Editing Hyperglycemia

{{Short description|Too much blood sugar, usually because of diabetes}}
{{Distinguish|text=the opposite disorder (involving low blood sugar), [[hypoglycemia]]}}
{{Infobox medical condition
| name = Hyperglycemia
| synonyms = High blood sugar, hyperglycemia, hyperglycæmia
| image = Hyperglycemia.png
| caption = Artist's depiction of hyperglycemia.
White hexagons in the image represent glucose molecules, which are increased in the lower image.
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| field = [[Endocrinology]]
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'''Hyperglycemia''' or '''hyperglycaemia''' is a condition where unusually high amount of [[glucose]] is present in blood. It is defined as blood glucose level exceeding 6.9 [[blood sugar level#Units|mmol/L]] (125 [[blood sugar level#Units|mg/dL]]) after fasting for 8 hours or 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating.<ref name=":4">{{citation |last1=Mouri |first1=Michelle |title=Hyperglycemia |date=2024 |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |last2=Badireddy |first2=Madhu |pmid=28613650 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430900/ |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web |title=Mean fasting blood glucose |website=World Health Organization |language=en |url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/2380#:~:text=The%20expected%20values%20for%20normal%20fasting%20blood%20glucose,changes%20in%20lifestyle%20and%20monitoring%20glycemia%20are%20recommended. |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref>

==Blood glucose level indication==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Condition
!Blood glucose level range
!Measure time
|-
| rowspan="2" |Normal
|between 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) and 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL)<ref name=":5"/>
|Fasting 8 hours
|-
|not exceeding 7.8&nbsp;mmol/L (140&nbsp;mg/dL)<ref name=":5"/>
|Postprandial 2 hours
|-
| rowspan="2" |Relatively high
|between 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) and 6.9 [[blood sugar level#Units|mmol/L]] (125 [[blood sugar level#Units|mg/dL]])<ref name=":5"/>
|Fasting 8 hours
|-
|between 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) and 10 [[blood sugar level#Units|mmol/L]] (180 [[blood sugar level#Units|mg/dL]])<ref name=":4"/>
|Postprandial 2 hours
|-
| rowspan="2" |Hyperglycemia
|above 6.9 [[blood sugar level#Units|mmol/L]] (125 [[blood sugar level#Units|mg/dL]])<ref name=":5"/>
|Fasting 8 hours
|-
|above 10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL)<ref name=":4"/>
|Postprandial 2 hours
|}

Patients with diabetes are oriented to avoid exceeding the recommended postprandial threshold of 160&nbsp;mg/dL (8.89&nbsp;mmol/L) for optimal glycemic control.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brand-Miller |first1=Jennie C |last2=Stockmann |first2=Karola |last3=Atkinson |first3=Fiona |last4=Petocz |first4=Peter |last5=Denyer |first5=Gareth |date=January 2009 |title=Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia, and the shape of the curve in healthy subjects: analysis of a database of more than 1000 foods |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |language=en |volume=89 |issue=1 |pages=97–105 |pmid=19056599 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.2008.26354 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002916523239131}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alyass |first1=Akram |last2=Almgren |first2=Peter |last3=Akerlund |first3=Mikael |last4=Dushoff |first4=Jonathan |last5=Isomaa |first5=Bo |last6=Nilsson |first6=Peter |last7=Tuomi |first7=Tiinamaija |last8=Lyssenko |first8=Valeriya |last9=Groop |first9=Leif |last10=Meyre |first10=David |date=January 2015 |title=Modelling of OGTT curve identifies 1 h plasma glucose level as a strong predictor of incident type 2 diabetes: results from two prospective cohorts |journal=Diabetologia |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=87–97 |issn=0012-186X |pmid=25292440 |doi=10.1007/s00125-014-3390-x |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00125-014-3390-x}}</ref> Values of blood glucose higher than 160&nbsp;mg/dL are classified as 'very high' hyperglycemia,<ref name="linkinghub.elsevier.com">{{cite journal |last1=Biradar |first1=Rajeshwari A. |last2=Singh |first2=Dharmendra P. |last3=Thakur |first3=Harshad |last4=Halli |first4=Shiva S. |date=July 2020 |title=Gender differences in the risk factors for high and very high blood glucose levels: A study of Kerala |journal=Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=627–636 |pmid=32422447 |doi=10.1016/j.dsx.2020.05.001 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S187140212030120X}}</ref> a condition in which an excessive amount of [[glucose]] (glucotoxicity) circulates in the [[blood plasma]]. These values are higher than the renal threshold of 10&nbsp;mmol/L (180&nbsp;mg/dL) up to which glucose reabsorption is preserved at physiological rates<ref name="Ralph A 2020"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cui |first1=Shan-Shan |last2=Duan |first2=Li-Jun |last3=Li |first3=Jun-Feng |last4=Qin |first4=Yong-Zhang |last5=Bao |first5=Su-Qing |last6=Jiang |first6=Xia |date=November 2021 |title=The Factors Influencing the Renal Glucose Threshold in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |journal=Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy |language=en |volume=14 |pages=4497–4503 |issn=1178-7007 |pmid=34785919 |doi=10.2147/DMSO.S336791 |doi-access=free |pmc=8590450}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hieshima |first1=Kunio |last2=Sugiyama |first2=Seigo |last3=Yoshida |first3=Akira |last4=Kurinami |first4=Noboru |last5=Suzuki |first5=Tomoko |last6=Ijima |first6=Hiroko |last7=Miyamoto |first7=Fumio |last8=Kajiwara |first8=Keizo |last9=Jinnouchi |first9=Katsunori |last10=Jinnouchi |first10=Tomio |last11=Jinnouchi |first11=Hideaki |date=May 2020 |title=Elevation of the renal threshold for glucose is associated with insulin resistance and higher glycated hemoglobin levels |journal=Journal of Diabetes Investigation |language=en |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=617–625 |issn=2040-1116 |pmid=31770476 |doi=10.1111/jdi.13191 |pmc=7232275}}</ref> and insulin therapy is not necessary.<ref>{{cite journal |last=American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee |date=2022-01-01 |title=6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022 |journal=Diabetes Care |language=en |volume=45 |issue=Supplement_1 |pages=S83–S96 |issn=0149-5992 |pmid=34964868 |doi=10.2337/dc22-S006 |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/45/Supplement_1/S83/138927/6-Glycemic-Targets-Standards-of-Medical-Care-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=American Diabetes Association |date=2022-01-01 |title=Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022 Abridged for Primary Care Providers |journal=Clinical Diabetes |language=en |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=10–38 |issn=0891-8929 |pmid=35221470 |doi=10.2337/cd22-as01 |pmc=8865785 |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/clinical/article/40/1/10/139035/Standards-of-Medical-Care-in-Diabetes-2022}}</ref> Blood glucose values higher than the cutoff level of 11.1&nbsp;mmol/L (200&nbsp;mg/dL) are used to diagnose T2DM<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gyberg |first1=Viveca |last2=De Bacquer |first2=Dirk |last3=Kotseva |first3=Kornelia |last4=De Backer |first4=Guy |last5=Schnell |first5=Oliver |last6=Tuomilehto |first6=Jaakko |last7=Wood |first7=David |last8=Rydén |first8=Lars |date=December 2016 |title=Time-saving screening for diabetes in patients with coronary artery disease: a report from EUROASPIRE IV |journal=BMJ Open |language=en |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=e013835 |issn=2044-6055 |pmid=27932342 |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013835 |pmc=5168687}}</ref> and strongly associated with metabolic disturbances,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Selvin |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Rawlings |first2=Andreea |last3=Lutsey |first3=Pamela |last4=Maruthur |first4=Nisa |last5=Pankow |first5=James S. |last6=Steffes |first6=Michael |last7=Coresh |first7=Josef |date=2016-01-01 |title=Association of 1,5-Anhydroglucitol With Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality |journal=Diabetes |language=en |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=201–208 |issn=0012-1797 |pmid=26395741 |doi=10.2337/db15-0607 |pmc=4686946 |url=https://diabetesjournals.org/diabetes/article/65/1/201/34951/Association-of-1-5-Anhydroglucitol-With}}</ref> although symptoms may not start to become noticeable until even higher values such as 13.9–16.7 [[blood sugar#Units|mmol/L]] (~250–300&nbsp;[[blood sugar#Units|mg/dL]]). A subject with a consistent fasting blood glucose range between 5.6–7 [[blood sugar#Units|mmol/L]] (~100–126 [[blood sugar#Units|mg/dL]]) ([[American Diabetes Association]] guidelines) is considered slightly hyperglycemic, and above 7 [[blood sugar#Units|mmol/L]] (126 [[blood sugar#Units|mg/dL]]) is generally held to have [[diabetes]]. For diabetics, glucose levels that are considered to be too hyperglycemic can vary from person to person, mainly due to the person's [[renal threshold of glucose]] and overall glucose tolerance. On average, however, chronic levels above 10–12&nbsp;mmol/L (180–216&nbsp;mg/dL) can produce noticeable organ damage over time.

==Signs and symptoms==
The degree of hyperglycemia can change over time depending on the metabolic cause, for example, impaired glucose tolerance or fasting glucose, and it can depend on treatment.<ref name="ADA">{{cite journal |title=Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=37 |pages=S81–S90 |year=2014 |author1=American Diabetes Association |pmid=24357215 |doi=10.2337/dc14-s081 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Temporary hyperglycemia is often benign and asymptomatic. Blood glucose levels can rise well above normal and cause pathological and functional changes for significant periods without producing any permanent effects or symptoms.<ref name=ADA/> During this asymptomatic period, an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism can occur, which can be tested by measuring plasma glucose.<ref name=ADA/> Chronic hyperglycemia at above normal levels can produce a very wide variety of serious complications over a period of years, including kidney damage, neurological damage, cardiovascular damage, [[diabetic retinopathy|damage to the retina]] or damage to feet and legs. [[Diabetic neuropathy]] may be a result of long-term hyperglycemia. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections can occur as a result of chronic hyperglycemia.<ref name=ADA/>

Acute hyperglycemia involving glucose levels that are extremely high is a medical emergency and can rapidly produce serious complications (such as fluid loss through [[osmotic diuresis]]). It is most often seen in persons who have uncontrolled [[diabetes mellitus type 1|insulin-dependent diabetes]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

The following symptoms may be associated with acute or chronic hyperglycemia, with the first three composing the classic hyperglycemic triad:<ref>{{cite web |last1=James |first1=Norman |title=Hyperglycemia Symptoms |date=30 March 2019 |publisher=EndocrineWeb |url=https://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/diabetes/symptoms-hyperglycemia |access-date=24 December 2022<!-- bad https: certificate and moved to https://www.healthcentral.com/condition/hypoglycemia---hyperglycemia -->}}</ref>
* [[Polyphagia]] – frequent hunger, especially pronounced hunger
* [[Polydipsia]] – frequent thirst, especially excessive thirst
* [[Polyuria]] – increased volume of urination (''not'' an increased frequency, although it is a common consequence)<span style="height: 2em; display: inline-block; vertical-align: top"></span>
* [[Blurred vision]]
* [[Fatigue (physical)|Fatigue]]
* [[Psychomotor agitation|Restlessness]]
* [[Weight loss]] or [[weight gain]]
* Poor [[wound]] healing (cuts, scrapes, etc.)
* [[Dry mouth]]
* Dry or itchy [[skin]]
* Tingling in feet or heels
* [[Erectile dysfunction]]
* Recurrent [[infection]]s, external ear infections ([[otitis externa|swimmer's ear]])
* [[Gastroparesis|Delayed gastric emptying]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]
* [[Stupor]]
* [[Coma]]
* Seizures

Frequent hunger without other symptoms can also indicate that blood sugar levels are too low. This may occur when people who have diabetes take too much oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin for the amount of food they eat. The resulting drop in blood sugar level to below the normal range prompts a hunger response.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Polydipsia and polyuria occur when blood glucose levels rise high enough to result in excretion of excess glucose via the kidneys, which leads to the presence of [[glycosuria|glucose in the urine]]. This produces an [[osmotic diuresis]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Signs and symptoms of [[diabetic ketoacidosis]] may include:{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}
* [[Ketoacidosis]]
* [[Kussmaul breathing]] (deep, rapid breathing)
* Confusion or a decreased level of consciousness
* Dehydration due to [[glycosuria]] and osmotic diuresis
* Increased thirst
* 'Fruity' smelling breath odor
* Sweet sensation that is felt into the mouth without a reason
* Nausea and vomiting
* Abdominal pain
* Impairment of cognitive function, along with increased sadness and anxiety<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Pais I, Hallschmid M, Jauch-Chara K, etal |title=Mood and cognitive functions during acute euglycaemia and mild hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetic patients |journal=Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=42–46 |year=2007 |pmid=17286234 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-957348}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sommerfield AJ, Deary IJ, Frier BM |title=Acute hyperglycemia alters mood state and impairs cognitive performance in people with type 2 diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=2335–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15451897 |doi=10.2337/diacare.27.10.2335 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Weight loss

Hyperglycemia causes a decrease in cognitive performance, specifically in processing speed, executive function, and performance.<ref name=CP>{{cite journal |title=The Role of Hyperglycemia, Insulin Resistance, and Blood Pressure in Diabetes-Associated Differences in Cognitive Performance—The Maastricht Study |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1537–1547 |year=2017 |last1=Geijselaers |first1=Stefan L.C. |last2=Sep |first2=Simone J.S. |last3=Claessens |first3=Danny |last4=Schram |first4=Miranda T. |last5=Van Boxtel |first5=Martin P.J. |last6=Henry |first6=Ronald M.A. |last7=Verhey |first7=Frans R.J. |last8=Kroon |first8=Abraham A. |last9=Dagnelie |first9=Pieter C. |last10=Schalkwijk |first10=Casper G. |last11=Van Der Kallen |first11=Carla J.H. |last12=Biessels |first12=Geert Jan |last13=Stehouwer |first13=Coen D.A. |pmid=28842522 |doi=10.2337/dc17-0330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Decreased cognitive performance may cause forgetfulness and concentration loss.<ref name=CP/>

===Complications===
In untreated hyperglycemia, a condition called [[ketoacidosis]] may develop because decreased [[insulin]] levels increase the activity of [[hormone sensitive lipase]].<ref name="KraemerShen2002">{{cite journal |last1=Kraemer |first1=Fredric B. |last2=Shen |first2=Wen-Jun |title=Hormone-sensitive lipase |journal=Journal of Lipid Research |volume=43 |issue=10 |year=2002 |pages=1585–1594 |issn=0022-2275 |pmid=12364542 |doi=10.1194/jlr.R200009-JLR200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The degradation of triacylglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase produces free fatty acids that are eventually converted to acetyl-coA by beta-oxidation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Ketoacidosis is a life-threatening condition which requires immediate treatment. Symptoms include: shortness of breath, breath that smells fruity (such as pear drops), nausea and vomiting, and very dry mouth.
Chronic hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) injures the heart in patients without a history of heart disease or diabetes and is strongly associated with heart attacks and death in subjects with no coronary heart disease or history of heart failure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Chronic hyperglycemia may lead to cardiac damage |work=Journal of the American College of Cardiology |date=2012-02-03 |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20120203/Chronic-hyperglycemia-may-lead-to-cardiac-damage.aspx |access-date=3 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227010650/http://www.news-medical.net/news/20120203/Chronic-hyperglycemia-may-lead-to-cardiac-damage.aspx |archive-date=2013-12-27}}</ref>

Also, a life-threatening consequence of hyperglycemia can be [[hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state|nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome]].<ref name=ADA/>

Perioperative hyperglycemia has been associated with immunosuppression, increased infections, osmotic diuresis, delayed wound healing, delayed gastric emptying, sympatho-adrenergic stimulation, and increased mortality. In addition, it reduces skin graft success, exacerbates brain, spinal cord, and renal damage by ischemia, worsens neurologic outcomes in traumatic head injuries, and is associated with postoperative cognitive dysfunction following CABG.<ref>Miller, Miller's Anesthesia, 7th edition, pp. 1716, 2674, 2809.</ref>

Furthermore, hyperglycemia has been linked to increased susceptibility to a range of [[list of infectious diseases|infectious diseases]]. This susceptibility can be attributed to the impairment of the immune system's response, which is often compromised in hyperglycemic conditions. Hyperglycemia also leads to biochemical changes in the body; both of these factors result in increased severity of [[respiratory tract infection|respiratory infections]] and vulnerability to pathogens.<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=Chávez-Reyes |first1=Jesús |last2=Escárcega-González |first2=Carlos E. |last3=Chavira-Suárez |first3=Erika |last4=León-Buitimea |first4=Angel |last5=Vázquez-León |first5=Priscila |last6=Morones-Ramírez |first6=José R. |last7=Villalón |first7=Carlos M. |last8=Quintanar-Stephano |first8=Andrés |last9=Marichal-Cancino |first9=Bruno A. |date=2021 |title=Susceptibility for Some Infectious Diseases in Patients With Diabetes: The Key Role of Glycemia |journal=Frontiers in Public Health |volume=9 |issn=2296-2565 |pmid=33665182 |doi=10.3389/fpubh.2021.559595 |doi-access=free |pmc=7921169|bibcode=2021FrPH....959595C }}</ref> Hyperglycemic individuals face the most pronounced risk from such types of ailments, including tuberculosis, the flu, and COVID-19. These risks can be compounded even further by the effects of physiological stress.

Importantly, hyperglycemia affects the function of [[neutrophil]]s, which are white blood cells responsible for responding to infection. In hyperglycemic individuals, the ability for neutrophils to move toward infection sites, ingest bacteria, and kill them are often impaired, leading to reduced effectiveness in combating infections.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ngo |first1=Minh Dao |last2=Bartlett |first2=Stacey |last3=Ronacher |first3=Katharina |date=November 2021 |title=Diabetes-Associated Susceptibility to Tuberculosis: Contribution of Hyperglycemia vs. Dyslipidemia |journal=Microorganisms |language=en |volume=9 |issue=11 |pages=2282 |issn=2076-2607 |pmid=34835407 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms9112282 |doi-access=free |pmc=8620310}}</ref>

Hyperglycemia also creates microbiological changes within the body: hyperglycemia can lead to rapid changes in blood pH and cell viscosity, weakening the cells and making it more conducive for infectious agents to thrive and dampen [[inflammation|inflammatory responses]]. This is because hyperglycemia impacts a few factors such as microenvironment of immune cells, or even bacteria's supply of energy, adding on stress to the bacterial proliferation metabolism.<ref name=":2"/>

The chronic inflammatory state induced by high glucose levels can also lead to dysfunction in various parts of the [[immune system]]. For example, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are more prevalent in hyperglycemic conditions, can interfere with the normal function of the immune system and contribute to the pathogenesis of infections.<ref>{{cite web |last=CDC |title=Your Immune System and Diabetes |date=2024-05-14 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/diabetes-complications/diabetes-immune-system.html |access-date=2025-01-09}}</ref> AGEs, whose cross-links are permanent will continue to harm the surrounding tissue until the proteins are destroyed. In addition, they can interact with the RAGE receptor to cause oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.

Due to neutrophil changes, microbiological changes, and chronic inflammation, patients with hyperglycemia are thus more prone to severe respiratory infections. This increased risk is particularly pronounced with pathogens like [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] (the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis) and the flu.<ref>{{citation |last=Baccouch |first=Mahboub |title=A Brief Summary of the Finite Element Method for Differential Equations |date=2021-02-17 |work=Finite Element Methods and Their Applications |publisher=IntechOpen |language=en |isbn=978-1-83962-342-4 |url=https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/75281 |access-date=2024-05-06}}</ref> In recent history, hyperglycemic individuals have also responded more severely to the symptoms of COVID-19. Another example is diabetes. Hyperglycemia and risk of severe infectious outcomes can even further be complicated by physiological stress. For instance, elevated blood glucose levels can actively contribute to pathophysiology of this disease, by exacerbating existing inflammation, impairing cellular immune responses, and increasing oxidative stress, which can also lead to more severe infection. In addition, patients with acute hyperglycemia who don't have a history of diabetes can experience higher rates of mortality and complications.

Postprandial hyperglycemic levels as high as 8.6&nbsp;mmol/L (155&nbsp;mg/dL) at 1-h are associated with T2DM-related complications, which worsen as the degree of hyperglycemia increases.<ref name="Ralph A 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Bergman |first1=Michael |last2=Abdul-Ghani |first2=Muhammad |last3=DeFronzo |first3=Ralph A. |last4=Manco |first4=Melania |last5=Sesti |first5=Giorgio |last6=Fiorentino |first6=Teresa Vanessa |last7=Ceriello |first7=Antonio |last8=Rhee |first8=Mary |last9=Phillips |first9=Lawrence S. |last10=Chung |first10=Stephanie |last11=Cravalho |first11=Celeste |last12=Jagannathan |first12=Ram |last13=Monnier |first13=Louis |last14=Colette |first14=Claude |last15=Owens |first15=David |date=July 2020 |title=Review of methods for detecting glycemic disorders |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |language=en |volume=165 |pages=108233 |pmid=32497744 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108233 |pmc=7977482}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergman |first1=Michael |last2=Manco |first2=Melania |last3=Sesti |first3=Giorgio |last4=Dankner |first4=Rachel |last5=Pareek |first5=Manan |last6=Jagannathan |first6=Ram |last7=Chetrit |first7=Angela |last8=Abdul-Ghani |first8=Muhammad |last9=Buysschaert |first9=Martin |last10=Olsen |first10=Michael H. |last11=Nilsson |first11=Peter M. |last12=Medina |first12=José Luis |last13=Roth |first13=Jesse |last14=Groop |first14=Leif |last15=del Prato |first15=Stefano |date=December 2018 |title=Petition to replace current OGTT criteria for diagnosing prediabetes with the 1-hour post-load plasma glucose ≥ 155 mg/dl (8.6 mmol/L) |journal=Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice |language=en |volume=146 |pages=18–33 |pmid=30273707 |doi=10.1016/j.diabres.2018.09.017 |url=https://www.diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com/article/S0168-8227(18)31463-3/abstract}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bergman |first=Michael |date=2021-09-07 |title=The 1-Hour Plasma Glucose: Common Link Across the Glycemic Spectrum |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |volume=12 |issn=1664-2392 |pmid=34557166 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2021.752329 |doi-access=free |pmc=8453142}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Chawla |first1=Rajeev |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Jagat Jyoti |last3=Chawla |first3=Manoj |last4=Kanungo |first4=Alok |last5=Shunmugavelu |first5=Meenakshi Sundaram |last6=Das |first6=Ashok Kumar |date=2021-05-28 |title=Expert Group Recommendations on the Effective Use of Bolus Insulin in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus |journal=Medical Sciences |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=38 |issn=2076-3271 |pmid=34071359 |doi=10.3390/medsci9020038 |doi-access=free |pmc=8162981}}</ref> 

==Causes==
Hyperglycemia may be caused by: diabetes, various (non-diabetic) endocrine disorders ([[insulin resistance]] and thyroid, adrenal, pancreatic, and pituitary disorders), sepsis and certain infections, intracranial diseases (e.g. encephalitis, brain tumors (especially if near the pituitary gland), brain haemorrhages, and meningitis) (frequently overlooked), convulsions, end-stage terminal disease, prolonged/major surgeries,<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Duncan AE |year=2012 |title=Hyperglycemia and Perioperative Glucose Management |journal=Current Pharmaceutical Design |volume=18 |issue=38 |pages=6195–6203 |pmid=22762467 |doi=10.2174/138161212803832236 |pmc=3641560}}</ref> stress,<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperglycemia in diabetes-Hyperglycemia in diabetes - Symptoms & causes |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631 |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref> and excessive [[eating]] of carbohydrates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperglycemia: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments |website=Yale Medicine |language=en |url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/hyperglycemia-symptoms-causes-treatments |access-date=2024-04-06}}</ref>

===Endocrine===
Chronic, persistent hyperglycaemia is most often a result of [[diabetes]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} Several hormones act to increase blood glucose levels and may thus cause hyperglycaemia when present in excess, including: cortisol, catecholamines, growth hormone, glucagon,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Umpierrez |first1=Guillermo E. |last2=Pasquel |first2=Francisco J. |date=April 2017 |title=Management of Inpatient Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Older Adults |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=509–517 |issn=0149-5992 |pmid=28325798 |doi=10.2337/dc16-0989 |pmc=5864102}}</ref> and [[thyroid hormones]].<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1=Hage |first1=Mirella |last2=Zantout |first2=Mira S. |last3=Azar |first3=Sami T. |date=2011-07-12 |title=Thyroid Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus |journal=Journal of Thyroid Research |volume=2011 |page=439463 |issn=2042-0072 |pmid=21785689 |doi=10.4061/2011/439463 |doi-access=free |pmc=3139205}}</ref> Hyperglycaemia may thus be seen in: [[Cushing's syndrome]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scaroni |first1=Carla |last2=Zilio |first2=Marialuisa |last3=Foti |first3=Michelangelo |last4=Boscaro |first4=Marco |date=2017-06-01 |title=Glucose Metabolism Abnormalities in Cushing Syndrome: From Molecular Basis to Clinical Management |journal=Endocrine Reviews |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=189–219 |issn=0163-769X |pmid=28368467 |doi=10.1210/er.2016-1105 |doi-access=free |s2cid=3985558}}</ref> [[pheochromocytoma]],<ref>{{citation |last1=Mubarik |first1=Ateeq |title=Chromaffin Cell Cancer |date=2020 |work=StatPearls |place=Treasure Island (FL) |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |last2=Aeddula |first2=Narothama R. |pmid=30570981 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535360/ |access-date=2020-11-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212649/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535360/ |archive-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> [[acromegaly]],<ref>{{cite book |title=Oxford desk reference. Endocrinology |others=Turner, Helen E., 1967-, Eastell, R. (Richard), Grossman, Ashley |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-967283-7 |edition=First |publisher=Oxford University Press |oclc=1016052167 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016052167}}</ref> [[hyperglucagonemia]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wewer Albrechtsen |first1=Nicolai J. |last2=Kuhre |first2=Rune E. |last3=Pedersen |first3=Jens |last4=Knop |first4=Filip K. |last5=Holst |first5=Jens J. |date=November 2016 |title=The biology of glucagon and the consequences of hyperglucagonemia |journal=Biomarkers in Medicine |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=1141–1151 |issn=1752-0371 |pmid=27611762 |doi=10.2217/bmm-2016-0090 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[hyperthyroidism]].<ref name=":0"/>

====Diabetes mellitus====
Chronic hyperglycemia that persists even in fasting states is most commonly caused by [[diabetes mellitus]]. In fact, chronic hyperglycemia is the defining characteristic of the disease. Intermittent hyperglycemia may be present in prediabetic states. Acute episodes of hyperglycemia without an obvious cause may indicate developing diabetes or a predisposition to the disorder.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

In diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia is usually caused by low [[insulin]] levels ([[diabetes mellitus type 1]]) and/or by resistance to insulin at the cellular level ([[diabetes mellitus type 2]]), depending on the type and state of the disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyperglycemia in diabetes |publisher=Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631 |access-date=22 Sep 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212703/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperglycemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373631 |archive-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> Low insulin levels and/or [[insulin resistance]] prevent the body from converting glucose into [[glycogen]] (a starch-like source of energy stored mostly in the liver), which in turn makes it difficult or impossible to remove excess glucose from the blood. With normal glucose levels, the total amount of glucose in the blood at any given moment is only enough to provide energy to the body for 20–30 minutes, and so glucose levels must be precisely maintained by the body's internal control mechanisms. When the mechanisms fail in a way that allows glucose to rise to abnormal levels, hyperglycemia is the result.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Ketoacidosis may be the first symptom of immune-mediated diabetes, particularly in children and adolescents. Also, patients with immune-mediated diabetes can change from modest fasting hyperglycemia to severe hyperglycemia and even ketoacidosis as a result of stress or an infection.<ref name="ADA"/>

====Insulin resistance====
Obesity has been contributing to increased [[insulin resistance]] in the global population. Insulin resistance increases hyperglycemia because the body becomes over saturated by glucose. Insulin resistance desensitizes insulin receptors, preventing insulin from lowering blood sugar levels.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2019 |title=Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance in Youth on the Spectrum From Normal Weight to Obese and From Normal Glucose Tolerance to Impaired Glucose Tolerance to Type 2 Diabetes |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=265–272 |last1=Kim |first1=J. Y. |last2=Bacha |first2=F. |last3=Tfayli |first3=H. |last4=Michaliszyn |first4=S. F. |last5=Yousuf |first5=S. |last6=Arslanian |first6=S. |pmid=30455334 |doi=10.2337/dc18-1178 |pmc=6341282}}</ref>

The leading cause of hyperglycemia in [[type 2 diabetes]] is the failure of insulin to suppress glucose production by [[glycolysis]] and [[gluconeogenesis]] due to insulin resistance.<ref name="pmid30370538">{{cite journal |vauthors=Swe MT, Pongchaidecha A, Chatsudthipong V, Chattipakorn N, Lungkaphin A |title=Molecular signaling mechanisms of renal gluconeogenesis in nondiabetic and diabetic conditions |journal=[[Journal of Cellular Physiology]] |volume=234 |issue=6 |pages=8134–8151 |year=2019 |pmid=30370538 |doi=10.1002/jcp.27598 |s2cid=53097552}}</ref> Insulin normally inhibits glycogenolysis, but fails to do so in a condition of insulin resistance, resulting in increased glucose production.<ref name="pmid31377934">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sargsyan A, Herman MA |title=Regulation of Glucose Production in the Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes |journal=[[Current Diabetes Reports]] |volume=19 |issue=9 |pages=77 |year=2019 |pmid=31377934 |doi=10.1007/s11892-019-1195-5 |pmc=6834297}}</ref> In the liver, [[FOXO6]] normally promotes gluconeogenesis in the fasted state, but insulin blocks Fox06 upon feeding.<ref name="pmid28213398">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee S, Dong HH |title=FoxO integration of insulin signaling with glucose and lipid metabolism |journal=[[Journal of Endocrinology]] |volume=233 |issue=2 |pages=R67–R79 |year=2017 |pmid=28213398 |doi=10.1530/JOE-17-0002 |pmc=5480241}}</ref> In a condition of insulin resistance insulin fails to block Fox06, resulting in continued gluconeogenesis even upon feeding.<ref name="pmid28213398"/>

===Medications===
Certain medications increase the risk of hyperglycemia, including: [[corticosteroids]], [[octreotide]], [[beta blocker]]s, [[epinephrine]], [[thiazide]] [[diuretic]]s, [[statin]]s, [[niacin (substance)|niacin]], [[pentamidine]], [[Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)|protease inhibitor]]s, [[L-asparaginase]],<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Cetin M, Yetgin S, Kara A, etal |title=Hyperglycemia, ketoacidosis and other complications of L-asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia |journal=J Med |volume=25 |issue=3–4 |pages=219–29 |year=1994 |pmid=7996065}}</ref> and [[antipsychotic]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luna B, Feinglos MN |title=Drug-induced hyperglycemia |journal=JAMA |volume=286 |issue=16 |pages=1945–48 |year=2001 |pmid=11667913 |doi=10.1001/jama.286.16.1945}}</ref> The administration of [[substituted amphetamine|amphetamines]] initially produces hyperglycemia but later produces [[hypoglycemia]].<ref>https://www.pcdsociety.org/resources/details/minimising-the-risks-of-amphetamine-use-for-young-adults-with-diabetes</ref>

Thiazides are used to treat hypertension in type 2 diabetes but also may cause hyperglycemia.<ref name="ADA"/>

===Stress===
A high proportion of patients with an acute stress such as [[stroke]] or [[myocardial infarction]] may develop hyperglycemia, even in the absence of a diagnosis of diabetes. {{citation needed span|(Or perhaps stroke or myocardial infarction was caused by hyperglycemia and undiagnosed diabetes.)|date=February 2023}} Human and animal studies suggest that this is not benign, and that stress-induced hyperglycemia is associated with a high risk of mortality after both stroke and myocardial infarction.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC |title=Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview |journal=Stroke |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=2426–32 |year=2001 |pmid=11588337 |doi=10.1161/hs1001.096194 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Somatostatinomas and aldosteronoma-induced hypokalemia can cause hyperglycemia but usually disappears after the removal of the tumour.<ref name="ADA"/>

[[Stress (biology)|Stress]] causes hyperglycaemia via several mechanisms, including through metabolic and hormonal changes, and via increased proinflammatory cytokines that interrupt carbohydrate metabolism, leading to excessive glucose production and reduced uptake in tissues, can cause hyperglycemia.<ref name="Old">{{cite journal |title=Management of Inpatient Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in Older Adults |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=509–517 |year=2017 |last1=Umpierrez |first1=Guillermo E. |last2=Pasquel |first2=Francisco J. |pmid=28325798 |doi=10.2337/dc16-0989 |pmc=5864102}}</ref>

Hormones such as the growth hormone, glucagon, cortisol, and catecholamines, can cause hyperglycemia when they are present in the body in excess amounts.<ref name=ADA/>

==Diagnosis==

===Monitoring===
It is critical for patients who [[blood glucose monitoring|monitor glucose levels]] at home to be aware of which units of measurement their [[glucose meter]] uses.

Glucose levels are measured in either:{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
# [[Millimoles]] per liter (mmol/L) is the [[SI]] standard unit used in most countries around the world.
# Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) is used in some countries such as the United States, Japan, France, Egypt, and Colombia.

Scientific journals are moving toward using mmol/L; some journals now use mmol/L as the primary unit but quote mg/dL in parentheses.<ref>{{cite web |title=diabetes FAQ: general (part 1 of 5)Section - What are mg/dL and mmol/L? How to convert? Glucose? Cholesterol? |website=faqs.org |url=http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part1/section-9.html |access-date=2007-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828161542/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/diabetes/faq/part1/section-9.html |archive-date=2018-08-28}}</ref>

Glucose levels vary before and after meals, and at various times of day; the definition of "normal" varies among medical professionals. In general, the normal range for most people (fasting adults) is about 4 to 6&nbsp;mmol/L or 80 to 110&nbsp;mg/dL. (where 4&nbsp;mmol/L or 80&nbsp;mg/dL is "optimal".) A subject with a consistent range above 7&nbsp;mmol/L or 126&nbsp;mg/dL is generally held to have hyperglycemia, whereas a consistent range below 4&nbsp;mmol/L or 70&nbsp;mg/dL is considered [[hypoglycemic]]. In [[fasting#Fasting for Medical Reasons|fasting]] adults, blood plasma glucose should not exceed 7&nbsp;mmol/L or 126&nbsp;mg/dL. Sustained higher levels of [[blood sugar]] cause damage to the blood vessels and to the organs they supply, leading to the complications of diabetes.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Blood Sugar |author=Total Health Life |publisher=Total Health Institute |year=2005 |url=http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |access-date=May 4, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817000715/http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |archive-date=August 17, 2013}}</ref>

Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured via the [[HbA1c]] test. The definition of acute hyperglycemia varies by study, with mmol/L levels from 8 to 15 (mg/dL levels from 144 to 270).<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Giugliano D, Marfella R, Coppola L, etal |title=Vascular effects of acute hyperglycemia in humans are reversed by L-arginine. Evidence for reduced availability of nitric oxide during hyperglycemia |journal=Circulation |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=1783–90 |year=1997 |pmid=9107164 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.95.7.1783}}</ref>

Defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both, results in hyperglycemia.<ref name="ADA"/>

Chronic hyperglycemia can be measured by [[clinical urine tests]] which can detect sugar in the urine or microalbuminuria which could be a symptom of diabetes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Florvall |first1=Gösta |last2=Basu |first2=Samar |last3=Helmersson |first3=Johanna |last4=Larsson |first4=Anders |date=2006 |title=Hemocue Urine Albumin Point-Of-Care Test Shows Strong Agreement With the Results Obtained With a Large Nephelometer |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=422–423 |pmid=16443900 |doi=10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1080 |doi-access=free |url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/2/422 |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206042727/https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/29/2/422 |archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>
[[File:Aerobic exercise.jpg|thumb|Group aerobic exercises]]

==Treatment==
Treatment of hyperglycemia requires elimination of the underlying cause, such as diabetes. Acute hyperglycemia can be treated by direct administration of insulin in most cases and may be lessened by the intake of some natural compounds. For example, a single dose of raw cinnamon before a meal containing complex carbohydrates decreases the postprandial hyperglycemia (higher than 140&nbsp;mg/dL; >7.8&nbsp;mmol/L) in patients with type II diabetes.<ref name=":3">{{cite journal |last1=Moreira |first1=Fernanda Duarte |last2=Reis |first2=Caio Eduardo Gonçalves |last3=Gallassi |first3=Andrea Donatti |last4=Moreira |first4=Daniel Carneiro |last5=Welker |first5=Alexis Fonseca |date=2024-10-09 |editor-last=Dardari |editor-first=Dured |title=Suppression of the postprandial hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes by a raw medicinal herb powder is weakened when consumed in ordinary hard gelatin capsules: A randomized crossover clinical trial |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=19 |issue=10 |pages=e0311501 |issn=1932-6203 |pmid=39383145 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0311501 |doi-access=free |pmc=11463819|bibcode=2024PLoSO..1911501M }}</ref> Severe hyperglycemia can be treated with [[anti-diabetic medication|oral hypoglycemic therapy]] and lifestyle modification.<ref name="rosen">{{cite book |author1=Ron Walls |author2=John J. Ratey |author3=Robert I. Simon |title=Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Expert Consult Premium Edition – Enhanced Online Features and Print (Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts & Clinical Practice (2v.)) |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-323-05472-0}}</ref>
[[File:Whole wheat options.jpg|thumb|Replacing white bread by whole wheat bread may help reduce hyperglycemia. Progressively removing bread and reducing carbohydrates may help even more.]]

In diabetes mellitus (by far the most common cause of chronic hyperglycemia), treatment aims at maintaining blood glucose at a level as close to normal as possible, in order to avoid serious long-term complications. This is done by a combination of proper diet, regular exercise, and insulin or other medication such as [[metformin]], etc.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Those with hyperglycaemia can be treated using [[sulphonylurea]]s or metformin or both. These drugs help by improving glycaemic control.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Genetic cause of hyperglycaemia and response to treatment in diabetes |journal=The Lancet |volume=362 |issue=9392 |pages=1275–1281 |year=2003 |last1=Pearson |first1=Ewan R. |last2=Starkey |first2=Bryan J. |last3=Powell |first3=Roy J. |last4=Gribble |first4=Fiona M. |last5=Clark |first5=Penny M. |last6=Hattersley |first6=Andrew T. |pmid=14575972 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14571-0 |s2cid=34914098}}</ref> [[Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor]] alone or in combination with basal insulin can be used as a treatment for hyperglycemia with patients still in hospital.<ref name="Old"/>

Hyperglycemia can also be improved through minor lifestyle changes. Increasing [[aerobic exercise]] to at least 30 minutes a day causes the body to make better use of accumulated glucose since the glucose is being converted to energy by the muscles.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aronson |first1=Ronnie |last2=Brown |first2=Ruth E |last3=Li |first3=Aihua |last4=Riddell |first4=Michael C |title=Optimal Insulin Correction Factor in Post–High-Intensity Exercise Hyperglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: The FIT Study |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=10–16 |year=2019 |pmid=30455336 |doi=10.2337/dc18-1475 |doi-access=free |url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/1/10 |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206000201/https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/1/10 |archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref> Calorie monitoring, with restriction as necessary, can reduce over-eating, which contributes to hyperglycemia.<ref>{{cite web |title=High Blood sugar |date=2005 |publisher=Total health institute |url=http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817000715/http://www.totalhealthlife.com/Conditions/high-blood-sugar.html |archive-date=2013-08-17}}</ref>

Diets higher in healthy unsaturated fats and whole-wheat carbohydrates such as the [[Mediterranean diet]] can help reduce carbohydrate intake to better control hyperglycemia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mattei |first1=Josiemer |last2=Bigornia |first2=Sherman J |last3=Sotos-Prieto |first3=Mercedes |last4=Scott |first4=Tammy |last5=Gao |first5=Xiang |last6=Tucker |first6=Katherine L |date=2019 |title=The Mediterranean Diet and 2-Year Change in Cognitive Function by Status of Type 2 Diabetes and Glycemic Control |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=8 |pages=1372–1379 |pmid=31123154 |doi=10.2337/dc19-0130 |pmc=6647047}}</ref> Diets such as [[intermittent fasting]] and [[ketogenic diet]] help reduce calorie consumption which could significantly reduce hyperglycemia.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Carbohydrates are the main cause for hyperglycemia. Non-whole-wheat items should be substituted by whole-wheat items. Although fruits can be nutritious, fruit intake should be limited due to high sugar content.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dietary Guidelines 2015-2020 |date=2015 |publisher=US Department of Health |url=https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/executive-summary/ |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107012845/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/executive-summary/ |archive-date=2020-01-07}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=April 2025}}

==Epidemiology==

===Environmental factors===
Hyperglycemia is lower in higher income groups since there is access to better education, healthcare, and resources. Low-middle income groups are more likely to develop hyperglycemia, due in part to a limited access to education and a reduced availability of healthy food options.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ma |first1=Ronald CW |last2=Popkin |first2=Barry M |date=2017 |title=Intergenerational diabetes and obesity—A cycle to break? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages=e1002415 |pmid=29088227 |doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002415 |doi-access=free |pmc=5663330}}</ref> Living in warmer climates can reduce hyperglycemia due to increased physical activity while people are less active in colder climates.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ishii |first1=Hajime |last2=Suzuki |first2=Hodaka |last3=Baba |first3=Tsuneharu |last4=Nakamura |first4=Keiko |last5=Watanabe |first5=Tsuyoshi |date=2001 |title=Seasonal Variation of Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=1503 |pmid=11473100 |doi=10.2337/diacare.24.8.1503 |doi-access=free |url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/8/1503.1 |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206004259/https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/24/8/1503.1 |archive-date=2019-12-06}}</ref>

===Population===
Hyperglycemia is one of the main symptoms of diabetes and it has substantially affected the population making it an epidemic due to the population's increased calorie consumption.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |year=2019 |title=Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2019 |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S13–S28 |author1=American Diabetes Association |pmid=30559228 |doi=10.2337/dc19-S002 |doi-access=free |s2cid=56176183 |url=https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/42/Supplement_1/S13.full-text.pdf |access-date=2019-12-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126212622/https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/42/Supplement_1/S13/31150/2-Classification-and-Diagnosis-of-Diabetes |archive-date=2022-01-26}}</ref> Healthcare providers are trying to work more closely with people allowing them more freedom with interventions that suit their lifestyle.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Inzucchi |first1=Silvio E |last2=Bergenstal |first2=Richard M |last3=Buse |first3=John B |last4=Diamant |first4=Michaela |last5=Ferrannini |first5=Ele |last6=Nauck |first6=Michael |last7=Peters |first7=Anne L |last8=Tsapas |first8=Apostolos |last9=Wender |first9=Richard |last10=Matthews |first10=David R |date=2012 |title=Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=1364–1370 |pmid=22517736 |doi=10.2337/dc12-0413 |pmc=3357214}}</ref> As physical inactivity and calorie consumption increases it makes individuals more susceptible to developing hyperglycemia.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT |date=2012 |title=Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy |journal=Lancet |volume=380 |issue=9838 |pages=219–229 |pmid=22818936 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61031-9 |pmc=3645500}}</ref> Hyperglycemia is caused by type 1 diabetes and non-whites have a higher susceptibility for it.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gujral |first1=U. P. |author2=Narayan KMV |date=2019 |title=Diabetes in Normal-Weight Individuals: High Susceptibility in Nonwhite Populations |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=2164–2166 |pmid=31748211 |doi=10.2337/dci19-0046 |doi-access=free |pmc=6868465}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The [[etymology|origin of the term]] is [[Greek language|Greek]]: [[prefix]] ὑπέρ- ''hyper-'' "over-", γλυκός ''glycos'' "sweet wine, [[must]]", αἷμα ''haima'' "blood", -ία, -εια ''-ia'' [[suffix]] for abstract nouns of feminine gender.<ref>{{citation |title=hyperglycemia |date=2024-08-19 |work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |language=en |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hyperglycemia#Etymology |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Acarbose]]
* [[Α-Amylase|Αlpha-Amylase]]
* [[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]]
* [[Cinnamon]]
* [[Prediabetes]]
* [[Reference ranges for blood tests]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007228.htm Hyperglycemia in infants] – from [[MedlinePlus]]

{{Disease of the pancreas and glucose metabolism|state=expanded}}
{{Clinical biochemistry blood tests}}
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB     = 6234
| ICD11          = {{ICD11|5A40}}
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|R|73|9|r|73}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|790.29}}
| ICDO           =
| OMIM           =
| MedlinePlus    = 007228
| eMedicineSubj  =
| eMedicineTopic =
| MeshID         = D006943
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{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Abnormal clinical and laboratory findings for blood]]
[[Category:Disorders causing seizures]]
[[Category:Disorders of endocrine pancreas]]