Editing Hyperion (Titan)

{{Short description|Solar god in Greek mythology}}
{{Other uses|Hyperion (disambiguation){{!}}Hyperion}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Greek
| name = Hyperion
| member_of = the [[Titan (mythology)|Titans]]
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption = 
| god_of = 
| script_name = Ancient Greek
| script = Ὑπερίων
| battles = [[Titanomachy]]
| consort = [[Theia]]
| parents = [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] and [[Gaia]]
| offspring = [[Helios]], [[Eos]] and [[Selene]]
}}
{{Special characters}}

In [[Greek mythology]], '''Hyperion''' ({{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|p|ɪər|i|ə|n}}; {{langx|grc|Ὑπερίων}}, 'he who goes before')<ref>Grimal, s.v. Hyperion; Smith,  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dhyperion-bio-1 s.v. Hyperion].</ref> was one of the twelve [[Titan (mythology)|Titan]] children of [[Gaia]] (Earth) and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] (Sky).<ref>Grimal, s.v. Hyperion; Tripp, s.v. Hyperion; Morford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&pg=PA40 p. 40]; Keightley, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YhsYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA47 p. 47]; Smith,  [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DH%3Aentry+group%3D18%3Aentry%3Dhyperion-bio-1 s.v. Hyperion]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:104-138 131&ndash;136]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to [[Demeter]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 26], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:40-86 74]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.3 1.1.3].</ref> With his sister, the Titaness [[Theia]], Hyperion fathered [[Helios]] (Sun), [[Selene]] (Moon) and [[Eos]] (Dawn).<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403 371&ndash;374]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.2.2 1.2.2]. The ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 31 ''to Helios'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg031.perseus-eng1:31 1&ndash;8] calls Hyperion's sister and mate "Euryphaëssa" probably, an epithet of Theia, see Morford, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC&pg=PA40 p. 40]; West 2003b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/homeric_hymns_31_helios/2003/pb_LCL496.215.xml p. 215 n. 61]; Tripp, s.v. Hyperion. Other accounts make Selene the daughter of the Titan [[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]] (''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 4 ''to [[Hermes]]'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99–100]) or of Helios ([[Euripides]], ''[[The Phoenician Women]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Eur.+Phoen.+175&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0118 175 ff.]; [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/310/mode/2up 44.191]). For a genealogical table of the descendants of Hyperion and Theia see Grimal, p. 535, Table 14, see also Tables 5 and 12.</ref>

Hyperion was, along with his son Helios, a personification of the sun, with the two sometimes identified.<ref>Tripp, s.v. Hyperion; Grimal, s.v. Hyperion.</ref> [[John Keats]]'s abandoned epic poem [[Hyperion (poem)|''Hyperion'']] is among the literary works that feature the figure.

== Etymology ==
"Hyperion" means "he that walks on high" or simply "the god above", often joined with "Helios".<ref>See [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D*(uperi%2Fwn Ὑπερίων] in ''An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon''.</ref> There is a possible attestation of his name in [[Linear B]] ([[Mycenaean Greek]]) in the lacunose form '']pe-rjo-['' (Linear B: ]{{lang|gmy|{{script|Linb|𐀟𐁊}}}}-[), found on the [[Knossos|KN]] E 842 tablet (reconstructed ''[u]-pe-rjo-[ne]'')<ref>Logozzo and Poccetti, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=llA_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA644 644]</ref><ref>{{citation|title=DĀMOS: Database of Mycenaean at Oslo|url=http://www.hf.uio.no/ifikk/english/research/projects/damos/|publisher=[[University of Oslo]]. Department of Philosophy, Classics, History of Art and Ideas|chapter=KN 842 E|chapter-url=https://www2.hf.uio.no/damos/Index/item/chosen_item_id/775}}</ref> though it has been suggested that the name actually reads "[[Apollo]]" (''[a]-pe-rjo-[ne]'').<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 118.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Internationale Archäologie|title=Apollon Delphinios – Apollon Didymeus: Zwei Gesichter eines milesischen Gottes und ihr Bezug zur Kolonisation Milets in archaischer Zeit|first=Alexander|last=Herda|url=https://www.academia.edu/515462|page=16|date=2008|volume=Arbeitsgemeinschaft, Symposium, Tagung, Kongress. Band 11: Kult(ur)kontakte. Apollon in Milet/Didyma, Histria, Myus, Naukratis und auf Zypern. Akten des Table Ronde in Mainz vom 11.–12. März 2004|language=de|isbn=978-3-89646-441-5}}</ref>

== Mythology ==
Hyperion is one of the twelve or thirteen [[Titans]], the children of [[Gaia]] and [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]. In the ''[[Theogony]]'', Uranus imprisoned all the children that Gaia bore him, before he was overthrown.<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D139 155]</ref> According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], Uranus only imprisoned the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes but not the Titans, until Gaia persuaded her six Titan sons to overthrow their father Uranus and "they, all but Ocean, attacked him" as Cronus castrated him.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D4 1.1.4]</ref> Afterwards, in the words of [[Hesiod]], Hyperion subjected his sister [[Theia]] to his love, and fathered three children with her, who became the lights of heaven: [[Helios]] (Sun), [[Selene]] (Moon), and [[Eos]] (Dawn). As is the case for most of the Titans, there are no myths or functions for Hyperion.<ref>Gantz, p. 30; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA43 p. 43].</ref> He seems to exist only to provide a father for the three celestial deities.<ref>Hard, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 37], [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA43 43]; West 1966, pp. 36, 157&ndash;158 (on line 18).</ref> As a Titan, one of the oldest generation of gods, Hyperion was a fitting father for these three sky-gods who, as elements of the natural world, must have been conceived of as having come into being near the beginning of the cosmos.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA37 p. 37].</ref>

=== Helios ===
Hyperion and Helios were both [[sun-god]]s. Early sources sometimes present the two as distinct personages, with Hyperion being the father of Helios, but sometimes they were apparently identified, with "Hyperion" being simply a title of, or another name for, Helios himself.<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA32 p. 32]; Gantz, p. 30; Tripp, s.v. Hyperion.</ref> Hyperion is Helios' father in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'', and the [[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Demeter]].<ref>Gantz, p. 30; [[Homer]], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.153-12.191 12.176]; [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:371-403 371&ndash;374], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1003 1011]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 26], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:40-86 74].</ref> But in the ''[[Iliad]]'' and elsewhere in the ''Odyssey'', Helios is also called "Helios Hyperion" with "Hyperion" here being used either as a patronymic or as an other epithet. In the Homeric epics, and in the ''[[Homeric Hymn]] to [[Apollo]]'', besides being called "Helios", Hyperion is sometimes also called simply "Hyperion".<ref>Gantz, p. 30. Helios called Helios Hyperion: [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.469-8.511 8.480], ''[[Odyssey]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 1.8], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.111-12.152 12.133], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.234-12.276 12.263], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.327-12.363 346], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:12.364-12.396 374]; called simply Hyperion: [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19.387 19.398], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 1.24]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to [[Apollo]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg003.perseus-eng1:349-396 369].</ref> In later sources the two sun-gods are distinctly father and son.<ref>Gantz, p. 30; [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/eumelus-epic_testimonia_fragments/2003/pb_LCL497.237.xml?rskey=Vk0mWE&result=2 fr. 17 West]; [[Mimnermus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/mimnermus-fragments/1999/pb_LCL258.91.xml?mainRsKey=HG9VvP&result=1&rskey=1b3ute fr. 12 Gerber]; [[Stesichorus]] [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/stesichorus_i-fragments/1991/pb_LCL476.79.xml fr. S 17 Campbell] [= 185 ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci]]'']; [[Pindar]], ''Olympian'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0033.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7 7.39].</ref> In literature, the sun is often referred to as "Hyperion's bright son."<ref>''[[Homeric Hymn]] 2 to [[Demeter]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D2%3Acard%3D1 26]; ''[[Homeric Hymn]] 28 to [[Athena]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0138:hymn=28 14]; [[Eumelus of Corinth]], ''Corinthiaca'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=UbswDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PT62 frag 18]</ref>

=== Diodorus Siculus ===
According to the rationalizing historian [[Diodorus Siculus]], Hyperion was the name of the first person to understand the movement of the sun and moon, and their effect on the seasons, and explains that, because of this, he was said to be their "father":
<blockquote>Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/5D*.html#67 5.67.1].</ref></blockquote>

Diodorus also recorded an unorthodox version of the myth, in which Hyperion married his sister [[Theia|Basileia]] and had two children by her, Helios and Selene; their brothers, envious of their happy issue and fearful that Hyperion would divert the royal power to himself, conspired and killed Hyperion along with his two children (which then went on to transform into the Sun and the Moon), leaving Basileia in great distress.<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/3D*.html#57.2 3.57.2-8]</ref>

== Genealogy ==

{{chart top|Hyperion's family tree, according to Hesiod's ''Theogony''<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+132 132&ndash;138], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+337 337&ndash;411], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+453 453&ndash;520], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+901 901&ndash;906, 915&ndash;920]; Caldwell, pp. 8&ndash;11, tables 11&ndash;14.</ref>|collapsed=no}}
{{chart/start}}
{{chart|}}
{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | |URA |y|GAI |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|PON|URA=[[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]]|GAI=[[Gaia]]|PON=[[Pontus (mythology)|Pontus]]}}
{{chart|,|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |!}}
{{chart|!|OCE |y|TET | | | |HYP |y|THE | | | | |CRI |y|EUR|OCE=[[Oceanus]]|TET=[[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]]|HYP='''HYPERION'''|THE=[[Theia]]|CRI=[[Crius]]|EUR=[[Eurybia (mythology)|Eurybia]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|^|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart|!|RIV | |OCE | |HEL | |SEL | |EOS | |AST | |PAL | |PER |RIV=<small>The&nbsp;[[River gods (Greek mythology)|Rivers]]</small>|OCE=<small>The&nbsp;[[Oceanids]]</small>|HEL=[[Helios]]|SEL=[[Selene]]<ref>Although usually the daughter of Hyperion and Theia, as in [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+371 371&ndash;374], in the ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Hermes'' (4), [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=HH+4+99&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138 99&ndash;100], Selene is instead made the daughter of Pallas the son of Megamedes.</ref>|EOS=[[Eos]]|AST=[[Astraeus]]|PAL=[[Pallas (Titan)|Pallas]]|PER=[[Perses (Titan)|Perses]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|)|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |}}
{{chart|!| | | | |CRO |y|RHE | | | | | | | |COE |y|PHO | | |COE=[[Coeus]]|PHO=[[Phoebe (Titaness)|Phoebe]]|CRO=[[Cronus]]|RHE=[[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]]}}
{{chart|!| |,|-|v|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|v|-|.| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | }}
{{chart|!|HES |!|HER | |HAD |!|ZEU | | | |LET | |AST | |HES=[[Hestia]]|HER=[[Hera]]|HAD=[[Hades]]|ZEU=[[Zeus]]|LET=[[Leto]]|AST=[[Asteria]]}}
{{chart|!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|!| | |DEM | | | | | |POS | | | | | | | | | | | | | |DEM=[[Demeter]]|POS=[[Poseidon]]}}
{{chart|!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{chart|`|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{chart| | | | |IAP |y|CLY | | | | | |MNE |~|y|~|ZEU |~|y|~|THE |IAP=[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]|CLY=[[Clymene (wife of Iapetus)|Clymene]]&nbsp;(or&nbsp;[[Asia (Oceanid)|Asia]])<ref>According to [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+507 507&ndash;511], Clymene, one of the [[Oceanid]]s, the daughters of [[Oceanus]] and [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]], at [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hes.+Th.+351 351], was the mother by Iapetus of Atlas, Menoetius, Prometheus, and Epimetheus, while according to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D3 1.2.3], another Oceanid, Asia was their mother by Iapetus.</ref>|MNE=[[Mnemosyne]]|ZEU=(Zeus)|THE=[[Themis]]}}
{{chart| |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |!| | | | | |!}}
{{chart|ATL | |MEN | |PRO | |EPI | | | | |MUS | | | |HOR |ATL=[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]<ref>According to [[Plato]], ''[[Critias (dialogue)|Critias]]'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0059.tlg032.perseus-eng1:113d 113d&ndash;114a], Atlas was the son of [[Poseidon]] and the mortal [[Cleito]].</ref>|MEN=[[Menoetius (Greek mythology)|Menoetius]]|PRO=[[Prometheus]]<ref>In [[Aeschylus]], ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' 18, 211, 873 (Sommerstein, pp. [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.445.xml 444&ndash;445 n. 2], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.467.xml 446&ndash;447 n. 24], [http://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.539.xml 538&ndash;539 n. 113]) Prometheus is made to be the son of [[Themis]].</ref>|EPI=[[Epimetheus (mythology)|Epimetheus]]|MUS=<small>The&nbsp;[[Muses]]</small>|HOR=<small>The&nbsp;[[Horae]]</small>}}
{{chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

== See also ==
* [[List of solar deities]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Caldwell, Richard, ''Hesiod's Theogony'', Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company (June 1, 1987). {{ISBN|978-0-941051-00-2}}.
* Campbell, David A., ''Greek Lyric, Volume III: Stesichorus, Ibycus, Simonides, and Others'',  [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 476, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1991. {{ISBN|978-0674995253}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL476/1991/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8'', translated by [[Charles Henry Oldfather|C. H. Oldfather]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 340. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1939. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99375-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL340/1939/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
* [[Euripides]], ''[[The Phoenician Women]]'', translated by E. P. Coleridge in ''The Complete Greek Drama'', edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. Volume 2. New York. Random House. 1938. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.01.0118 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}.
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004, {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by [[Hugh G. Evelyn-White]]'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0136%3Abook%3D1%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 2 ''to Demeter'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1-39 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 3 ''to Apollo'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0138%3Ahymn%3D3%3Acard%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 4 ''to Hermes'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg004.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 28 ''to Athena'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg031.perseus-eng1:31 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 31 ''to Helios'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg031.perseus-eng1:31 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* {{cite book |title=The mythology of ancient Greece and Italy |publisher=G. Bell and Sons |last=Keightley|first=Thomas |year=1877 |url= https://archive.org/details/mythologyancien01keiggoog}}
* [[Mimnermus]] in ''Greek Elegiac Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', edited and translated by Douglas E. Gerber, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 258, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99582-6}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL258/1999/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* {{cite book |title=Classical Mythology |last=Morford |first=Mark P. O. |author2=Lenardon, Robert J. |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514338-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecGXcMRAPXcC}}
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]''; translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse|Rouse, W H D]], III Books XXXVI&ndash;XLVIII. [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 346, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1940. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca03nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Pindar]], ''Odes'', Diane Arnson Svarlien. 1990. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0162%3Abook%3DO.%3Apoem%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Plato]], ''[[Timaeus (dialogue)|Timaeus]]'' in ''Plato in Twelve Volumes'', Vol. 9 translated by W.R.M. Lamb. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1925. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text;jsessionid=4DAC0911EDDE8F410A4FED46380ED2C0?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0180%3Atext%3DTim.%3Asection%3D17a Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* Sommerstein, Alan H., ''Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound'', edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* Tripp, Edward, ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|069022608X}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (1966), ''Hesiod: Theogony'', Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-814169-6}}.
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003a), ''Greek Epic Fragments: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries BC'', edited and translated by Martin L. West, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 497, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003.  {{ISBN|978-0-674-99605-2}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL497/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Martin Litchfield West|West, M. L.]] (2003b), ''Homeric Hymns. Homeric Apocrypha. Lives of Homer'', edited and translated by Martin L. West, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 496, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003.  {{ISBN|978-0-674-99606-9}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL496/2003/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
{{refend}}

{{Wiktionary|Ὑπερίων}}

{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Children of Gaia]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Epithets of Helios]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
[[Category:Helios in mythology]]
[[Category:Light gods]]
[[Category:Solar gods]]
[[Category:Titans (mythology)]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]