Editing Hyperbaton

{{Short description|Figure of speech}}{{Latin grammar}}

'''Hyperbaton''' {{IPAc-en|h|aɪ|ˈ|p|ɜr|b|ə|t|ɒ|n}}, in its original meaning, is a [[figure of speech]] in which a phrase is made discontinuous by the insertion of other words.<ref name=DS>Andrew M. Devine, Laurence D. Stephens, ''Latin Word Order: Structured Meaning and Information'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 524.</ref> In modern usage, the term is also used more generally for figures of speech that transpose sentences' natural [[word order]],<ref>Merriam-Webster online dictionary: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hyperbaton hyperbaton]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Stephen Cushman|author2=Clare Cavanagh|author3=Jahan Ramazani|author4=Paul Rouzer|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics: Fourth Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKiC6IeFR2UC&pg=PA648|date=26 August 2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4142-4|page=647}}</ref> which is also called [[anastrophe]].<ref>Merriam-Webster online dictionary: [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anastrophe anastrophe]</ref>

==Etymology==
The word is borrowed from the Greek ''hyperbaton'' ({{lang|grc|ὑπέρβατον}}), meaning "stepping over", which is derived from ''hyper'' ("over") and ''bainein'' ("to step"), with the ''-tos'' verbal adjective suffix. The idea is that to understand the phrase, the reader has to "step over" the words inserted in between.

==Classical usage==
The separation of connected words for emphasis or effect is possible to a much greater degree in highly [[inflection|inflected]] languages,<ref>Ntelitheos (2004), p. 65.</ref> whose sentence meaning does not depend closely on word order. In [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek]], the effect of hyperbaton is often to emphasize the first word. It has been called "perhaps the most distinctively alien feature of Latin word order."<ref name=DS /> [[Aelius Donatus|Donatus]], in his work ''On [[trope (linguistics)|tropes]]'', includes under hyperbaton five varieties: [[hysteron proteron|hysterologia]], [[anastrophe]] (for which the term hyperbaton is sometimes used loosely as a synonym), [[parenthesis (rhetoric)|parenthesis]], [[tmesis]], and [[synchysis]].

===Ancient Greek===
*{{lang|grc|ὑφ' <u>ἑνὸς</u> τοιαῦτα πέπονθεν ἡ Ἑλλὰς <u>ἀνθρώπου</u>}} ({{grc-transl|ὑφ' <u>ἑνὸς</u> τοιαῦτα πέπονθεν ἡ Ἑλλὰς <u>ἀνθρώπου</u>}}) ([[Demosthenes]] 18.158) 
:"Greece has suffered such things at the hands of <u>only one person</u>"

In the above example, the word "(only) one", ''henos'', occurs in its normal place after the preposition "at the hands of" (''hupo''), but "person" (''anthrōpou'') is unnaturally delayed, giving emphasis to "only one."

*{{lang|grc|<u>πρός</u> σε <u>γονάτων</u>}} ({{grc-transl|<u>πρός</u> σε <u>γονάτων</u>}}) (occurs several times in [[Euripides]])
:"[I entreat] you <u>by your knees</u>"

Here the word "you" (''se'') divides the preposition "by" from its object "knees."

*{{lang|grc|<u>τίνα</u> ἔχει <u>δύναμιν</u>;}} ({{grc-transl|<u>τίνα</u> ἔχει <u>δύναμιν</u>;}}) ([[Plato]], ''Republic'' 358b)
:"<u>What power</u> does it have?"<ref>Example from Devine and Stephens (1999).</ref>

===New Testament Greek===
Hyperbaton is also common in New Testament Greek, for example:<ref>Aubrey, Mike: [https://koine-greek.com/2008/11/17/discontinuous-syntax-in-the-new-testament-part-iii/ Discontinuous Syntax in the New Testament] part 3.</ref>

{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3
|οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος <u>πολλὰ</u> ποιεῖ <u>σημεῖα</u>|c1=(John 11:47)
|{{grc-transl|οὗτος}} {{grc-transl|ὁ}} {{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}} <u>{{grc-transl|πολλὰ}}</u> {{grc-transl|ποιεῖ}} <u>{{grc-transl|σημεῖα}}</u>
|"This man is performing <u>many signs</u>" (not merely a few)}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3
|διὰ τὸ <u>ἐγγὺς</u> <u>εἶναι</u> Ἰερουσαλὴμ <u>αὐτόν</u>|c1=(Luke 19:11)
|{{grc-transl|διὰ}} {{grc-transl|τὸ}} <u>{{grc-transl|ἐγγὺς}}</u> <u>{{grc-transl|εἶναι}}</u> {{grc-transl|Ἰερουσαλὴμ}} <u>{{grc-transl|αὐτόν}}</u>
|"because of <u>him being near</u> Jerusalem" (not far)}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3
|ἴδετε <u>πηλίκοις</u> ὑμῖν <u>γράμμασιν</u> ἔγραψα τῇ ἐμῇ χειρί|c1=(Paul, ''Galatians'' 6:11)
|{{grc-transl|ἴδετε}} <u>{{grc-transl|πηλίκοις}}</u> {{grc-transl|ὑμῖν}} <u>{{grc-transl|γράμμασιν}}</u> {{grc-transl|ἔγραψα}} {{grc-transl|τῇ}} {{grc-transl|ἐμῇ}} {{grc-transl|χειρί}}
|"See, I have written to you <u>with big letters</u> in my own hand" (not small ones)}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3
|<u>ταλαίπωρος</u> ἐγὼ <u>ἄνθρωπος</u>|c1=(Paul, ''Romans'' 7:24)
|<u>{{grc-transl|ταλαίπωρος}}</u> {{grc-transl|ἐγὼ}} <u>{{grc-transl|ἄνθρωπος}}</u>
|"I (am) <u>a wretched man</u>" (not a fortunate one)}}

In all these examples and others in the New Testament, the first word of the hyperbaton is an adjective or adverb which is emphasised by being separated from the following noun. The separating word can be a verb, noun, or pronoun.<ref>Aubrey, Mike: [https://koine-greek.com/2008/11/01/discontinuous-syntax-in-the-new-testament-part-i/ Discontinuous Syntax in the New Testament] part 1.</ref>

===Latin===
====Prose====
In Latin hyperbaton is frequently found in both prose and verse. The following examples come from prose writers. Often, there is an implied contrast between the first word of the hyperbaton and its opposite:<ref>Pinkster, H. (1990), ''Latin Syntax and Semantics'', p. 186.</ref>
*''<u>meo</u> tu epistulam dedisti <u>servo</u>?'' ([[Plautus]], ''Pseudolus'' 1203) 
:"You gave the letter to <u>''my'' slave</u> (i.e. not your own)?"
*''<u>duas</u> a te accepi <u>epistulas</u> heri'' ([[Cicero]], ''Att.'', 14.2.1) 
:"I received <u>''two'' letters</u> (''duas epistulas'') from you yesterday" (not just one).
*''<u>hae</u> permanserunt <u>aquae</u> dies complures.'' ([[Julius Caesar|Caesar]], ''B.C.'' 1.50.1):
:"<u>This flood</u> (''hae aquae'') lasted (''permanserunt'') several days" (unlike the earlier one).
*''<u>ille</u> sic <u>dies</u>'' (Cicero, ''Att.'' 5.1.3) 
:"So (passed) <u>''that'' day</u> (''ille dies'')"

In all the above examples, the first word of the hyperbaton can be said to be emphasised. The following is different, since the emphasis seems to be on the word in the middle: 
*''<u>sum</u> enim ipse <u>mensus</u>'' (Cicero, ''ad Quintum fratrem'', 3.1.4)
:"for <u>I measured</u> ({{lang|la|sum mensus}}) it myself ({{lang|la|ipse}})"

In the following an adjective of size is brought to the front, emphasising the whole phrase:
*''pro <u>ingenti</u> itaque <u>victoria</u> id fuit plebi.'' (Livy 4.54.6)
:"The people saw this, therefore, as an <u>enormous victory</u>."<ref>Pinkster, H. (1990): [http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.19:10:3:2.NewPerseusMonographs ''Latin Syntax and Semantics''], p. 170.</ref>
*''<u>magnam</u> enim secum <u>pecuniam</u> portabat'' ([[Cornelius Nepos|Nepos]], ''Hannibal'', 9.2)
:"for (''enim'') he was carrying <u>a large sum of money</u> (''magnam pecuniam'') with him (''secum'')".
*''<u>magno</u> cum <u>fremitu</u> et clamore'' (Cicero, ''to Atticus'', 2.19.2)
:"with (''cum'') a great deal of roaring and shouting"

The first word of the hyperbaton can also be an adverb, as in the following example:<ref>A.M. Devine, L.D. Stephens (2006), ''Latin Word Order'', p. 582.</ref>
*''<u>aeque</u> vita <u>iucunda</u>'' (Cicero, ''de Finibus'' 4.30) 
:"a life (''vita'') <u>equally pleasant</u> (''aeque iucunda'').

It is also possible for the noun to come first ("postmodifier hyperbaton"), as in the following:<ref>Devine and Stephens (2006), p. 531–540.</ref>
*''<u>dies</u> appetebat <u>septimus</u>'' (Caesar, ''B.G.'' 6.35.1)
:"The seventh day was approaching"

*''Antonius <u>legiones</u> eduxit <u>duas</u>.'' (Cicero, ''ad Fam.'' 10.30.1)
:"Antonius led out <u>two legions</u>."

A hyperbaton can also be used to demonstrate a kind of picture shown in the text:
* {{lang|la|<u>hac</u> in utramque partem <u>disputatione</u> habita}} (Caesar, ''Bel. Gall.'' 5.30)
:"With <u>this dispute</u> having been held favouring either side" (showing the dispute being on either side of the accusative prepositional phrase)

Another kind of hyperbaton is "genitive hyperbaton" in which one of the words is in the [[genitive case]]:<ref>Devine and Stephens (2006), pp. 525–31.</ref>
*''<u>contionem</u> advocat <u>militum</u>'' (Caesar, ''Bellum Civile'' 2.32)
:"He called <u>a meeting of the soldiers</u>."

The following even have a double hyperbaton:
*''cum '''ipse''' <u>litteram</u> '''Socrates''' <u>nullam</u> reliquisset.'' (Cicero, ''de Orat.'' 3.60)
:"When <u>Socrates himself</u> didn't leave <u>a single line of writing</u>."

* {{lang|la|<u>unam</u> '''esse''' in celeritate '''positam''' <u>salutem</u>}} (Caesar, ''Bell. Gall.'' 5.29.7)
:"their <u>one (hope of) salvation</u> rested in speed ({{lang|la|celeritate}})" (with emphasis on ''one'' and ''speed'')

*''<u>praeda</u> '''potitus''' <u>ingenti</u> '''est''''' (Livy 40.49.1)
:"he took possession of <u>an enormous amount of booty</u>".

In the following, a genitive hyperbaton and an adjectival hyperbaton are interleaved:
*''<u>magnus</u> '''omnium''' incessit <u>timor</u> '''animis''''' (Caesar ''Bellum Civile'' 2.29)
:"Great fear (''magnus timor'') overcame the minds of all of them (''omnium animis'')."

Another kind of hyperbaton (called "conjunct hyperbaton" by Devine and Stephens)<ref>Devine and Stephens (2006), p. 586.</ref> is found when a phrase consisting of two words joined by ''et'' ("and") is separated by another word:
*''Aspendus, <u>vetus</u> oppidum <u>et nobile</u>'' (Cicero, ''Verr.'' 2.1.53) 
:"Aspendus, an <u>old</u> town, <u>and a noble</u> one".

*''<u>Faesulas</u> inter <u>Arretiumque</u>'' (Livy, 22.3.3)
:"Between <u>Faesulae and Arretium</u>".

====Poetry====
In poetry, especially poetry from the 1st century BC onwards, hyperbaton is very common; some 40% of [[Horace]]'s adjectives are separated from their nouns.<ref>Nisbet (1999), p. 137.</ref>

Frequently two hyperbata are used in the same sentence, as in the following example:
*''<u>quam</u> Catullus <u>unam</u>/ plus quam se atque '''suos''' amavit '''omnes''''' (Catullus 58a) 
:"<u>whom alone</u> (''quam unam'') Catullus loved (''amavit'') more than himself and <u>all his own</u> (''suos omnes'')."

Often two noun phrases are interleaved in a double hyperbaton:
*''<u>saevae</u> '''memorem''' <u>Iunonis</u> ob '''iram''''' ([[Virgil]], ''Aeneid'', 1.5)
:"on account of the <u>mindful anger</u> (''memorem iram'') of <u>cruel [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]]</u> (''saevae Iunonis'')".

The type in the examples below, where two adjectives are followed by a verb and then two nouns in the same order as the adjectives, is often referred to as a "[[golden line]]":

*''<u>lurida</u> '''terribiles''' miscent <u>aconita</u> '''novercae''''' ([[Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses'', 1.147)
:"<u>Fearsome stepmothers</u> (''terribiles novercae'') mix <u>lurid [[aconitum|aconites]]</u> (''lurida aconita'')."

*{{lang|la|<u>irrita</u> '''ventosae''' linquens <u>promissa</u> '''procellae'''}} (Catullus 64.55)
:"abandoning his useless promises ({{lang|la|irrita promissa}}) to the windy storm ({{lang|la|ventosae procellae}})"

Occasionally (but rarely) three separate noun phrases can be interleaved, for example:

*{{lang|la|<u>nullum</u> '''Martia''' summo / altius <u>imperium</u> consule '''Roma''' videt}} (Ovid, ''Ex Ponto'' 4.9.65–6.)
:"Martial Rome ({{lang|la|Martia Roma}}) sees no higher command ({{lang|la|nullum altius imperium}}) than supreme Consul ({{lang|la|summo consule}})"

In the following line, a conjunct hyperbaton is interleaved with another noun phrase:
:''<u>venator</u> '''cursu''' <u>canis</u> '''et latratibus''' instat'' (Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 12.751)
:"the <u>hunting dog</u> (''venator canis'') threatens him <u>with running and barking</u> (''cursu et latratibus'')."

In other cases one hyperbaton is inserted inside another:
*''in <u>nova</u> fert animus '''mutatas''' dicere '''formas''' / <u>corpora</u>'' (Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 1.1)
:"My spirit leads me to tell of <u>forms transformed</u> (''mutatas formas'') into <u>new bodies</u> (''nova corpora'')."
*''ab <u>Hyrcanis</u> '''Indo'''que a '''litore''' <u>silvis</u>'' ([[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus|Lucan]] 8.343)
:"from the <u>[[Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests|Hyrcanian]] forests</u> (''Hyrcanis silvis'') and from the <u>Indian shore</u> (''Indo litore'')."

The following example is from [[Ovid]]'s ''Metamorphoses''. Here the clause {{lang|la|quae duri colerent iuvenci}} "which patient bullocks might cultivate", which already contains a hyperbaton of the phrase {{lang|la|duri iuvenci}} "patient bullocks", is in turn is split up by the words {{lang|la|pater arva}}:

:{{lang|la|non mihi <u>quae '''duri''' colerent</u> pater arva <u>'''iuvenci'''</u> ... reliquit}} (Ovid, ''Met.'' 3.584)<ref>Quoted by Kenney, E. J. (2002). "Ovid's language and style". In ''Brill's Companion to Ovid'' (pp. 27-89). Brill; p. 71.</ref>
:"My father did not leave me any fields ({{lang|la|arva}}) <u>which patient bullocks</u> ({{lang|la|duri iuvenci}}) <u>might cultivate</u>"

In some cases, the placing of two adjectives together may highlight a contrast between them, for example, in the following sentence from [[Horace]], where the fragility of the boat is contrasted with the roughness of the sea:<ref>Nisbet (1999), p. 139.</ref>
*''qui <u>fragilem</u> '''truci''' commisit '''pelago''' <u>ratem</u>'' (Horace, ''Odes'', 1.3.10f) 
:"who committed a <u>fragile boat</u> (''fragilem ratem'') to the <u>rough sea</u> (''truci pelago'')"

Similarly in the example from Ovid below "transparent" is contrasted with "dense":
*''et <u>liquidum</u> '''spisso''' secrevit ab '''aere''' <u>caelum</u>'' (Ovid, ''Metamorphoses'' 1.23)
:"and He separated the <u>transparent heaven</u> (''liquidum caelum'') from the <u>dense atmosphere</u> (''spisso aere'')."

Sometimes pretty effects are obtained by apparently switching the order of the adjectives:
:{{lang|la|<u>gratia</u> sic '''minimo''' <u>magna</u> '''labore''' venit}} (Ovid, ''Amores'', 3.4.46)
:"thus <u>great influence</u> ({{lang|la|gratia magna}}) comes with very little labour ({{lang|la|minimo labore}})"

Usually the adjective in a discontinuous noun phrase comes first, as in the above examples, but the opposite is also possible: 
*''<u>cristā</u>que tegit galea aurea <u>rubrā</u>'' (Virgil, ''Aeneid'' 9.50)
:"And a golden helmet <u>with a red crest</u> (''crista rubra'') covers him."
*''<u>silva</u> lupus in <u>Sabina</u>'' (Horace, ''Odes'', 1.22) 
:"a wolf (''lupus'') (lurking) in the <u>[[Sabines|Sabine]] forest</u> (''silva Sabina'')."

The above example illustrates another occasional feature of hyperbaton, since the word "wolf" (''lupus'') is actually inside the phrase "Sabine forest" (''silva Sabina''). This kind of word-play is found elsewhere in Horace also, e.g. ''<u>grato</u>, Pyrrha, sub <u>antro</u>'' "Pyrrha, beneath a <u>pleasant grotto</u>", where Pyrrha is indeed in a grotto; and in the quotation from Horace ''Odes'' 1.5 below, the girl is surrounded by the graceful boy, who in turn is surrounded by a profusion of roses:<ref>Nisbet (1999), p. 140.</ref>
*''<u>quis</u> '''multa''' <u>gracilis</u> te <u>puer</u> in '''rosa''''' (Horace, ''Odes'', 1.5)
:"what <u>graceful boy</u> (''gracilis puer'') (is embracing) you (''te'') amidst <u>many a rose</u> (''multa rosa'')?"

In [[Ovid]], hyperbaton or dislocated word order is particularly common in his elegiac poetry. Kenney quotes the following. Here the words {{lang|la|timebam ne caperer}} "I was afraid lest I might be captured", which are already dislocated into {{lang|la|caperer ne timebam}}, are interleaved with the phrase {{lang|la|si progressa forem nocte}} "if I had gone out in the night":<ref>Kenney (2002), p. 43.</ref>
*{{lang|la|si <u>progressa forem</u> '''caperer ne''' <u>nocte</u> '''timebam'''}} (Ovid, ''Her.'' 3.19)
:"If <u>I had gone out</u> ({{lang|la|progressa forem}}) <u>at night</u> ({{lang|la|nocte}}), I was afraid I might be captured"

Housman<ref>Quoted by Kenney (2002), p 43.</ref> comments: "the dislocation of {{lang|la|nocte}} together with its juxtaposition with {{lang|la|timebam}} lends emphasis to [Briseis's] fears of getting lost in the dark."

===Other languages===
The classical type of hyperbaton is also found in Slavic languages like Polish:<ref name=Siev>Spevak (2010), p. 23, citing Siewierska, A. (1984).</ref>

{{interlinear|indent=3
|<u>Piękny</u> Markowi kupili <u>obraz</u>
|<u>beautiful</u> {for Mark} {they bought} <u>painting</u>
|"They bought a <u>beautiful painting</u> for Mark."}}

Certain conditions are necessary for hyperbaton to be possible in Polish: discontinuous noun phrases typically contain just one modifier, and the noun and modifier must be separated by a verb (and not, for example, by the indirect object ''Markowi'' alone).<ref name=Siev />

Similar constructions are found in other languages, such as Russian, Latvian, and Modern Greek from which the following example comes:<ref>Ntelitheos (2004), p. 38.</ref>

{{fs interlinear|lang=grc|indent=3
|Το <u>κόκκινο</u> είδα το <u>φόρεμα</u>.
|{{grc-transl|Το}} <u>{{grc-transl|κόκκινο}}</u> {{grc-transl|είδα}} {{grc-transl|το}} <u>{{grc-transl|φόρεμα}}</u>.
|"It is the <u>red dress</u> (''το κόκκινο φόρεμα'') that I saw."}}

Ntelitheos (2004) points out that one condition enabling such constructions is that the adjective is in contrastive focus ("the red dress, not the blue one").

==English usage==
<!--establish that these are indeed examples of hyperbaton, rather than formerly regular but now archaic English syntax-->
In English studies, the term "hyperbaton" is defined differently, as "a figure of speech in which the normal order of words is reversed, as in ''cheese I love''" (Collins English Dictionary)<ref>''Collins English Dictionary'' (online) [https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hyperbaton "hyperbaton"].</ref> or "a transposition or inversion of idiomatic word order (as ''echoed the hills'' for ''the hills echoed'')" (Merriam-Webster online dictionary).<ref>Merriam-Webster online dictionary [https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hyperbaton "hyperbaton"].</ref> Some examples are given below:
* "Bloody thou art; bloody will be thy end" — [[William Shakespeare]] in ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'', 4.4, 198.
* "Object there was none.  Passion there was none." — [[Edgar Allan Poe]], ''[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]''.
* "The helmsman steered, the ship moved on; / Yet never a breeze up blew" — [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], ''[[The Rime of the Ancient Mariner]]''
* "For while the tired waves, vainly breaking, / Seem here no painful inch to gain" — [[Arthur Hugh Clough]], ''Say Not the Struggle Naught Availeth''.
* "Arms and the man I sing" — Opening words of [[Virgil]]'s ''Aeneid'', translated by E.&nbsp;F. Taylor (1907).
* "Backward ran sentences until reeled the mind." — [[Wolcott Gibbs]]'s 1936 parody of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.
* "Alone with Christ, desolate else, left by mankind."  — [[Lionel Johnson]], The Church of a Dream (1890)

==See also==
*[[Anastrophe]]
*[[Apposition]]
*[[Figure of speech]]
*[[Golden line]]
*[[Parenthesis (rhetoric)|Parenthesis]]
*[[Split infinitive]]
*[[Epiphrase]]
*[[Scrambling (linguistics)]]

==Bibliography==
*Aubrey, Mike. [https://koine-greek.com/2008/11/17/discontinuous-syntax-in-the-new-testament-part-iii/ ''Discontinuous Syntax in the New Testament'' part 3.]
*Devine, Andrew M. & Laurence D. Stephens (1999), [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/discontinuous-syntax-9780195132700?cc=us&lang=en& ''Discontinuous Syntax: Hyperbaton in Greek'']. Oxford University Press. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3086562 Review by M.C. Beckwith].
*Devine, Andrew M. & Laurence D. Stephens (2006), ''Latin Word Order. Structured Meaning and Information''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xii, 639. {{ISBN|0-19-518168-9}}: Ch. 7 "Hyperbaton", pp. 524–610.
*Kenney, E. J. (2002). "Ovid's language and style". In ''Brill's Companion to Ovid'' (pp. 27-89). Brill.
*Nisbet, R. G. M. (1999). [http://www.britac.ac.uk/pubs/proc/files/93p135.pdf "The Word-Order of Horace's ''Odes''"]. ''Proceedings of the British Academy'', 93, 135-154.
*Ntelitheos, Dimitrios (2004). [http://linguistics.ucla.edu/general/matheses/Ntelitheos_UCLA_MA_2004.pdf ''Syntax of Elliptical and Discontinuous Nominals'']. University of California, Los Angeles, M.A. thesis.
*Powell, J. G. (2010) "Hyperbaton and register in Cicero", in E. Dickey and A. Chahoud (eds.), ''Colloquial and Literary Latin'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 163–185.
*Siewierska, A. (1984). "Phrasal Discontinuity in Polish", ''Australian Journal of Linguistics'' 4, 57–71.
*Spevak, Olga (2010). ''Constituent Order in Classical Latin Prose''. Studies in Language Companion Series (SLCS) 117. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010.  Pp. xv, 318.  {{ISBN|9789027205841}}: pp. 23–26.

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://rhetoric.byu.edu/Figures/H/hyperbaton.htm ''Silva Rhetoricae'' entry]

{{Figures of speech}}

[[Category:Rhetorical techniques]]
[[Category:Word order]]
[[Category:Obfuscation]]
[[Category:Latin-language literature]]
[[Category:New Testament]]
[[Category:Greek literature (post-classical)]]