Editing IUCN Red List

{{Short description|Inventory of the global conservation status of biological species}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Oxford English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
| bgcolor             = <!-- header background color -->
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| image               = IUCN Red List.svg
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| abbreviation        = 
| motto               = 
| predecessor         = 
| successor           = 
| formation           = 1964
| extinction       = <!-- date of extinction, optional -->
| type                = <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], NGO, [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc -->
| status              = <!-- ad hoc, treaty, foundation, etc -->
| purpose             = <!-- focus as e.g. humanitarian, peacekeeping, etc -->
| headquarters        = [[Cambridge]], England
| coords              = <!-- Coordinates of location using a coordinates template -->
| region_served       = International
| membership          = 
| language            = English
| general             = <!-- Secretary General -->
| leader_title        = <!-- position title for the leader of the org -->
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| main_organ          = <!-- gral. assembly, board of directors, etc -->
| parent_organization = [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]
| affiliations        = Species Survival Commission, [[BirdLife International]], [[Conservation International]], [[NatureServe]], [[Botanic Gardens Conservation International]], [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], [[Texas A&M University]], [[Sapienza University of Rome]], [[Zoological Society of London]], [[Wildscreen]]
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| website             = {{official URL}}
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}}

The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN) '''Red List of Threatened Species''', also known as the '''IUCN Red List''' or '''Red Data Book''', founded in 1964, is an inventory of the global [[conservation status]] and [[extinction]] risk of [[biological species]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/about/background-history|title=Background & History|website=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> A series of [[Regional Red List]]s, which assess the risk of extinction to species within a political management unit, are also produced by countries and organizations.

The goals of the Red List are to provide scientifically based information on the status of species and subspecies at a global level, to draw attention to the magnitude and importance of threatened biodiversity, to influence national and international policy and decision-making, and to provide information to guide actions to conserve biological diversity.<ref>CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), Joint Meeting of the Animals and Plants Committees, Shepherdstown (United States of America), 7–9 December 2000, Retrieved 14 November 2012.</ref>

Major species assessors include [[BirdLife International]], the [[Institute of Zoology]] (the research division of the [[Zoological Society of London]]), the [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]], and many Specialist Groups within the [[IUCN Species Survival Commission]] (SSC). Collectively, assessments by these organizations and groups account for nearly half the species on the Red List.

The IUCN aims to have the category of every species re-evaluated at least every ten years, and every five years if possible. This is done in a [[peer review]]ed manner through IUCN Species Survival Commission Specialist Groups (SSC), which are Red List Authorities (RLA) responsible for a species, group of species or specific geographic area, or in the case of BirdLife International, an entire class ([[Bird|Aves]]).  The red list unit works with staff from the IUCN Global Species Programme as well as current program partners to recommend new partners or networks to join as new Red List Authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/overview#redlist_authorities |title=Overview of The IUCN Red List |work=IUCN Red List |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=30 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140630010436/http://www.iucnredlist.org/about/overview#redlist_authorities}}</ref>

The number of species which have been assessed for the Red List has been increasing over time.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Lovejoy|first=Thomas E. |author-link=Thomas Lovejoy|date=8 August 2017|title=Extinction tsunami can be avoided|journal=[[PNAS]]|volume=114|issue=32|pages=8840–8841 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1711074114|pmc=5559057|pmid=28747527|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.8440L |doi-access=free}}</ref> {{As of|2023|post=,}} of 150,388 species surveyed, 42,108 are considered at risk of extinction because of human activity, in particular [[overfishing]], [[hunting]], and [[land development]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Threatened species on the IUCN Red List |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics#Summary%20Tables |website=IUCN Red List |access-date=21 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/5629548/almost-30000-species-face-extinction-new-report|title=Almost 30,000 Species Face Extinction Because of Human Activity|last=Aguilera|first=Jasmine |date=18 July 2019 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=20 July 2019|url-status=live|archive-date=19 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719063058/https://time.com/5629548/almost-30000-species-face-extinction-new-report/}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:IUCN Red List - December 2023.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|The percentage of species in several groups which are documented as {{Color box|#132E62|border=darkgray}}{{nbsp}}extinct, {{Color box|#CD3031|border=darkgray}}{{nbsp}}critically endangered, {{Color box|#CD6531|border=darkgray}}{{nbsp}}endangered, or {{Color box|#D59D00|border=darkgray}}{{nbsp}}vulnerable on the 2023 IUCN Red List. The data for some groups are insufficient, so the plotted percentages can be much lower than the actual rates of vulnerability.]]The idea for a Red Data Book was suggested by [[Peter Scott]] in 1963.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Road to Extinction: Problems of Categorizing the Status of Taxa Threatened with Extinction |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources |year=1987 |isbn=2880329299 |editor-last=Fitter |editor-first=Richard |location=Gland |editor-last2=Fitter |editor-first2=Maisie}}</ref>

=== 1966–1977 Red Data Lists ===
Initially the Red Data Lists were designed for specialists and were issued in a loose-leaf format that could be easily changed.

The first two volumes of Red Lists were published in 1966 by conservationist Noel Simon, one for mammals and one for birds.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simon |first=Noel |title=Red Data Book. Volume 1. Mammalia, a compilation |publisher=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |year=1966}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simon |first=Noel |title=Red Data Book. Volume 2. Aves |publisher=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |year=1966}}</ref>

The third volume that appeared covered reptiles and amphibians. It was created by René E. Honegger in 1968.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Honegger |first=René |title=Red Data Book. Volume 3. Amphibia & Reptilia |publisher=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |year=1968}}</ref>

In 1970, the IUCN published volume 5 in this series. This was the first Red Data List which focused on plants ([[Flowering plant|angiosperms]] only), compiled by [[Ronald Melville (botanist)|Ronald Melville]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Melville |first=Ronald |title=Red Data Book. Volume 5. Angiospermae, a compilation |publisher=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |year=1970}}</ref>

The final volume created in the loose leaf style was volume 4 on freshwater fishes. This was published in 1979 by [[Robert Rush Miller]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Robert |title=Red Data Book. Volume 4. Pisces: freshwater fishes |publisher=International Union for the Conservation of Nature |year=1979}}</ref>

=== 1969 Red Data Book ===
The first attempt to create a Red Data Book for a nonspecialist public came in 1969 with ''The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=James |title=The Red Book: Wildlife in Danger |last2=Simon |first2=Noel |last3=Vincent |first3=Jack |publisher=Collins |year=1969}}</ref> This book covered varies groups but was predominantly about mammals and birds, with smaller sections on reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants.

===2006 release===
The 2006 Red List, released on 4 May 2006 evaluated 40,168 species as a whole, plus an additional 2,160 [[subspecies]], [[Variety (botany)|varieties]], aquatic [[Fish stocks|stocks]], and [[Statistical population|subpopulation]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=IUCN |url=https://www.uicnmed.org/web2007/documentos/press_release_red_list.pdf |title=Release of the 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species reveals ongoing decline of the status of plants and animals |date=2006 |publisher=IUCN News Release}}</ref>

===2007 release===
On 12 September 2007, the [[World Conservation Union]] (IUCN) released the '''2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species'''. In this release, they have raised their classification of both the [[western lowland gorilla]] (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') and the [[Cross River gorilla]] (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') from [[endangered]] to [[critically endangered]], which is the last category before [[extinct in the wild]], due to [[Ebola virus]] and [[poaching]], along with other factors. [[Russ Mittermeier]], chief of [[Switzerland|Swiss]]-based IUCN's Primate Specialist Group, stated that 16,306 species are endangered with extinction, 188 more than in 2006 (total of 41,415 species on the Red List). The Red List includes the [[Sumatran orangutan]] (''Pongo abelii'') in the Critically Endangered category and the [[Bornean orangutan]] (''Pongo pygmaeus'') in the Endangered category.<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/extinction-crisis-escalates-red-list-shows-apes-corals-vultures-dolphins-all-danger|title=Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger|access-date=25 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124083212/http://www.iucn.org/media/materials/releases/?81%2FExtinction-crisis-escalates-Red-List-shows-apes-corals-vultures-dolphins-all-in-danger|archive-date=24 January 2011|url-status=live|date=12 September 2007|publisher=IUCN}}</ref>

===2008 release===
The 2008 Red List was released on 6 October 2008 at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in [[Barcelona]] and "confirmed an extinction crisis, with almost one in four [mammals] at risk of disappearing forever". The study shows at least 1,141 of the 5,487 mammals on Earth are known to be threatened with extinction, and 836 are listed as [[Data Deficient]].<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.iucn.org/content/iucn-red-list-reveals-worlds-mammals-crisis|title=IUCN Red List reveals world's mammals in crisis|date=6 October 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009175431/http://iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/index.cfm?uNewsID=1695|archive-date=9 October 2008|access-date=9 October 2008|publisher=IUCN}}</ref>

===2012 release===
The Red List of 2012 was released 19 July 2012 at [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development|Rio+20 Earth Summit]];<ref name="CNNrio">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/index.html|title=Extinction threat 'a call to world leaders' at Rio Earth Summit|author=Matthew Knight|date=19 June 2012|work=CNN |access-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622011512/http://edition.cnn.com/2012/06/19/world/rio-red-list-extinction-species/index.html|archive-date=22 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> nearly 2,000 species were added,<ref name="RedList2000">{{cite web|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added|title=IUCN Red List update: Nearly 2,000 species added|author=Jessica Phelan|work=www.pri.org|date=19 June 2012|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116221334/https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-06-19/iucn-red-list-update-nearly-2000-species-added|archive-date=16 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> with 4 species to the extinct list, 2 to the rediscovered list.<ref name="IUCN2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/iucn-2012.html#cr|title=IUCN 2012 update – 4 species extinct – 2 rediscovered – Food security waning|work=wildlifeextra.com|date=19 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042748/http://www.wildlifeextra.com/go/news/iucn-2012.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|access-date=14 November 2018}}</ref> The IUCN assessed a total of 63,837 species which revealed 19,817 are threatened with extinction.<ref name="RedListReport">{{cite news|url=http://planetsave.com/2012/06/20/the-red-list-of-threatened-species-annual-report-released-video/|title=The Red List Of Threatened Species, Annual Report Released|author=James Ayre|work=planetsave.com|date=20 June 2012|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110212702/http://planetsave.com/2012/06/20/the-red-list-of-threatened-species-annual-report-released-video/|archive-date=10 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> 3,947 were described as "critically endangered" and 5,766 as "endangered", while more than 10,000 species are listed as "vulnerable".<ref>The list is queryable at: {{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=6 March 2020}}</ref> At threat are 41% of amphibian species, 33% of reef-building corals, 30% of conifers, 25% of mammals, and 13% of birds.<ref name="RedListReport"/> The IUCN Red List has listed 132 species of plants and animals from India as "Critically Endangered".<ref name="IndiaRedList">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article3551664.ece?homepage=true|title=Red list has 132 species of plants, animals from India|author=K.S. Sudhi|date=21 June 2012|work=thehindu.com|access-date=13 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624201524/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/article3551664.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=24 June 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Categories==
<!--Linked from [[IUCN category]] and [[Template:Conservation status]]-->
{{Conservation status}}

Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine groups,<ref>{{citation |title=Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria |publisher=[[IUCN]] |date=March 2017 |version=Version 13 |url=http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGuidelines.pdf |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423191058/http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/RedListGuidelines.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and degree of population and distribution fragmentation.<ref name="Mace 1424–1442">{{Cite journal |last1=Mace |first1=Georgina M. |last2=Collar |first2=Nigel J. |last3=Gaston |first3=Kevin J. |last4=Hilton-Taylor |first4=Craig |last5=Akçakaya |first5=H. Resit |last6=Leader-Williams |first6=Nigel |last7=Milner-Gulland |first7=E.J. |last8=Stuart |first8=Simon N. |date=December 2008 |title=Quantification of Extinction Risk: IUCN's System for Classifying Threatened Species |journal=Conservation Biology |language=en |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=1424–1442 |doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01044.x|pmid=18847444 |bibcode=2008ConBi..22.1424M |s2cid=37234648 |doi-access=free }}</ref> There is an emphasis on the acceptability of applying any criteria in the absence of high quality data including suspicion and potential future threats, "so long as these can reasonably be supported".{{rp|6}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf|title=IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES AND CRITERIA Version 3.1 Second edition|publisher=2012 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|year=2012|access-date=28 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074755/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-2001-001-2nd.pdf|archive-date=1 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><!--

the absence of high-quality data should not deter attempts at applying the criteria, as methods involving estimation, inference and projection are emphasised as being acceptable throughout. Inference and projection may be based on extrapolation of current or potential threats into the future (including their rate of change), or of factors related to population abundance or distribution (including dependence on other taxa), so long as these can reasonably be supported. Suspected or inferred patterns in the recent past, present or near future can be based on any of a series of related factors, and these factors should be specified as part of the documentation.

 -->
*[[Extinct]] (EX) – beyond reasonable doubt that the species is no longer extant.
*[[Extinct in the wild]] (EW) – survives only in captivity, cultivation and/or outside native range, as presumed after exhaustive surveys.
*[[Critically endangered]] (CR) – in a particularly and extremely critical state.
*[[Endangered]] (EN) – very high risk of extinction in the wild, meets any of criteria A to E for Endangered.
*[[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] (VU) – meets one of the 5 Red List criteria and thus considered to be at high risk of unnatural (human-caused) extinction without further human intervention.
*[[Near Threatened]] (NT) – close to being endangered in the near future.
*[[Lower Risk]] (LR) – unlikely to become endangered or extinct in the near future.
*[[Data Deficient]] (DD) 
*[[Not Evaluated]] (NE)

In the IUCN Red List, "[[Threatened species|threatened]]" embraces the categories of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable.<ref name="Mace 1424–1442" />

===1994 categories and 2001 framework===
The older 1994 list has only a single "Lower Risk" category which contained three subcategories:

*[[Conservation Dependent]] (LR/cd)
*[[Near Threatened]] (LR/nt)
*[[Least Concern]] (LR/lc)

In the 2001 framework, ''Near Threatened'' and ''Least Concern'' became their own categories, while ''Conservation Dependent'' was removed and its contents merged into ''Near Threatened''.

===Possibly extinct===
The tag of "possibly extinct" (PE)<ref>{{Cite journal |url= https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/131321#page/8/mode/1up |last1=Butchart |first1=S. H. M. |last2=Stattersfield |first2=A. J. |last3=Brooks |first3=Thomas M. |date=5 June 2006 |editor-last=Kirwan |editor-first=Guy M. |title=Going or gone: defining 'Possibly Extinct' species to give a truer picture of recent extinctions |journal=[[Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club]] |volume=126A |pages=7–24 |via=the [[Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref> is used by [[Birdlife International]], the Red List Authority for birds for the IUCN Red List.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html|title=Birds on the IUCN Red List|publisher=[[BirdLife International]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014153403/http://www.birdlife.org/action/science/species/global_species_programme/red_list.html |archive-date=14 October 2013|access-date=26 January 2007}}</ref> BirdLife International has recommended PE become an official tag for Critically Endangered species, and this has now been adopted, along with a "Possibly Extinct in the Wild" tag for species with populations surviving in captivity but likely to be extinct in the wild.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 21, 2024 |title=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics |website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species Summary Statistics |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/resources/summary-statistics#:~:text=The%20tags%20'Possibly%20Extinct'%20(,for%20which%20confirmation%20is%20required.|access-date=June 21, 2024}}</ref>

==Versions==
[[File:Sizes of Red List Categories.png|thumb|upright=2.5| Comparing the number of species in each category of IUCN Red List]]
[[File:Status iucn2.3.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|alt=Icons for Red List categories|1994 IUCN Red List categories (version 2.3), used for species which have not been reassessed since 2001.]]

There have been a number of versions, dating from 1991, including:<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 Categories & Criteria (version 3.1) |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//static/categories_criteria_3_1#introduction |publisher=IUCN |access-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//static/categories_criteria_3_1#introduction |archive-date=27 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Historical IUCN Red Data Books and Red Lists |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/publication/historical-red-lists#red_lists |publisher=IUCN |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/publication/historical-red-lists#red_lists |archive-date=27 June 2014 }}</ref>

* Version 1.0 (1991)
* Version 2.0 (1992)
* Version 2.1 (1993)
* Version 2.2 (1994)  
* Version 2.3 (1994)
* Version 3.0 (1999)
* Version 3.1 (2001)

All new IUCN assessments since 2001 have used version 3.1 of the categories and criteria.

==Criticism==
In 1997, the IUCN Red List received criticism on the grounds of secrecy (or at least poor documentation) surrounding the sources of its data.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mrosovsky|first=Nicholas |date=October 1997|title=IUCN's credibility critically endangered |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=389|issue=6650 |pages=436|bibcode=1997Natur.389..436M|doi=10.1038/38873 |s2cid=4389685|doi-access=free}}</ref> These allegations have led to efforts by the IUCN to improve its documentation and data quality, and to include peer reviews of taxa on the Red List.<ref name="Mace 1424–1442"/> The list is also open to petitions against its classifications, on the basis of documentation or criteria.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org//info/info_sources_quality |title=Information Sources & Quality |work=IUCN Red List |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917154041/http://www.iucnredlist.org/info/info_sources_quality |archive-date=17 September 2008 |access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref>

In the November 2002 issue of ''[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]]'', an article suggested that the IUCN Red List and similar works are prone to misuse by governments and other groups that draw possibly inappropriate conclusions on the state of the environment or to affect [[exploitation of natural resources]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Possingham|first1=Hugh P.|author-link=Hugh Possingham|last2=Andelman|first2=Sandy J. |last3=Burgman |first3=Mark A.|author-link3=Mark Burgman |last4=Medellı́n |first4=Rodrigo A.|author-link4=Rodrigo Medellín |last5=Master |first5=Larry L.|last6=Keith|first6=David A.|date=November 2002 |title=Limits to the use of threatened species lists|journal=[[Trends in Ecology & Evolution]]|volume=17|issue=11|pages=503–507|citeseerx=10.1.1.467.6031|doi=10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02614-9 |bibcode=2002TEcoE..17..503P }}</ref>

In the November 2016 issue of ''[[Science Advances]]'', a research article claims there are serious inconsistencies in the way species are classified by the IUCN. The researchers contend that the IUCN's process of categorization is "out-dated, and leaves room for improvement", and further emphasize the importance of readily available and easy-to-include geospatial data, such as satellite and aerial imaging. Their conclusion questioned not only the IUCN's method but also the validity of where certain species fall on the List. They believe that combining geographical data can significantly increase the number of species that need to be reclassified to a higher risk category.<ref name="Stocks 2016">{{cite web |last=Stocks |first=Sam |title=New study claims that the IUCN Red List is inaccurate |website=Discover Wildlife |date=10 November 2016 |url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/news/new-study-claims-that-the-iucn-red-list-is-inaccurate/ |access-date=24 April 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Ecology|Biology|World}}
*[[CITES]]
*[[Conservation status]]
*[[Red List Index]]
*[[Regional Red List]]
*[[:Category:Species by IUCN Red List category|Species by IUCN Red List category]]
*[[Wildlife conservation]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist|2}}

== General and cited references ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* Hilton-Taylor, C. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214521/http://www.bdnj.org/pdf/IUCNRedListHistory.pdf A history of the IUCN DATA Book and Redlist ].Retrieved 2012–5–11.
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Walter|editor1-first=Kerry S.|editor2-last=Gillett|editor2-first=Harriet J.|title=1997 IUCN red list of threatened plants|date=1998|publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] Species Survival Commission|location=Gland, Switzerland|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.44833 |isbn=9782831703282|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/44833#/summary}}
* IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//about/summary-statistics Summary Statistics]. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
* IUCN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140722073142/http://www.iucnredlist.org/technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/1994-categories-criteria 1994 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 2.3]. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
* IUCN. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/http://www.iucnredlist.org//technical-documents/categories-and-criteria/2001-categories-criteria  2001 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria version 3.1]. Retrieved 2009-12-19.
* Rodrigues, A. S. L., Pilgrim, J.D., Lamoreux, J.F., Hoffmann, M. & Brooks, T.M. 2006. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060529010825/http://conserveonline.org/workspaces/commons/PDF%20Background%20Documents/Value%20of%20the%20IUCN%20Red%20List%20for%20Conservation.pdf The value of the IUCN Red List for conservation]}} Trends in Ecology & Evolution 21(2): 71–76.
* Sharrock, S. and Jones, M. 2009. [http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/Publications/euro_report.pdf Conserving Europe's threatened plants] – Report on the lack of a European Red List and the creation of a consolidated list of the threatened plants of Europe. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikidata property|P627}}
{{Commons category|Species by IUCN Red List category}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{Facebook|309566815767858}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Threatened species|state=expanded}}
{{Threatened species by region}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iucn Red List}}
[[Category:IUCN Red List| ]]
[[Category:1964 in the environment]]
[[Category:Biological databases]]
[[Category:Biota by conservation status system]]
[[Category:Biota by conservation status|.]]
[[Category:International Union for Conservation of Nature|.Red List]]
[[Category:Lists of biota]]
[[Category:Species described in 1963]]<!---species status ranking established--->