, to catch "the smell of fear." Muni stated to Burns: "I don't want to imitate you; I want to be you."<ref name="Lawrence">Lawrence, Jerome. [https://archive.org/details/actorlifetimesof0000lawr "Chapter 16"] ''Actor, The Life and Times of Paul Muni''. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1982</ref> Muni set the Warner Bros. research department on a quest to procure every available book and magazine article about the penal system. He also met with several California prison guards, even one who had worked on a Southern chain gang. Muni fancied the idea of meeting with a guard or warden still working in Georgia, but Warner studio executives quickly rejected his suggestion.

The final lines in the film, "But you must, Jim. How do you live? I steal", are among the most famous closing lines in American film.<ref name="OConnor"/> Director Mervyn LeRoy later claimed that the idea for James' retreat into darkness came to him when a fuse blew on the set, but it had been written into the script.<ref name="OConnor">O'Connor, John E.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIHRqMZUCoC&q=%22i+steal%22+fuse&pg=PA36 "Introduction: Warners Finds Its Social Conscience."] ''I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang''. Ed. John E. O'Connor  [[University of Wisconsin Press]], 2005</ref>

==Box office==
According to Warner Bros. Records, the film earned $650,000 domestically and $949,000 foreign, making it the studio's third-highest success of 1932-33 after ''Gold Diggers of 1933'' and ''Forty Second Street''.<ref name="warners"/>

==Critical reception==
On the review aggregator website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 96%, based on reviews from 27 critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/i_am_a_fugitive_from_a_chain_gang |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' reviewer [[Abel Green]] wrote in November 1932 that it "is a picture with guts. It grips with its stark realism and packs lots of punch." And that "The finale is stark in its realism." The review said, "Muni turns in a pip performance." ''Variety'' also included a "Miniature" and "The Woman's Angle" reviews.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Green |first=Abel |url=https://archive.org/details/variety108-1932-11/page/n132/mode/1up?q=%22I+am+a+fugitive%22 |title=Variety|date=November 15, 1932 |publisher=New York, NY: Variety Publishing Company |others=Media History Digital Library Media History Digital Library}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Variety Staff |date=1932-01-01 |title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |url=https://variety.com/1931/film/reviews/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang-1200410593/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Frederick James Smith in ''[[Liberty (general interest magazine)|Liberty]]'' in November 1932 gave the film the top score of 4 stars, "extraordinary". "Paul Muni is splendid as the chain-gang victim. All the other roles are well done, but they are incidental to Muni and Mervyn Le Roy's tense, vigorous direction."<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=http://archive.org/details/LibertyV09N4819321126 |title=A Success in Chains| page=32 |magazine=Liberty |volume=09 |number=48|date=1932-11-26}}</ref>

''[[The New Republic]]'' wrote in December 1932 that it "is one of the finest to come from Hollywood in many a day. It tells with unflinching realism how chain-gang prisoners are treated and at the same time through its direction and acting it is raised far above the level of mere journalistic exposure. It will bring home the conditions among prisoners to millions of persons".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_new-republic_1932-12-21_73_942 |title=The New Republic 1932-12-21: Vol 73 Iss 942 |date=1932-12-21 |publisher=New Republic |language=English}}</ref>

Jeremiah Kipp of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' wrote in 2005, "Th[e] soul-crushing horrors of slave labor in the penal system are neatly interwoven into a highly gripping plot." But Kipp thought, "It feels more like an uncompromising prison film than a message movie, so its frequent heavy-handedness seems more like unabashed pulp rather than sanctimony."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kipp |first=Jeremiah |date=2005-05-22 |title=Review: I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/film/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang/ |access-date=2022-04-09 |website=Slant Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Kim Newman]] wrote in 2006 for ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'', "The most powerful of Warner Brothers’ early 1930s ‘social problem’ films, this indictment of organised cruelty remains potent, hard-hitting melodrama." And he said it was a "{{sic|Supr|isingly}} no-holds-barred portrait of institutional bullying for such an early film."<ref>{{Cite web |author-link=Kim Newman |date=2006-06-01 |title=I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang Review |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/fugitive-chain-gang-review/ |website=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref>

==Impact on American society==
The film is among the first examples of cinema used to garner sympathy for imprisoned convicts without divulging the actual crimes of the convicts. American audiences began to question the legitimacy of the U.S. legal system,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114074634/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744829,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |title=States & Cities: Fugitive |date=December 26, 1932 |magazine=Time| access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> and in January 1933, the film's protagonist Robert Elliott Burns, who was still imprisoned in New Jersey, and several other chain gang prisoners nationwide in the U.S., were able to appeal and were released.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847110,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114112539/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847110,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |title=States & Cities: Fugitive Free |date=January 2, 1933 |magazine=Time| access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref> In January 1933, Georgia chain gang warden J. Harold Hardy, who was also made into a character in the film, sued the studio for one million dollars for displaying "vicious, brutal and false attacks" against him in the film.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744920,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114103950/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,744920,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |magazine=Time|title=Milestones, Jan. 16, 1933 | date=January 16, 1933 | access-date=May 4, 2010}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
Academy Award Nominations:<ref name="Oscars1934">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1934 |title=The 6th Academy Awards (1934) Nominees and Winners |access-date=August 7, 2011|publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences}}</ref>
* [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]
* [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] – Paul Muni
* [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound Recording]] – [[Nathan Levinson]] 
National Board of Review Award:
* 1932 – [[National Board of Review Award for Best Film|Best Picture]]
Other Wins:
* 1991 – [[National Film Registry]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last1=Green |first1=Howard J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIHRqMZUCoC |title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |last2=Holmes |first2=Brown |last3=Gibney |first3=Sheridan |editor-last=O'Connor |editor-first= John E. |editor2-last=Balio |editor2-first=Tino |date=1981 |publisher=Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research [[University of Wisconsin Press]] |isbn=978-0-299-08754-8 |language=en}} Introduction: Warners Finds Its Social Conscience; Screenplay
* {{cite book|title=I Am a Fugitive from a Georgia Chain Gang!| first=Robert E.| last=Burns| publisher=University of Georgia Press| year= 1932|isbn=978-0-8203-1943-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nollen |first=Scott Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uT84DQAAQBAJ |title=The Making and Influence of I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang |date=2016-09-22 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-6677-1 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lucia |first1=Cynthia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pt8DCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA175 |title=American Film History: Selected Readings, Origins to 1960 |last2=Simon |first2=Art |last3=Grundmann |first3=Roy |date=2015-06-25 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-47516-4 |language=en}} Chapter 11: "As Close to Real Life as Hollywood Ever Gets", Richard Maltby

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{commons category|I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang (film)}}
* {{IMDb title|id=0023042|title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang}}
* {{AFI film|3938|I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang}}
* {{TCMDb title|id=782|title=I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|i_am_a_fugitive_from_a_chain_gang}}
* [https://www.tvguide.com/movies/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang/2030129800/ ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang''] at ''[[TV Guide]]'' (1987 write-up was originally published in ''The Motion Picture Guide'')
* [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/film/2525/i-am-a-fugitive-from-a-chain-gang ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang''] at Virtual History
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=deq3xI8OmCkC ''I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang''] essay by Daniel Eagan in America's Film Legacy: The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the [[National Film Registry]] A&C Black, 2010 {{ISBN|0826429777}}, pages 198-200

{{Mervyn LeRoy}}
{{National Board of Review Award for Best Film}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:I Am A Fugitive From A Chain Gang}}
[[Category:1932 films]]
[[Category:1932 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1930s American films]]
[[Category:1930s English-language films]]
[[Category:1930s prison films]]
[[Category:American black-and-white films]]
[[Category:American crime drama films]]
[[Category:American prison drama films]]
[[Category:English-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films about veterans]]
[[Category:Films based on non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mervyn LeRoy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bernhard Kaun]]
[[Category:Films set in Chicago]]
[[Category:Films set in Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1920s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1930s]]
[[Category:United States National Film Registry films]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]