Editing IJsselmeer

{{Short description|Lake in the Netherlands}}
{{Infobox lake
| name               = IJsselmeer
| image              = North Holland, Flevoland and parts of Friesland by Sentinel-2, 2018-06-30 (small version).jpg
| caption            = Sentinel-2 photo of the Wadden Sea (top), IJsselmeer (middle), and Markermeer (bottom)
| image_bathymetry   = Map of IJsselmeer.png
| caption_bathymetry = IJsselmeer in dark blue
| location           = [[Netherlands]]
| coords             = {{coord|52|49|N|5|15|E|region:NL_type:waterbody_scale:500000|display=inline,title}}
| inflow             = [[IJssel]], [[Vechte|Overijsselse Vecht]]
| outflow            = [[Wadden Sea]] (which empties into the [[North Sea]])
| area               = {{convert|1100|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth              = {{convert|4.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| max-depth          = {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| pushpin_map        = Netherlands Flevoland
| elevation          = {{convert|-0.4|m|ft|abbr=on}} (winter) {{convert|-0.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} (summer) <ref name="Nat2000" />
| embedded           = {{Designation list
| embed               = yes
| designation1        = Ramsar
| designation1_date   = 29 August 2000
| designation1_number = 1246<ref>{{Cite web|title=IJsselmeer|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1246|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}}
}}
[[File:Hindeloopen, zicht op het IJsselmeer IMG 2377 2018-04-18 14.41.jpg|[[Hindeloopen]], view of the IJsselmeer|thumb]]

The '''IJsselmeer'''{{efn|In [[Dutch language|Dutch]], the letters ''[[IJ (digraph)|IJ]]'' form a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] and are thus both capitalized at the head of the name ''IJsselmeer''.|name=fn1}} ({{IPA|nl|ˌɛisəlˈmeːr|lang|nl-IJsselmeer.ogg}}; {{langx|fy|Iselmar}}, {{langx|nds-nl|Iesselmeer}}), also known as '''Lake IJssel''' in English,<ref name="MerWeb">{{Cite Merriam-Webster|IJsselmeer|access-date=1 May 2019}}</ref> is a closed-off freshwater [[lake]] in the central [[Netherlands]] bordering the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|provinces]] of [[Flevoland]], [[North Holland]] and [[Friesland]]. It covers an area of {{cvt|1100|km2}} with an average depth of {{cvt|4.5|m}}.<ref name="Nat2000">{{cite web |title=IJsselmeer |url=https://www.natura2000.nl/gebieden/flevoland/ijsselmeer |website=Natura 2000 |publisher=Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality |access-date=24 June 2023 |language=Dutch}}</ref> The river [[IJssel]], after which the lake was named, flows into the IJsselmeer.

The first two letters of the name are capitalized because '''[[IJ (digraph)|IJ]]''' is a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] sometimes considered a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] in [[Dutch language|Dutch]].

== History ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:IJsselmeerTraditionalBoat.JPG|thumb|Traditional boat on the IJsselmeer]]
[[File:Enkhuizen_-_IJsselmeer_-_bevroren_-_v3.JPG|thumb|Frozen IJsselmeer, near lighthouse [[De Ven]]]]
Two thousand years ago [[Pomponius Mela]], a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] geographer, mentioned a complex of lakes at the current location of the IJsselmeer. He called it ''[[Lake Flevo|Lacus Flevo]]''. Over the centuries, the lake banks crumbled away due to flooding and wave action, and the lake, now called the [[Almere (lake)|Almere]], grew considerably. During the 12th and 13th centuries, storm surges and [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] flooded large areas of land between the lake and the North Sea, turning the lake into a bay of the North Sea, called the [[Zuiderzee]]. The Zuiderzee continued to be a threat to the Dutch, especially when northwesterly storms funnel North Sea waters towards the English Channel, creating very high tides along the Dutch coast. During the 17th century, Zuiderzee dykes collapsed several times, and plans were drawn up to eliminate the threat by draining the bay. Later drainage plans focused on creating fertile farmland, but they never progressed beyond the planning stage. It was only after the [[flood of 1916]] that the legislature approved the [[Zuiderzee Works]], a major hydraulic engineering project that involved building dykes, draining parts of the Zuiderzee, and constructing the [[Afsluitdijk]] to keep tides and high water out.

In 1932 the [[Zuiderzee]] was closed off by the Afsluitdijk, a {{convert|32|km|adj=on}} dyke connecting Friesland and North Holland on either side of the Zuiderzee. The Zuiderzee was no longer a sea inlet and was renamed IJsselmeer (''Lake IJssel'') after the [[IJssel]] river that flows into it, which is also the namesake of the province of [[Overijssel]]. The continuing flow of fresh river water soon flushed out the salt water. Part of the IJsselmeer was later closed off to form the [[Markermeer]]. 

From 1929 till 1967, over half the IJsselmeer was drained, creating {{convert|1,979|km2|abbr=on}} of [[polder]]s:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eros.usgs.gov/image-gallery/earthshots?from=earthshots/node/42|title=Earthshots &#124; Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center|website=Eros.usgs.gov|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref> [[Wieringermeerpolder]], [[Noordoostpolder]], East and South [[Flevoland]].

In 1975, a dyke was built between [[Enkhuizen]] and [[Lelystad]] as the northern boundary of the [[Markerwaard]], a planned but never realized polder in the IJsselmeer. This dyke, the ''[[Houtribdijk]]'' or ''Markerwaarddijk'', split the IJsselmeer into two parts. The former southern part of the IJsselmeer is now the [[hydrology|hydrologically]] separate [[Markermeer]]. The proposed polderisation of the Markerwaard was abandoned after many of the Dutch population did not want the loss of the traditional seaside (now lakeside) environment and vistas. 

In 1986 three [[polder]]s in the IJsselmeer constituted the new province of [[Flevoland]], the twelfth province of the Netherlands.

The water of the IJsselmeer is now almost completely fresh, the saline having long since been purged. This altered environment has had an impact on the fish and plant [[ecosystem]]s. The change has been beneficial for Dutch boats, many of which are steel, as the freshwater significantly reduces rusting of the hulls, and there is far less build-up of marine growth (such as [[algae]] and [[barnacle]]s below the [[barge]]s' waterlines). This has the knock-on benefit that barges and yachts in the IJsselmeer need far less [[antifouling]], a coating which is inevitably somewhat toxic to wildlife.

== Current use ==
Due to considerable amounts of water from the [[Rhine]] flowing through its [[distributary]] [[IJssel]] into the IJsselmeer, the closed-off bay functions as a large [[freshwater]] reservoir, serving as a source for agriculture and drinking water. Outlet sluices in the Afsluitdijk regulate the water level of the IJsselmeer.{{Cn|date=July 2021}}

The IJsselmeer is used for transport and fishing. It also offers a number of opportunities for recreational activity, both on the water and on its shores. Due to the shallowness of the IJsselmeer, the Markermeer, and the [[bordering lakes]], its cities and fishing villages remained mostly unspoilt and have many historic buildings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations3/more-destinations/picturesque-villages.htm|title=Authentic villages around IJsselmeer|website=Holland.com|access-date=26 April 2022|archive-date=19 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219151127/https://www.holland.com/global/tourism/destinations3/more-destinations/picturesque-villages.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The IJsselmeer is home to the offshore segments of [[Windpark Noordoostpolder]] and to [[Windpark Fryslân]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4coffshore.com/windfarms/windpark-frysl%C3%A2n-netherlands-nl0g.html|title=Windpark Fryslân Offshore Wind Farm - Fully Commissioned - Netherlands &#124; 4C Offshore|website=4coffshore.com|access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Almere (lake)]]
* [[IJsseloog]], an artificial island in the Ketelmeer, was built as a repository for contaminated silt.
* [[Ketelmeer]], a small bay between the IJsselmeer and the mouth of the river IJssel.
* [[Lake Flevo]]
* [[Markermeer]]
* [[Zuiderzee]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat|IJsselmeer|position=left}}

{{Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lakes of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Zuiderzee Works]]
[[Category:Landforms of Flevoland]]
[[Category:Landforms of North Holland]]
[[Category:Landforms of Friesland]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in the Netherlands]]