Editing Hyderabad

{{Short description|Capital of Telangana, India}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the city in India. For the city in Pakistan, see [[Hyderabad, Pakistan]]. For other uses, see [[Hyderabad (disambiguation)]].}}
{{Featured article}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Hyderabad
| native_name        = ''Haidarābādu''<!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| settlement_type    = [[Metropolis]] <!-- Not a Megacity, as the population of the city is under 10 million residents -->
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border                       = infobox
| total_width                  = 280
| image_style                  =
| perrow                       = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Vasavi_Gp_Trends_from_Khajaguda_hills.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nanakramguda]] skyline
| image2                       = Charminar sumeet photography 3.JPG {{!}} The Charminar during the Ramzan night bazaar
| caption2 = [[Charminar]]
| image3                       = Birla Mandir in Hyderabad.jpg {{!}} Birla Mandir
| caption3 = [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Mandir]]
| image6                       = Qutb Shahi Tomb 5.jpg {{!}} Qutb Shahi tombs
| caption6 = [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]
| image4                       = Buildings in HiTech city from Raidurg Metro station.jpg {{!}} Knowledge city, My Home Bhooja, Auro reality and IKEA
| caption4 = HITEC City Main Road
| image5                       = Hussain Sagar Buddha Statue.JPG {{!}} Buddha Statue
| caption5 = [[Buddha Statue of Hyderabad|Buddha Statue]] at [[Hussain Sagar]]
| image7                       = Falaknuma Palace 01.jpg {{!}} Falaknuma Palace
| caption7 = [[Falaknuma Palace]]
}}
| image_alt          = <!-- There are individual alt texts for each image in the collage in the infobox -->
| image_caption      = 
| native_name_lang   = iso 15919
| other_name         = 
| named_for          = [[Caliph]] [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]]
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo of the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| blank_emblem_size  = 100px
| blank_emblem_alt   = 
| image_blank_emblem = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250 | frame-height=180|frame-align=center | type=shape|id=Q1361|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2 | text=Interactive Map Outlining Hyderabad}}
| pushpin_map_alt    = A map showing the location of Hyderabad in Telangana, India.
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Hyderabad##Location in Telangana##Location in India##Location in Asia##Location in Earth
| pushpin_map        = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India#Asia#Earth
| pushpin_mapsize    = 250
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates        = {{WikidataCoord|Q1361|type:city_region:IN-TG|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = India
| subdivision_type1  = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[List of districts in India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_name2  = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
* [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Medchal–Malkajgiri]]
* [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]]
* [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
}}
| established_title  = Established
| established_date   = {{Start date and age|1591}}
| founder            = [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]]
| government_type    = [[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal corporation]]
| governing_body     = {{unbulleted list|[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] | [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]}}
| total_type         = [[City proper|City]]
| unit_pref          = Metric
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 650
| area_urban_km2     = 1225.59
| area_metro_km2     = 7,257
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 536
| population_total   = 6,809,970 ([[List of cities in India by population|4th]])
| population_as_of   = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="greater Hyderabad" />
| population_density_km2 = 10477
| population_est     = 9,482,000
| pop_est_as_of      = 2018
| pop_est_footnotes  = <ref>{{cite web |title=The World's Cities in 2018 |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |work=[[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs]] |year=2018 |access-date=11 July 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210315074343/https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf |archive-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>
| population_urban   = 7677018 ([[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|6th]])
| population_urban_footnotes = <ref name="2011UA" />
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 9.7 million ([[List of metropolitan areas in India|6th]])
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="metropop">{{cite news |title=Time to put metropolitan planning committee in place |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Time-to-put-metropolitan-planning-committee-in-place/articleshow/39138115.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 March 2016 |date=28 July 2014 |location=Hyderabad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314172214/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Time-to-put-metropolitan-planning-committee-in-place/articleshow/39138115.cms |archive-date=14 March 2021}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Hyderabadi
| timezone1          = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1        = +5:30
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal Index Number|PIN(s)]]
| postal_code        = 500xxx, 501xxx, 502xxx
| area_codes         = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91–40, 8413, 8414, 8415, 8417, 8418, 8453, 8455]]
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India|TG-07 to TG-15]]
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Gross metropolitan product|Metro GDP]] ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])
| blank_info_sec1    = 
| leader_party       = 
| leader_title       = [[Parliament of India]]
| leader_name        = [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] ([[AIMIM]]) <br /> [[G. Kishan Reddy]] ([[BJP]]) <br /> [[Konda Vishweshwar Reddy]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) <br /> [[Etela Rajender]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| leader_title2      = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]] ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| blank2_name        = {{nowrap|Official languages}}
| blank2_info        = {{hlist|[[Telugu language|Telugu]] | [[Urdu language|Urdu]]}}<!-- Please do not add anything besides Telugu and Urdu. -->
| website            = {{URL|www.ghmc.gov.in}}
| official_name      = 
| blank_name_sec2    = [[International airport]]
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (HYD)
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Rapid transit]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[Hyderabad Metro]]
}}

'''Hyderabad'''{{efn|{{Indic Transl|te|Haidarābād|ˈɦaɪ̯dəɾaːbaːd|Hyderabad.ogg}};  {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|حيدرآباد}}}} {{IPA|ur|ˈɦːædəɾɐːbaːd|langpron}}}} is the capital and largest city of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It occupies {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}} on the [[Deccan Plateau]] along the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]], in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of {{cvt|536|m|ft}}, much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around [[Lakes in Hyderabad|artificial lakes]], including the [[Hussain Sagar]] lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Hyderabad is the [[List of cities in India by population|fourth-most populous city in India]] with a population of {{nowrap|6.9 million}} residents within the city limits, and has a population of {{nowrap|9.7 million}} residents in the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Region|metropolitan region]], making it the [[List of metropolitan areas in India|sixth-most populous metropolitan area]] in India. With an output of {{US$}}&nbsp;95 billion,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Economic and Statistics |url=https://ecostat.telangana.gov.in/telangana/Home |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=ecostat.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) |url=https://www.hmda.gov.in/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority |language=en}}</ref> Hyderabad has the sixth-largest urban economy in [[India]].

The Qutb Shahi dynasty's [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the [[Golconda Fort|fortified Golconda]]. In 1687, [[Siege of Golconda|the city was annexed]] by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. In 1724, [[Asaf Jah I]], the [[Viceroy of the Deccan|Mughal viceroy]], declared his sovereignty and founded the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]], also known as the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams]]. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As the capital of the [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]], the city housed the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]] and [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board|cantonment]] until [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]] in 1947. [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Hyderabad was annexed]] by the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] in 1948 and continued as a capital of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] from 1948 to 1956. After [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|the introduction]] of the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act of 1956]], Hyderabad was made the capital of the [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|newly formed Andhra Pradesh]]. In 2014, [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Andhra Pradesh was split]] to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states until 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad ceases to be common capital of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-common-capital-andhra-pradesh-telangana-9367023/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=PTI |date=2 June 2024 |access-date=2 June 2024}}</ref> Since 1956, the city has housed the [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]], the winter office of the [[president of India]].

Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the [[Charminar]] has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. [[Culture of Hyderabad|A distinctive culture]] arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with [[Deccan painting|painting]], [[Bidriware|handicraft]], [[Jewels of the Nizams of Hyderabad|jewellery]], [[Deccani Masnavi|literature]], [[Deccani language|dialect]] and [[Clothing of Hyderabad, India|clothing]] prominent even today. For [[Hyderabadi cuisine|its cuisine]], the city is listed as a [[City of Gastronomy|creative city of gastronomy]] by [[UNESCO]]. The [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]] based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India {{as of|2021|lc=on}}.

Until the {{nowrap|19th century}}, Hyderabad was known for its [[Hyderabad pearls|pearl industry]] and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for [[Golconda diamonds]] in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional [[bazaar]]s remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the [[Deccan Plateau]] and the [[Western Ghats]], and industrialisation throughout the {{nowrap|20th century}} attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an [[Genome Valley|Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology]] and information technology. The formation of the [[special economic zone]]s of [[Hardware Park, Hyderabad|Hardware Park]] and [[HITEC City]], dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.

{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Hyderabad}}

=== Toponymy ===
<!-- Some books in this section do not have "ISBN". For those references, URL links are available. Because multiple scholars claim different names of the city during the same period, it's better to update sources. -->

The name ''Hyderabad'' means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from ''[[Haydar]]'' 'lion' and ''[[-abad|ābād]]'' 'city', after [[Caliph]] [[Ali Ibn Abi Talib]], also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.<ref name="Everett-Heath2005">{{cite book |title=Concise dictionary of world place names |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=223 |isbn=978-0-19-860537-9 |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |year=2005}}</ref> The city was originally called ''Baghnagar'' (city of gardens).<ref name="AnPet">{{cite book |title=Dictionary of Islamic architecture |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr |url-access=registration |publisher=Routledge |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofisla00andr/page/112 112] |isbn=978-0-415-06084-4 |last=Petersen |first=Andrew |year=1996 |access-date=28 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Holister">{{cite book |title=The Shia of India |url=https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |publisher=Luzac and company limited |last=Holister |first=John Norman |pages=120–125 |year=1953 |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010135146/https://insideismailism.files.wordpress.com/2014/11/shia-of-india-1953-john-norman-hollister_txt.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The European travellers [[Heinrich von Poser|von Poser]] and [[Jean de Thévenot|Thévenot]] found both names in use in the 17th century.<ref name="Lach&Kley">{{cite book |title=Asia in the Making of Europe |volume=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=? |isbn=978-0-226-46768-9 |last1=Lach |first1=Donald F |last2=Kley |first2=Edwin J. Van |year=1993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303193015/https://books.google.com/books?id=YPPiumz4vx0C& |archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="TH-Hyd name">{{cite news |title=The city of love: Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=7 October 2016 |access-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207155308/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/The-city-of-love-Hyderabad/article15474440.ece |archive-date=7 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="McCann(1994)">{{cite book |title=Rights at work: pay equity reform and the politics of legal mobilization |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-55571-3 |last=McCann |first=Michael W. |year=1994}}</ref>{{rp|6}} 

A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], named it ''Bhagya-nagar'' ("fortunate city")<ref name="Bernier">{{Cite book |first=Francois |last=Bernier |title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, 1656–1668 |publisher=Archibald Constable |year=1891 |edition=1st |location=London |page=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/travelsinmogulem00bernuoft/page/18/mode/2up}}</ref> after [[Bhagmati]], a local ''[[nautch]]'' (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to [[Islam]] and adopted the title ''Hyder Mahal'', the city being subsequently named ''Hyderabad'' in her honour.<ref name="McCann(1994)" />{{rp|6}}<ref name="Hyderabad_and_Bhagmati">{{cite book |title=The march of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |access-date=7 January 2013 |year=1959 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |page=89 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103024703/http://books.google.com/books?id=d5AhAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=3 January 2014}}
* {{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=14–15 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Khan |first=Masud Ḥusain |year=1996}}
* {{cite book |title=With respect to sex: negotiating hijra identity in south India |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=6 |isbn=978-0-226-70755-6 |last=Reddy |first=Gayatri |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The colors of violence: cultural identities, religion, and conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/colorsofviolence00kaka/page/23 23] |isbn=978-0-226-42284-8 |last=Kakar |first=Sudhir |year=1996}}</ref>

In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the [[epithet]] ''Farkhunda Bunyad'' ({{Literal translation|Of Auspicious Foundation}}). Following the [[Siege of Golconda|Mughal conquest of Hyderabad]], emperor [[Aurangzeb]] changed the epithet to ''Dar-ul-Jihad'' ({{Literal translation|Abode of Holy War}}), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and [[Kam Bakhsh]]. The later Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam I|Shah Alam]] returned the city to its older epithet of ''Farkhunda Bunyad'', and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and [[Muhammad Shah]] feature this title as the city's mint-name.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1992 |isbn=8120605438 |pages=17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jackson |first=Robert Pilkington |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjYaAAAAIAAJ |title=The Dominions, Emblems, and Coins of the South Indian Dynasties |date=1913 |publisher=Harrison |pages=86–87 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Early and medieval history ===
{| role="Historical affiliations" class="wikitable mw-collapsible autocollapse"
| <strong>Historical affiliations</strong>
|-
|
* {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda Sultanate]] 1518–1687
:(inception of Hyderabad city in 1591)
* {{flagicon image|Captured flag of the Mughal Empire (1857).png}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1687–1724
* {{flagicon image|Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg}} [[Nizam State]] 1724–1948
* {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] 1948–1956
* {{flagicon image|Flag of United Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] 1956–2014
* {{flagicon image|}} [[Telangana]] since 2014
|}
The discovery of [[Megalithic]] burial sites and [[Hasmathpet cairns|cairn circles]] in the [[suburb]]s of Hyderabad, in 1851 by [[Philip Meadows Taylor]], a [[polymath]] in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since the [[South Asian Stone Age|Stone Age]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Prehistoric and megalithic cairns vanish from capital's landscape |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 July 2017 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921010650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/prehistoric-and-megalithic-cairns-vanish-from-capitals-landscape/articleshow/59696497.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="yimene">{{cite book |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |last=Yimene |first=Ababu Minda |year=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag |page=2 |isbn=978-3-86537-206-2 |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed [[Iron Age]] sites that may date from 500&nbsp;[[BCE]].<ref name="Hyd_BC">{{cite news |title=Iron Age burial site discovered |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 September 2008 |access-date=7 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/10/stories/2008091058090100.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the [[Chalukya dynasty]] from 624&nbsp;[[Common Era|CE]] to 1075&nbsp;CE.<ref name="kolluru">{{cite book |title=Inscriptions of the minor Chalukya dynasties of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=Mittal Publications |page=1 |isbn=978-81-7099-216-5 |last=Kolluru |first=Suryanarayana |year=1993}}</ref> Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]] from 1158, whose seat of power was at [[Warangal]]—{{cvt|148|km|mi|0}} northeast of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Golctime">{{harvtxt|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|pp=19–41}}</ref> The Kakatiya ruler [[Ganapatideva]] (1199–1262) built a [[Hilltop castle|hilltop]] [[Outpost (military)|outpost]]—later known as [[Golconda Fort]]—to defend their western region.<ref name="yimene" />

The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the [[Khalji dynasty]] in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by [[Malik Kafur]], Khalji's general.<ref name="medival India">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of medieval India |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |pages=85 and 141 |isbn=978-0-8108-5503-8 |last=Khan |first=Iqtidar Alam |year=2008}}</ref> During this period, Khalji took the ''[[Koh-i-Noor]]'' diamond, which is said to have been mined from the [[Kollur Mine]]s of Golconda, to Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heritage Golconda diamond up for auction at Sotheby's |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-Golconda-diamond-up-for-auction-at-Sothebys/articleshow/12077925.cms |last=Ghose |first=Archana Khare |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=1 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510184349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/hyderabad/31109972_1_heritage-golconda-type-iia-golconda-diamond |archive-date=10 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the [[Tughlaq dynasty]]; [[Malik Maqbul Tilangani]] was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains [[Musunuri Nayakas]]—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Delhi Sultanate |chapter=Muhammad Bin Tughluq |pages=61–89 |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate00bhar |year=1967 |last=Majumdar |first=R. C. |access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> In 1347 when [[Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah]], a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] in the [[Deccan Plateau]], with [[Gulbarga]]—{{cvt|200|km|mi|0}} west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.{{sfn|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988|p=172}}{{sfn|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007|p=20}}<ref name="Mainak">{{cite book |title=Perception, Design and Ecology of the Built Environment: A Focus on the Global South |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504 |publisher=Springer Nature |page=504 |isbn=978-3-030-25879-5 |last=Ghosh |first=Mainak |year=2020 |access-date=13 October 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075415/https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA504#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Govardhan II, Visit of sufi-singer Shir Muhammad to Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, ca. 1720, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris.jpg|thumb|right|A 17th century [[Deccan painting|Deccani School]] miniature of [[Qutb Shahi]] ruler [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] with Sufi singers in the ''[[Mehfil]]''-("gathering to entertain or praise someone").|alt=A deccani style of painting of the last Qutb Shahi ruler Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]]
<!-- SOME BOOKS IN THIS SECTION DO NOT HAVE "ISBN". FOR THOSE REFERENCES I INCLUDED URL LINKS. -->
In 1496 [[Quli Qutb Shah|Sultan Quli]] was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and [[Fortification|fortified]] the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].<ref name="Golctime" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad through the ages |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |last=Nayeem |first=M.A |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2002 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604122609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm |archive-date=4 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Golconda |url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |last=Matsuo |first=Ara |publisher=University of Tokyo |date=22 November 2005 |access-date=18 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613080243/http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm |archive-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]], established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,<ref name="James">{{cite book |title=Historical dictionary of the British empire |publisher=Greenwood Press |page=544 |isbn=978-0-313-27917-1 |last1=Olson |first1=James Stuart |last2=Shadle |first2=Robert |year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |title=Opinion A Hyderabadi conundrum |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115151348/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/Zad93Q6KZOuM4jrH99qaeN/Opinion--A-Hyderabadi-conundrum.html |archive-date=15 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.<ref>{{cite book |title=Developments in administration under H.E.H. the Nizam VII |publisher=Osmania University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |page=243 |year=1984 |editor1-first=Shamim |editor1-last=Aleem |editor2-last=Aleem |editor2-first=M. Aabdul |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216141226/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWYeAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> During his rule, he had the [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] built in the city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of India |publisher=Smriti Books |page=61 |isbn=978-81-87967-71-2 |last=Bansal |first=Sunita Pant |year=2005}}</ref> On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] after a [[Siege of Golconda|year-long siege]] of the Golconda Fort.<ref name="Richards1">{{cite journal |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |first=J. F. |last=Richards |year=1975 |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |volume=9 |issue=2 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref><ref name="Waldemar Hansen">{{cite book |title=The Peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |pages=168 and 471 |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1972}}</ref> The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed ''Darul Jihad'' (House of War),<ref name="TH&Journal">{{cite news |title=Living Hyderabad: drum house on the hillock |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 December 2017 |access-date=19 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226211248/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-drum-house-on-the-hillock/article21571851.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province [[Hyderabad Subah]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Richards |first=J. F. |date=1975 |title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=241–260 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |s2cid=142989123 |issn=0026-749X |access-date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326024944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: [[Jan Sipar Khan]] (1688–1700), his son [[Rustam Dil Khan]] (1700–13) and [[Mubariz Khan]] (1713–24).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Michell |first=George |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268771115 |title=Architecture and art of the Deccan sultanates |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Mark Zebrowski |isbn=978-0-511-46884-1 |location=Cambridge |pages=210 |oclc=268771115}}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1713, Mughal emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed [[Mubariz Khan]] as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he [[City Wall of Hyderabad|fortified the city]] and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.<ref name="Richards">{{cite book |title=The Mughal Empire, Part 1 |volume=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |pages=279–281 |last=Richards |first=John.F. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-521-56603-2 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=29 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529043831/https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] as [[Viceroy of the Deccan]]—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title ''Nizam-ul-Mulk'' (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Mehta&Roy">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |page=143 |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=95 |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6 |last=Roy |first=Olivier |year=2011}}</ref> His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.<ref name="Mehta">{{cite book |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India: 1707–1813 |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |page=143 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishing |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{cite book |title=Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways |last=Roy |first=Olivier |page=95 |year=2011 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-80042-6}}</ref> Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] issued a decree to [[Mubariz Khan]], to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]].<ref name="Mehta" />{{rp|93–94}} In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the ''[[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]'', named the region ''[[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad Deccan]]'', and started what came to be known as the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Subsequent rulers retained the title ''Nizam ul-Mulk'' and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI">{{cite book |last=Ikram |first=S. M. |title=Muslim civilization in India |publisher=Columbia University |year=1964 |isbn=978-0-231-02580-5 |editor-last=Embree |editor-first=Ainslie T |editor-link=Ainslie Embree |chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803 |author-link=S. M. Ikram |access-date=8 October 2011 |chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 |url-status=live}}<br/>
{{cite news |last=Rao |first=Sushil |date=11 December 2009 |title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015 }}</ref> The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—[[Nasir Jung]] (1748–1750), [[Muzaffar Jang Hidayat|Muzaffar Jang]] (1750–1751) and [[Salabat Jung]] (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Asaf Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam]]—by which the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book |title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857 |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=130–150 |isbn=978-81-7022-195-1 |last=Regani |first=Sarojini |year=1988}}
* {{cite book |title=A comprehensive history of medieval India |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |page=346 |isbn=978-81-317-3202-1 |last=Farooqui |first=Salma Ahmed |year=2011}}
* {{cite book |title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government |publisher=Asian Education Services |pages=280–292 |isbn=978-81-206-1971-5 |last=Malleson |first=George Bruce |year=2005}}
* {{cite book |title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14 |publisher=BiblioBazaar |page=467 |isbn=978-1-145-42314-5 |last=Townsend |first=Meredith |year=2010}}</ref>
[[File:NSR Hyderabad doubledecker bus. AlbionCX19.jpg|thumb|right|152px|A picture of a doubledecker bus in Hyderabad in the 1940s. [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|Bus services]] were introduced in Hyderabad by  1932]]
In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" /> In response to regular threats from [[Hyder Ali]] (Dalwai of [[Mysore]]), [[Baji Rao I]] ([[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by [[French India|French]] General the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]), the Nizam signed a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the [[British Indian Army]] to be stationed at [[Bolarum]] (modern [[Secunderabad]]) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />

Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake,<ref>{{cite web |title=The mills, Hyderabad. |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |year=2013 |website=[[Europeana]] |last=Dayal |first=Deen |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_t_zoomify62268_html.html?start=6&query= |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of [[Nizam State Railways - Road Transport Division|transport services]], underground drainage, running water, [[Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station|electricity]], telecommunications, universities, industries, and [[Begumpet Airport]]. The [[Nizams]] ruled the [[princely state]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] during the [[British Raj]].<ref name="Richards" /><ref name="columbia&TOI" />

==== Post-Independence ====
[[File:Hyderabad mills.jpg|thumb|A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.|alt=Sepia photograph of buildings around the water canal]]
After India [[Indian independence movement|gained independence]], the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] or newly formed [[Dominion of Pakistan]].<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" /> The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of India]], began agitating against [[Osman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII|Nizam VII]] in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed [[Annexation of Hyderabad|Operation Polo]]. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an [[Instrument of Accession]], which made him the ''[[Rajpramukh]]'' (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.<ref name="columbia&TOI" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Momentous day for lovers of freedom, democracy |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817055717/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/17/stories/2004091706840400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]] against the [[Indian feudalism|feudal]] lords of the [[Telangana region]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Affirming life and diversity |publisher=Pragati Offset |pages=1–10 |isbn=978-1-84369-674-2 |last1=Sathees |first1=P.V. |last2=Pimbert |first2=Michel |last3=The DDS Community Media Trust |year=2008}}</ref> The [[Constitution of India]], which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the [[part B states]] of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital.<ref>{{cite news |title=Demand for states along linguistic lines gained momentum in the '50s |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2011 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Demand-for-states-along-linguistic-lines-gained-momentum-in-the-50s/articleshow/7250365.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In his 1955 report ''Thoughts on Linguistic States'', [[B. R. Ambedkar]], then chairman of the [[Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution]], proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the [[second capital]] of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.<ref name="Mahesh Ambedkar">{{cite book |title=The Architect of Modern India Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books |pages=132–133 |isbn=978-81-288-0954-5 |last=Ambedkar |first=Mahesh |year=2005}}</ref>

On 1 November 1956 the states of India [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|were reorganised]] by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. The nine [[Telugu language|Telugu]]- and [[Urdu]]-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking [[Andhra State]] to create Andhra Pradesh,<ref>{{cite book |title=Multi-sited ethnography: theory, praxis and locality in contemporary research |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=165–166 |isbn=978-0-7546-9144-0 |last=Falzon |first=Mark-Anthony |year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Police in India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=142 |isbn=978-81-7156-628-0 |last=Chande |first=M. B |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Living together, separately |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Guha |first=Ramachandra |date=30 January 2013 |access-date=5 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053616/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/living-together-separately/article4358004.ece |archive-date=21 September 2013}}</ref> with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the [[Telangana movement]], attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=How Telangana movement has sparked political turf war in Andhra |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=19 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123122405/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/how-telangana-movement-has-sparked-political-turf-war-in-andhra/20111005.htm |archive-date=23 January 2012}}</ref> On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,<ref>{{cite news |last=Naqshbandi |first=Aurangzeb |date=31 July 2013 |title=Telangana at last: India gets a new state, demand for other states gets a boost |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125041752/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangana-at-last-india-gets-a-new-state-clamour-for-other-states-grow/article1-1100983.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2014 |access-date=31 July 2013 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}

* {{cite web |date=3 October 2013 |title=Creation of a new state of Telangana by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214211/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854 |archive-date=4 October 2013 |access-date=3 October 2013 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}
* {{cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=Text of Cabinet note on Telangana |url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013165402/http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1 |archive-date=13 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> and in February 2014 both houses of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] [[Act of Parliament|passed]] the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014|Telangana Bill]]. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.

== Geography ==
{{Main|Geography of Hyderabad}}
[[File:Hyderabad, India ESA392443.jpg|thumb|A satellite view of Hyderabad captured by [[Sentinel-2A]], the yellow and brown colours feature the city core, the light green shows [[Aridity|arid fields]] and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi River and its adjacent small water bodies are highlighted with a blue colour.<ref name="ESA">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad, India |url=https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/04/Hyderabad_India |work=[[European Space Agency]] |date=13 April 2018 |access-date=3 October 2023 |archive-date=11 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011083016/https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2018/04/Hyderabad_India |url-status=live}}</ref>|alt=A Large colourful image representing the Hyderabad city's geographical area]]
Hyderabad is {{cvt|1566|km}} south of [[Delhi]], {{cvt|699| km}} southeast of [[Mumbai]], and {{cvt|570|km}} north of [[Bangalore]] by road.<ref>{{cite Google Maps |url=https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=17.366,78.476&spn=0.1,0.1&t=h&q=17.366,78.476 |access-date=6 January 2013}}</ref> It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,<ref name="Hyderabad_tg_location">{{cite journal |title=Consecutive days maximum rainfall analysis by gumbel's extreme value distributions for southern Telangana |url=http://www.tnsroindia.org.in/JOURNAL/FULL%20TEXT%20ISSUE%207.pdf |last1=Momin |first1=Umar farooque |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Prasad.S |last3=Horaginamani |first3=Sirajuddin M |last4=M |first4=Ravichandran |last5=Patel |first5=Adamsab M |last6=Kousar |first6=Hina |volume=2 |issue=7 |page=411 |journal=Indian Journal of Natural Sciences |year=2011 |issn=0976-0997 |access-date=11 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608085835/http://www.tnsroindia.org.in/JOURNAL/FULL%20TEXT%20ISSUE%207.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> along the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]], a tributary of [[Krishna River]] located on the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the northern part of South India.<ref name=area>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-geographical-map-of-Hyderabad-released/articleshow/45543021.cms |title=New geographical map of Hyderabad released |date=17 December 2014 |access-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303140652/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-geographical-map-of-Hyderabad-released/articleshow/45543021.cms |archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |website=ghmc.gov.in |access-date=23 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hyderabad_Geo">{{cite web |title=Physical Feature |url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |work=AP Government |year=2002 |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416235458/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> Greater Hyderabad covers {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}, making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.<ref name=":0" /> With an average altitude of {{cvt|536|m|ft|0}}, Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink [[granite]], dotted with small hills, the highest being [[Banjara Hills]] at {{cvt|672|m|ft|0}}.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /> [[Hyderabad city lakes|The city has numerous lakes]] sometime referred to as ''sagar'', meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre), [[Osman Sagar]] and [[Himayat Sagar]].<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /><ref name="rainwaterharvesting">{{cite web |title=Water sources and water supply |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/hussain_sagar/hussainsagar%202.pdf |work=rainwaterharvesting.org |page=2 |year=2005 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111100030/http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/hussain_sagar/hussainsagar%202.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref> {{As of|1996}}, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).<ref name="Sreoshi Singh">{{cite web |title=Water security in peri-urban south Asia |url=http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |first=Sreoshi |last=Singh |publisher=South Asia Consortium for Interdisciplinary Water Resources Studies |year=2010 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235407/http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Hyderabad has a [[tropical savanna climate|tropical wet and dry climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Aw'') bordering on a hot [[semi-arid climate]] (Köppen ''BSh'').<ref>{{cite book |title=Climate and food security |publisher=International Rice Research Institute |page=[https://archive.org/details/climatefoodsecur0000inte/page/348 348] |year=1987 |isbn=978-971-10-4210-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/climatefoodsecur0000inte/page/348}}
* {{cite book |title=The ecology of tropical food crops |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=249–251 |isbn=978-0-521-41062-5 |last1=Norman |first1=Michael John Thornley |first2=C.J |last2=Pearson |first3=P.G.E |last3=Searle |year=1995}}</ref> The annual mean temperature is {{cvt|26.6|C|F|1}}; monthly mean temperatures are {{cvt|21|–|33|C|F|0}}.<ref name="weatherbase hyd">{{cite web |title=Weatherbase entry for Hyderabad |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=82134&units=metric |publisher=Canty and Associates LLC |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030043855/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=82134&units=metric |archive-date=30 October 2013}}</ref> Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;<ref name="imd hyd">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/hyderabad2.htm |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110233943/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/extreme/hyderabad2.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> maximum temperatures often exceed {{cvt|40|C|F}} between April and June.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to {{cvt|10|C|F|0}}.<ref name="weatherbase hyd" /> May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from {{cvt|26-39|C}}; December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from {{cvt|14.5-28|C}}.<ref name="imd hyd" />

Heavy rain from the [[Southwest monsoon|south-west summer monsoon]] falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.<ref name="imd hyd" /> Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was {{cvt|241.5|mm|in|0}} on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|45.5|C|0}} on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was {{cvt|6.1|C|0}} on 8 January 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extreme weather events Overall |url=http://www.imdhyderabad.gov.in/tssite/tlngextwx.htm |publisher=Meteorological Centre, Hyderabad |date=December 2013 |access-date=6 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140911/http://www.imdhyderabad.gov.in/tssite/tlngextwx.htm |archive-date=2 April 2015}}</ref> The city receives 2,731&nbsp;hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily [[Insolation|sunlight exposure]] occurs in February.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical weather for Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82134&refer=&units=metric |publisher=Weatherbase |access-date=3 October 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204143148/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=82134&refer=&units=metric |archive-date=4 December 2011}}</ref>

{{Hyderabad weatherbox}}Hyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024}}</ref>

=== Conservation ===
[[File:Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra)- Male & female in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 7268.jpg|thumb|right|[[Blackbuck]]s grazing at [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] | alt=Three antelopes]]

Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. {{As of|2016}}, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bats seen in the day? Experts blame habitat loss |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bats-seen-in-the-day-Experts-blame-habitat-loss/articleshow/53732842.cms |last=Tadepalli |first=Siddharth |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 August 2016 |access-date=17 August 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817172152/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bats-seen-in-the-day-Experts-blame-habitat-loss/articleshow/53732842.cms |archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref> The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of [[national park]]s, [[zoo]]s, mini-zoos and a [[wildlife sanctuary]]. [[Nehru Zoological Park]], the city's largest zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger [[safari park]]. Hyderabad has three national parks ([[Mrugavani National Park]], [[Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park]] and [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]]), and the [[Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary]] is about {{cvt|50|km|mi|0}} from the city.

The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are [[Hyderabad Botanical Garden|Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens]], [[Ameenpur Lake]], [[Shamirpet Lake]], [[Hussain Sagar]], [[Fox Sagar Lake]], [[Mir Alam Tank]] and [[Patancheru Lake]], which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal [[Bird migration|migratory birds]] from different parts of the world.<ref name="hyd-wildlife">{{cite web |title=Annual administration report 2011–2012 |url=http://www.forests.ap.gov.in/pdf/AAR/AAR11-12.pdf |page=78 |publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh Forest Department]] |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.forests.ap.gov.in/pdf/AAR/AAR11-12.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2016}}
* {{cite web |title=Nehru Zoological Park |url=http://www.hydzoo.com/about-the-zoo.html |publisher=[[Nehru Zoological Park]] |access-date=11 April 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508173049/http://www.hydzoo.com/about-the-zoo.html |archive-date=8 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Search Establishment |url=http://cza.nic.in/htmlreports/htmlsearchzoo.aspx |publisher=[[Central Zoo Authority of India]] |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909064232/http://cza.nic.in/htmlreports/htmlsearchzoo.aspx |archive-date=9 September 2013}}
* {{cite news |title=A study in green |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100390100.htm |last=Seshan |first=K.S.S |date=11 June 2003 |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234111/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/11/stories/2003061100390100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}
* {{cite news |title=Govt mining policy destroying India's rich biodiversity:NGO |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Govt-mining-policy-destroying-Indias-rich-biodiversity-NGO/articleshow/16711337.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910201914/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Govt-mining-policy-destroying-Indias-rich-biodiversity-NGO/articleshow/16711337.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=No place for migratory birds in city |url=http://postnoon.com/2012/01/08/no-place-for-migratory-birds-in-city/17511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126152841/http://postnoon.com/2012/01/08/no-place-for-migratory-birds-in-city/17511 |archive-date=26 November 2012 |last=Koka |first=Sudeshna |newspaper=PostNoon |date=8 January 2012 |access-date=21 June 2013}}</ref> Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the [[Telangana Forest Department]],<ref>{{cite news |title=T'gana forest dept to develop 10 nature parks around Hy'bad |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/t-gana-forest-dept-to-develop-10-nature-parks-around-hy-bad-114100801046_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219000626/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/t-gana-forest-dept-to-develop-10-nature-parks-around-hy-bad-114100801046_1.html |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref> [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]], the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT), the [[Animal Welfare Board of India]], the [[Blue Cross of Hyderabad]] and the [[University of Hyderabad]].<ref name="hyd-wildlife" /><!-- SOME OF THE WIKILINKED ARTICLES ARE NOT CITED DUE TO OVER BURDEN OF CITATIONS, ANY WAY THOSE ARE CITED ON THEIR RELATED ARTICLE/PAGE -->

== Administration ==
{{Main|Administration of Hyderabad}}

=== Common capital status ===
[[File:Hyderabad Town Hall.jpg|thumb|left|[[Telangana Legislature]] | alt=White building with multiple domes]]
According to the [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] part 2 Section 5:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Telangana/AP%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202014.pdf |title=AP Reorganisation Bill, 2014 |date=2014 |work=prsindia.org |access-date=29 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327124943/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Telangana/AP%20Reorganisation%20Bill,%202014.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."

The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.

=== Local government ===
{{See also|Administrative divisions of Hyderabad}}
[[File:GHMC NEW ZONES,CIRCLE MAP.jpg|thumb|right|The GHMC is divided into six municipal zones]]
The [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–([[Charminar]]), East Zone–([[L. B. Nagar]]), West Zone–([[Serilingampally]]), North Zone–([[Kukatpally]]), Northeast Zone–([[Secunderabad]]) and Central Zone–([[Khairatabad]]); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad|150 municipal wards]]. Each ward is represented by a [[corporator]], elected by popular vote, {{as of|2020|lc=on}} the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.<ref name="news18">{{cite news |title=Live Results: Greater Hyderabad Municipal Elections 2020 |url=https://www.news18.com/ghmc-election-results-2020-tally-live/ |newspaper=[[Network18 Group]] |year=2020 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002074354/https://www.news18.com/ghmc-election-results-2020-tally-live/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The corporators elect the [[Mayor]], who is the [[Titular ruler|titular head]] of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.<ref name="citi charter">{{cite web |title=Citizen's charter |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/Citizen%20Charter-19.06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717215758/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/tender%20pdfs/Citizen%20Charter-19.06.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 July 2013 |publisher=GHMC |access-date=31 July 2013}}</ref> The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the [[Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad]] (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]], [[Ranga Reddy district|Ranga Reddy]] and [[Medak district|Medak]] districts covering a total area of {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Drinking water: issues in access and equity |url=http://jointactionforwater.org/sites/default/files/Hyderabad-Water-Briefing-paper-CR.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235911/http://jointactionforwater.org/sites/default/files/Hyderabad-Water-Briefing-paper-CR.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013 |url-status=dead |publisher=jointactionforwater.org |last=Ramachandraia |first=C |year=2009 |access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The [[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]] is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of {{cvt|40.1|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Wba ci rep">{{cite web |title=Exploring urban growth management in three developing country cities |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1169585750379/Urban_Growth_June_2008.pdf |publisher=[[World Bank]] |date=15 June 2008 |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605133128/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1169585750379/Urban_Growth_June_2008.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013}}</ref>{{rp|93}} where there are several military camps.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1">{{cite web |title=Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad: final report |url=http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112955/http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2012 |publisher=Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad |date=17 December 2008 |access-date=16 May 2012}}</ref>{{rp|2}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Information hand book under right to information act Secunderabad cantonment board |url=http://scb.aponline.gov.in/SCBPortal/RTI-Act.pdf |publisher=[[Secunderabad Cantonment Board]] |page=6 |access-date=31 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232944/http://scb.aponline.gov.in/SCBPortal/RTI-Act.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> The [[Osmania University]] campus is administered independently by the university authority.<ref name="Wba ci rep" />{{rp|93}} Appointed in February 2021, [[Gadwal Vijayalakshmi]] of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayor a highly educated and accomplished person |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mayor-a-highly-educated-and-accomplished-person/article33814972.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222145640/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/mayor-a-highly-educated-and-accomplished-person/article33814972.ece |archive-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>

In Hyderabad [[Law enforcement agency|police]] jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: [[Hyderabad City Police|Hyderabad]] (established in 1847 AD, the oldest police commissionerate in India<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jafri |first=Syed Amin |date=22 September 2014 |title=Hyderabad city police poised for makeover |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-city-police-poised-for-makeover/articleshow/43109674.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |access-date=21 March 2025}}</ref>), [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police|Cyberabad]], and [[Rachakonda Police Commissionerate|Rachakonda]], each headed by a [[Commissioner of Police (India)|commissioner of police]], who are [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the [[Telangana Police]], under the state Home Ministry.<ref name="hp">{{cite web |title=About us |url=https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/AboutUs.html |publisher=Hyderabad City Police |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609141301/https://hyderabadpolice.gov.in/AboutUs.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cp">{{cite web |title=Know your police station |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-will-control-law-and-order-in-hyderabad-after-formation-of-telangana/articleshow/26730958.cms?from=mdr |work=The Economic Times |date=2 December 2013 |access-date=25 May 2022 |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525091908/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/who-will-control-law-and-order-in-hyderabad-after-formation-of-telangana/articleshow/26730958.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>

The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 ''[[Tehsil|mandals]]'' in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board]] (HMWSSB).<ref name="HMDA1">{{cite web |title=Welcome to HMDA |url=http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |work=[[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]] |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208055156/http://www.hmda.gov.in/ |archive-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

Hyderabad is the seat of the [[Government of Telangana]], [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] and the President of India's winter retreat [[Rashtrapati Nilayam]], as well as the [[Telangana High Court]] and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presidential Retreats |url=https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm |work=[[National Informatics Centre]] |date=5 August 2019 |access-date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908052437/https://presidentofindia.nic.in/presidential-retreats.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="toi her">{{cite news |title=Advantage Telangana over immovable assets |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advantage-Telangana-over-immovable-assets/articleshow/21521630.cms?referral=PM |last=Nagaraju |first=Jinka |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 August 2013 |access-date=11 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910235124/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Advantage-Telangana-over-immovable-assets/articleshow/21521630.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India |url=http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/india.pdf |publisher=[[Redress (charitable organisation)]] |year=2002 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004082512/http://www.redress.org/downloads/country-reports/india.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>{{rp|1}} The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Roushan |title=24 seats at stake as titans clash for Greater Hyderabad pie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/24-seats-at-stake-as-titans-clash-for-greater-hyderabad-pie/articleshow/104514077.cms |access-date=18 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=18 October 2023 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018223452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/24-seats-at-stake-as-titans-clash-for-greater-hyderabad-pie/articleshow/104514077.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=KCR's early election gamble gives enough ammo to TRS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007181033/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kcrs-early-election-gamble-gives-enough-ammo-to-trs/articleshow/66104449.cms |archive-date=7 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> which form five constituencies of the [[Lok Sabha]] (the [[lower house]] of the Parliament of India).<ref name="GHMC-The Hindu">{{cite news |title=GHMC polls: all set for the d-day |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ghmc-polls-all-set-for-the-dday/article52463.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 November 2009 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235141/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/ghmc-polls-all-set-for-the-dday/article52463.ece |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>

=== Utility services ===
[[File:Street in Hyderabad, India.JPG|thumb|upright|A GHMC sweeper cleaning the [[Tank Bund Road]] | alt=Woman sweeping the road]]
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates [[rainwater harvesting]], sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a {{cvt|116|km|mi|-long|0|adj=mid}} water supply pipeline from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Dam]] to meet increasing demand.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile |url=https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/index.php/about/profile-us |publisher=Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/https://www.hyderabadwater.gov.in/en/index.php/about/profile-us |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref><ref name="CSE">{{cite journal |title=Hyderabad |publisher=[[Centre for Science and Environment]] |url=http://cseindia.org/userfiles/hyderabad_portraits.pdf |year=2011 |author=Anon |pages=331–341 |journal=Excreta Matters |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074515/http://cseindia.org/userfiles/hyderabad_portraits.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> The [[Telangana State Southern Power Distribution Company Limited|Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.<ref>{{cite web |title=About TSSPDCL |url=https://www.tssouthernpower.com/CPDCL_Home.portal;jsessionid=2sVQJntXymj13nDLBGDh5kkRjbQbcP8HGG3JjVlG3xhX9JcsmL63!-2089831870?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CPDCL_Home_portal_page_69_page_70 |publisher=Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220201201/https://www.tssouthernpower.com/CPDCL_Home.portal;jsessionid=2sVQJntXymj13nDLBGDh5kkRjbQbcP8HGG3JjVlG3xhX9JcsmL63!-2089831870?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=CPDCL_Home_portal_page_69_page_70 |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> {{As of|2014}}, there were 15 [[fire station]]s in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana has fewer fire stations than A.P. |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-has-fewer-fire-stations-than-ap/article6517175.ece |last=Lasania |first=Yunus Y |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 October 2014 |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-has-fewer-fire-stations-than-ap/article6517175.ece |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The government-owned [[India Post]] has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" />

=== Pollution control ===
Hyderabad produces around 4,500&nbsp;[[metric tonnes|tonnes]] of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in [[Imlibun]], [[Yousufguda]] and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in [[Jawaharnagar, Telangana|Jawaharnagar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Twin festivals pile more garbage load on GHMC |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2420707.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 September 2011 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917193731/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2420707.ece |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref> Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=Waste management project gets nod |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Waste-management-project-gets-nod/articleshow/5466250.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 January 2010 |access-date=17 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911045645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Waste-management-project-gets-nod/articleshow/5466250.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased [[industrial waste]], [[air pollution|air]], [[noise pollution|noise]] and [[water pollution]], which is regulated by the [[Telangana Pollution Control Board]] (TPCB).<ref>{{cite web |title=Co-benefits analysis of air pollution and GHG emissions for Hyderabad, India |url=http://environmentportal.in/files/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf |last=Guttikunda |first=Sarath |publisher=Integrated Environmental Strategies Program |date=March 2008 |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220203320/http://environmentportal.in/files/2008-03-IES-Co-Benefits-Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pollution up in Hyderabad post Pollution Control Board split |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141117/nation-current-affairs/article/pollution-hyderabad-post-pollution-control-board-split |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=17 November 2014 |access-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220220851/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141117/nation-current-affairs/article/pollution-hyderabad-post-pollution-control-board-split |archive-date=20 February 2015}}</ref> The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.<ref name="Bh Gur">{{cite book |title=Air pollution:health and environmental impacts |publisher=Taylor and Francis |page=90 |editor1-first=Bhola R. |editor1-last=Gurjar |editor2-first=Luisa T. |editor2-last=Molina |editor3-first=Chandra S.P. |editor3-last=Ojha |isbn=978-1-4398-0963-1 |year=2010}}</ref> Deaths resulting from [[Particulates|atmospheric particulate matter]] are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.<ref>{{cite news |title=50 research scholars to study pollution |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html |work=[[IBNLive]] |date=3 January 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111164248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/50-research-scholars-to-study-pollution/217031-60-121.html |archive-date=11 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Be a Pal and stop polluting |at=Lifestyle section |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=26 October 2011 |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026033232/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/lifestyle/go-earthy/be-pal-and-stop-polluting-085 |archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Use of multi-objective air pollution monitoring sites and online air pollution monitoring system for total health risk assessment in Hyderabad |last1=Anjaneyulu |first1=Y. |last2=Jayakumar |first2=I. |last3=Hima Bindu |first3=V. |last4=Sagareswar |first4=G. |last5=Mukunda Rao |first5=P.V. |last6=Rambabu |first6=N. |last7=Ramani |first7=K.V. |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |date=August 2005 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=343–354 |doi=10.3390/ijerph2005020021 |pmid=16705838 |pmc=3810641 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low [[air quality index]] ratings, suffering from high levels of [[PM2.5]]'s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gasping-for-breath-in-vip-areas-blame-it-on-toxic-cloud-in-the-air/articleshow/55991387.cms |title=Gasping for breath in VIP areas, blame it on toxic cloud in the air |work=The Times of India |last=Sikdar |first=Prabeerkumar |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=27 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616074728/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gasping-for-breath-in-vip-areas-blame-it-on-toxic-cloud-in-the-air/articleshow/55991387.cms |archive-date=16 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Groundwater|Ground water]] around Hyderabad, which has a [[Hard water|hardness]] of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,<ref>{{cite news |title=Ground water in city unfit for use |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=30 August 2011 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214115551/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/ground-water-city-unfit-use-198 |archive-date=14 December 2011}}</ref> is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.<ref name="TOI wa sup">{{cite news |title=If Singur, Manjira dry up, there's Krishna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/If-Singur-Manjira-dry-up-theres-Krishna/articleshow/1018913.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 February 2005 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911051148/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/If-Singur-Manjira-dry-up-theres-Krishna/articleshow/1018913.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="TOI wa sca">{{cite news |title=City stares at water scarcity |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-stares-at-water-scarcity/articleshow/11468495.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 January 2012 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/City-stares-at-water-scarcity/articleshow/11468495.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated [[effluent]] discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.<ref name="TOI wa pol">{{cite news |title=Manjira faces pollution threat |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Manjira-faces-pollution-threat/articleshow/329239.cms?referral=PM |last=Chunduri |first=Mridula |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 November 2003 |access-date=21 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911023846/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Manjira-faces-pollution-threat/articleshow/329239.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
{{See also|Healthcare in Hyderabad}}
[[File:NTR Garden, Hussain Sagar.jpg|thumb|The [[NTR Gardens]] is among the gardens in the vicinity of [[Hussain Sagar]] lake serving as a recreation park.|alt=People in a garden]]
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare |url=http://cfw.tg.nic.in/index.html |publisher=Government of Telangana state |access-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501184316/http://cfw.tg.nic.in/index.html |archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Ruet and Tawa">{{cite book |title=Governing India's metropolises: case studies of four cities |publisher=Routledge |chapter=7: Assessing urban governance through the prism of healthcare services in Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai |last1=Kennedy |first1=Loraine |last2=Duggal |first2=Ravi |last3=Lama-Rewal |first3=Stephanie Tawa |isbn=978-0-415-55148-9 |editor1-last=Ruet |editor1-first=Joel |editor2-last=Lama-Rewal |editor2-first=Stephanie Tawa |year=2009}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,<ref>{{cite web |title=Government hospitals |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ghmcservices/hosnur.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802015031/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/ghmcservices/hosnur.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2012 |publisher=GHMC |year=2011 |access-date=9 May 2012}}</ref> 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad hospital report |url=http://www.northbridgeasia.com/ResearchReports/HYDERABAD%2520HOSPITAL%2520REPORT.pdf |publisher=Northbridge Capital |page=8 |date=May 2010 |access-date=10 May 2012 |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815040646/http://www.northbridgeasia.com/default.aspx |archive-date=15 August 2010}}</ref> For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,<ref name="hospital_beds_ratio">{{As of|2011}}, the census city population was 6,809,970 and there were 12,000 available hospital beds, giving the derived rate.</ref> 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.<ref name="NorthBridge Capital" /> The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.<ref name="TheHindu_Health">{{cite news |title=Healthcare sector takes a leap in city |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2809193.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Gopal |first=M.Sai |date=18 January 2012 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508040709/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2809193.ece |archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,<ref name="NFHS-3">{{cite web |title=Health and living conditions in eight Indian cities |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |work=National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), India, 2005–06 |publisher=International Institute for Population Sciences |last1=Gupta |first1=Kamla |last2=Arnold |first2=Fred |last3=Lhungdim |first3=H. |year=2009 |access-date=13 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212040205/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADQ634.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2012}} The cities surveyed were [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], [[Kolkata]], [[Indore]], [[Mumbai]], [[Nagpur]], [[Chennai]] and Hyderabad.</ref>{{rp|60–61}} despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|41}} {{As of|2012}}, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.<ref name="TheHindu_Health" /> Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use [[Unani medicine|Unani]], [[Homeopathy|homoeopathic]] and [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]] treatments.<ref>{{cite news |title=168 professors needed in Ayush department |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140805/nation-current-affairs/article/168-professors-needed-ayush-department |last=Garari |first=Kaniza |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 August 2014 |access-date=19 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219000201/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140805/nation-current-affairs/article/168-professors-needed-ayush-department |archive-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>

In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's [[total fertility rate]] is 1.8,<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|47}} which is below the [[replacement rate]]. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic [[vaccine]]s ([[BCG vaccine|BCG]], [[Measles vaccine|measles]] and full courses of [[Polio vaccine|polio]] and [[DPT vaccine|DPT]]), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except [[Meerut]].<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|98}} The infant [[mortality rate]] was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|97}} The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are [[Anemia|anaemic]], and up to 20% of children are underweight,<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|44, 55–56}} while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from [[diabetes]].<ref name="NFHS-3" />{{rp|57}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Hyderabad}}
{{Historical population
| references = <ref name="Census 1951-61">{{cite book |title=Process of urban fringe development: A model |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=buz5csyXFmwC |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=25 |last=Gopi |first=K.N |year=1978 |access-date=6 August 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083435/https://books.google.com/books?id=buz5csyXFmwC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Census Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Economy, population and urban sprawl a comparative study of urban agglomerations of Banglore and Hyderabad, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |last1=Iyer |first1=Neelakantan Krishna |last2=Kulkarni |first2=Sumati |last3=Raghavaswam |first3=V. |page=21 |date=13 June 2007 |publisher=circed.org |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="greater Hyderabad">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |page=11 |year=2011 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=10 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2012}}</ref>
| 1951 | 1085722
| 1961 | 1118553
| 1971 | 1796000
| 1981 | 2546000
| 1991 | 3059262
| 2001 | 3637483
| 2011 | 6809970
}}

When the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation|GHMC]] was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from {{cvt|175|km2|sqmi}} to {{cvt|650|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Corporation History |url=https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |access-date=13 March 2021 |website=[[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522090129/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/CorporationHistory.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref> Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 {{As of|2001|lc=on}} census to 6,809,970 {{As of|2011|lc=on}} census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|2}} making Hyderabad the nation's [[List of cities in India by population|fourth most populous city]].<ref name="greater Hyderabad" /><ref name="2011UA">{{cite web |title=Urban agglomerations/cities having population 1 lakh and above |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |publisher=Government of India |access-date=17 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113152754/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad district records highest literacy rate |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/hyderabad-district-records-highest-literacy-rate |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |access-date=6 April 2011 |date=1 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408210319/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/hyderabad-district-records-highest-literacy-rate |archive-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> {{As of|2011}}, the population density is {{cvt|18480|/sqkm|/sqmi}}<ref name="TOI_City Density">{{cite news |title=Sex ratio goes up in state |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sex-ratio-goes-up-in-state-/articleshow/7840622.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 April 2011 |access-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910233621/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sex-ratio-goes-up-in-state-/articleshow/7840622.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|sixth most populous urban agglomeration]] in the country.<ref name="2011UA" /> {{As of|2011|lc=on}} [[2011 Census of India|census]], there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.<ref name="Census">{{cite web |title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |page=11 |year=2011 |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urban sex ratio below national mark |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Urban-sex-ratio-below-national-mark-/articleshow/10061412.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 September 2011 |access-date=16 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910225106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Urban-sex-ratio-below-national-mark-/articleshow/10061412.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Among children aged {{nowrap|0–6}} years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.<ref name="Census" /><ref>{{cite news |title=AP slips further in national literacy ratings |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-slips-further-in-national-literacy-ratings/articleshow/8521983.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Henry |first=Nikhila |date=23 May 2011 |access-date=18 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910210428/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-slips-further-in-national-literacy-ratings/articleshow/8521983.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> The socio-economic strata consist of 20% [[upper class]], 50% [[middle class]] and 30% [[working class]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Incidence and burden of road traffic injuries in urban India |last1=Dandona |first1=Rakhi |last2=Kumar |first2=Anil |last3=Ameer |first3=Md Abdul |last4=Ahmed |first4=G Mushtaq |last5=Dandona |first5=Lalit |date=16 November 2009 |pmc=2777413 |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=354–359 |doi=10.1136/ip.2008.019620 |journal=Injury Prevention |pmid=19074239}}</ref>

=== Ethnicity ===

Referred to as "Hyderabadi", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Dakhini|Urdu speaking]] people, with minority Arab, [[Marathi people|Marathi]], [[Marwari people|Marwari]], and [[Pathan]] communities.<ref name="krank freitag">{{cite web |title=Cultural, spatial and socio-economic fragmentation in the Indian megacity Hyderabad |url=http://www.irmgard-coninx-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/urbanplanet/identities/ws2/050%20Krank.pdf |work=Irmgard Coninx Stiftung |author=Sabrina Kran |year=2007 |access-date=6 August 2023 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508110230/http://www.irmgard-coninx-stiftung.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf/urbanplanet/identities/ws2/050%20Krank.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2013}}
* {{cite book |title=Hadhrami traders, scholars, and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s–1960s |publisher=Brill Publishers |pages=77–81 |isbn=978-90-04-10771-7 |last1=Freitag |first1=Ulrike |last2=Clarence-Smith |first2=W. G. |year=1997}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad appeal endures |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3509617.ece |last=Ifthekhar |first=J.S. |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 June 2012 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611203955/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article3509617.ece |archive-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>

[[Hyderabadi Muslims]] are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabadi Muslims hold unique identity in service to people |url=https://www.siasat.com/hyderabadi-muslims-hold-unique-identity-in-service-to-people-turkish-consul-general-2531542/ |last=Khan |first=Sameer |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817204330/https://www.siasat.com/hyderabadi-muslims-hold-unique-identity-in-service-to-people-turkish-consul-general-2531542/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Muslims of Hyderabad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412356 |last=Vithal |first=B.P.R |volume=37 |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |year=2002 |issue=28 |pages=2883–2886 |jstor=4412356 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817204329/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412356 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami Arabs]], [[Afro-Arab|African Arabs]], [[Armenians]], [[Habesha people|Abyssinians]], [[Iranian peoples|Iranians]], [[Pashtun diaspora|Pathans]] and [[Turkish people]] were present before 1948; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after [[Hyderabad State]] became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams.<ref name="krank freitag" /><ref>{{cite news |title=From Yemen to India's Hyderabad |url=https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/from-yemen-to-indias-hyderabad-tracing-the-history-of-barkas-1.1637497858155 |last=Siddique |first=Mohammad |newspaper=Gulf News |date=21 November 2021 |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=17 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817214253/https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/from-yemen-to-indias-hyderabad-tracing-the-history-of-barkas-1.1637497858155 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bennett, Coleman">{{cite book |title=The Land of the Rupee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TrWS_ELC4JQC |quote="Perhaps there is no city in India with a population so varied or so warlike as that of Hyderabad. Every man goes about armed with a weapon of some kind, while the military classes are literally armed to the teeth. Here may be seen the Arab, the Siddi, the Rohilla, the Pathan, the Mahratta, the Turk, the Sikh, Persians, Parsis, Madrasis, Negroes, and others." |publisher=Bennett, Coleman and Company and The University of Michigan |page=311 |year=1912 |access-date=3 August 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075422/https://books.google.com/books?id=TrWS_ELC4JQC |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
{{bar box
| title=Religion in Greater Hyderabad (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-01 Population By Religious Community: Andhra Pradesh |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |publisher=Census of India |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528173240/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live}}</ref>
| titlebar=#fcd116
| float=right
| bars=
{{bar percent|Hinduism|darkorange|64.93}}
{{bar percent|Islam|green|30.13}}
{{bar percent|Christianity|dodgerblue|2.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|grey|2.19}}
}}
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around [[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|the Old City of Hyderabad]]. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic [[List of churches in Secunderabad and Hyderabad|churches]], [[List of mosques in Hyderabad|mosques]] and [[Temples of Hyderabad|temples]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muslim population in AP |url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Aug04-Print-Edition/163108200423.htm |last=Khan |first=Masood Ali |newspaper=[[The Milli Gazette]] |date=31 August 2004 |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420135424/http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31Aug04-Print-Edition/163108200423.htm |archive-date=20 April 2012}}
* {{cite book |title=Hyderabad: an expat survival guide |publisher=Chillibreeze |page=21 |isbn=978-81-904055-5-3 |year=2007}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.577568 |title=Hindu temples in Hyderabad: State patronage and politics in South Asia |journal=South Asian History and Culture |volume=2 |issue=3 |page=352 |year=2011 |last1=Leonard |first1=Karen |s2cid=132551060 |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt2vp448dg/qt2vp448dg.pdf?t=od8t1y}}</ref> {{As of|2011|alt=According to the 2011}} census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |publisher=Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 February 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html |archive-date=13 September 2015}} ''On this page, select "Andhra Pradesh" from the download menu. Data for "GHMC (M Corp. + OG)" is at row 11 of the downloaded excel file.''</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Hyderabad (2011)<ref name="language">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh (Urban) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622060513/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX |url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] | value1 = 58.23 |color1 = steelblue
| label2 = [[Urdu]] | value2 = 29.47 |color2 = green
| label3 = [[Hindi]] | value3 = 4.89 |color3 = orange
| label4 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] | value4 = 1.54 |color4 = red
| label5 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] | value5 = 1.09 |color5 = royalblue
| label6 = Others |value6 = 4.78 |color6 = grey
}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Urdu is now first language in Indian state of Telangana |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/national/urdu-is-now-first-language-in-indian-state-of-telangana/186887.html |newspaper=[[Greater Kashmir]] |date=20 May 2015 |access-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514164824/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/national/urdu-is-now-first-language-in-indian-state-of-telangana/186887.html |archive-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called [[Telangana Baasha|Telangana Mandalika]], and the Urdu spoken is called [[Deccani language|Deccani]].<ref name="James Minahan">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the stateless nations: ethnic and national groups around the world |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |volume=4 |isbn=978-0-313-32384-3 |last=Minahan |first=James |year=2002}}</ref>{{rp|1869–70}}<ref>{{cite book |title=1000 languages: living, endangered, and lost |publisher=University of California Press |page=120 |isbn=978-0-520-25560-9 |last=Austin |first=Peter K |year=2008}}</ref> English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.<ref name="TOI_Language">{{cite news |title=MCH plans citizens' charter in Telugu, Urdu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MCH-plans-Citizens-Charter-in-Telugu-Urdu/articleshow/8502281.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 May 2002 |access-date=25 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911022340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MCH-plans-Citizens-Charter-in-Telugu-Urdu/articleshow/8502281.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Slums ===
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live [[Below Poverty Line|below the poverty line]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Poverty reduction at city level: strategy development for Hyderabad |url=http://www.cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/UPRS%20for%20Hyderabad.pdf |publisher=Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad |access-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629182139/http://cgg.gov.in/workingpapers/UPRS%20for%20Hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref> According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the [[World Bank]], Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7&nbsp;million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.<ref>{{cite news |title=World bank team visits Hyderabad slums |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/World-bank-team-visits-Hyderabad-slums/articleshow/14036371.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911030859/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/World-bank-team-visits-Hyderabad-slums/articleshow/14036371.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|55}} Overall literacy in the slums is {{nowrap|60–80%}} and female literacy is {{nowrap|52–73%}}. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.<ref name="GHMC_Slums">{{cite web |title=Basic services to the urban poor |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/cdp/chapter%205.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206043309/http://ghmc.gov.in/cdp/chapter%205.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 February 2009 |work=City development plan |publisher=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |access-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>{{rp|70}} According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are [[nuclear family|nuclear families]], 18% are very poor, with an income up to {{INRConvert|20000}} per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is {{INRConvert|24000}} per annum), 27% of the [[SEC Classification|chief wage earners]] (CWE) are [[casual labour]] and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as [[child labour]], of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|59}}

== Cityscape ==
{{Wide image| Gachibowli IT %26 Financial District Skyline View, Dec 2018.jpg|1280px|Gachibowli IT & Financial District skyline view}}

=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{See also|List of neighbourhoods in Hyderabad}}
[[File:Hussain sagar, sailing festival. Hyderabad India.JPG|thumb|''[[Optimist (dinghy)|Optimist]]'' and ''[[Laser (dinghy)|Laser]]'' dinghies during the [[Hussain Sagar#Sailing|Hyderabad Sailing Week]] [[regatta]] at Hussain Sagar|alt=People sailing in the lake regatta]]
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the ''[[Old City (Hyderabad, India)|Purana Shahar]]'' (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is [[Purana pul|Purana Pul]]—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.<ref name="pulol">{{cite news |title=Puranapul 'rented' out to vendors by extortionist |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/puranapul-%E2%80%98rented%E2%80%99-out-vendors-extortionist-291 |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 June 2011 |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809100406/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/puranapul-%E2%80%98rented%E2%80%99-out-vendors-extortionist-291 |archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad is [[Twin cities|twinned]] with neighbouring [[Secunderabad]], to which it is connected by [[Hussain Sagar]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy">{{cite book |title=Urban growth theories and settlement systems of India |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=79–99 |isbn=978-81-8069-739-5 |last1=Alam |first1=Shah Manzoor |last2=Reddy |first2=A. Geeta |last3=Markandey |first3=Kalpana |year=2011}}</ref>

<!-- SOME BOOKS IN THIS SECTION DO NOT HAVE "ISBN" THUS FOR THOSE REFERENCES URL LINKS ARE KEPT-->
Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, [[Salar Jung Museum]], [[Nizam Museum]], [[Telangana High Court]], [[Falaknuma Palace]], [[Chowmahalla Palace]] and the traditional retail corridor comprising the [[Pathargatti|Pearl Market]], [[Laad Bazaar]] and [[Madina, Hyderabad|Madina Circle]]. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as [[Begum Bazaar]], [[Koti, Hyderabad|Koti]], [[Abids]], [[Sultan Bazar]] and [[Moazzam Jahi Market]], along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the [[Reserve Bank of India#Offices and branches|Reserve Bank of India]], the [[Telangana Secretariat]], the [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|India Government Mint]], the [[Telangana Legislature]], the [[Public Gardens, Hyderabad|Public Gardens]], [[Shahi Masjid]], the [[Nizam Club]], the [[Ravindra Bharathi]], the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|State Museum]], the [[Birla Mandir, Hyderabad|Birla Temple]] and the [[Birla Science Museum|Birla Planetarium]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao">{{cite book |title=Cities in transition |publisher=Routledge |pages=117–140 |isbn=978-0-203-39115-0 |first=Nirmala |last=Rao |year=2007}}</ref><ref name="Gop to fati">{{cite book |title=Process of urban fringe development:a model |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=13–17 |isbn=978-81-7022-017-6 |last=Gopi |first=K.N |year=1978}}
* {{cite book |title=Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India |publisher=Concept Publishing |pages=375–380 |isbn=978-81-8069-412-7 |last1=Nath |first1=Viswambhar |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Surinder K |year=2007}}
* {{cite book |title=Poverty in metropolitan cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sO1yDYWxsGgC |publisher=Concept Publishing |last1=Alam |first1=Shah Manzoor |last2=Khan |first2=Fátima Ali |year=1987 |pages=139–157 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083454/https://books.google.com/books?id=sO1yDYWxsGgC |url-status=live}}</ref>

North of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar, [[Tank Bund Road]], [[Rani Gunj]] and the [[Secunderabad Junction railway station|Secunderabad railway station]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /> Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as [[Sanjeevaiah Park]], [[Indira Park]], [[Lumbini Park]], [[NTR Gardens]], the [[Hussain Sagar#Buddha statue|Buddha statue]] and [[Hussain Sagar#Patton tank|Tankbund Park]] are located here.<ref name="Hussain Sagar">{{cite web |title=Implementing the ecosystem approach to preserve the ecological integrity of urban lakes: the case of lake Hussain Sagar, Hyderabad, India |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |work=Ecosystem approach for the conservation of lake Hussainsagar |page=3 |last=Kodarkar |first=Mohan |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209123821/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Hussain sagar stink is not a bother |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hussain-sagar-stink-is-not-a-bother/articleshow/469132.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507020604/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-02/hyderabad/28340004_1_hussain-sagar-buddha-statue-stink |archive-date=7 May 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 February 2004 |access-date=11 June 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as [[Banjara Hills]], [[Jubilee Hills]], [[Begumpet]], [[Khairtabad]], [[Tolichowki]], [[Jagannath Temple, Hyderabad|Jagannath Temple]] and [[Miyapur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Miyapur most 'searched' on web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/miyapur-most-searched-on-web/article4467740.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 March 2013 |access-date=2 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305103614/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-propertyplus/miyapur-most-searched-on-web/article4467740.ece |archive-date=5 March 2013}}</ref> The northern end contains industrial areas such as [[Kukatpally]], [[Sanathnagar]], [[Moosapet]], [[Balanagar, Medchal district|Balanagar]], [[Patancheru]] and [[Chanda Nagar]]. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as [[Malkajgiri]], [[Neredmet]], [[A. S. Rao Nagar]] and [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]].<ref name="Alam&Reddy" /><ref name="Rao" /><ref name="Gop to fati" /> In the eastern part of the city lie [[List of defence research centres in Hyderabad|many defence research centres]] and [[Ramoji Film City]]. The west and southwest regions of the city, dubbed "Cyberabad", have grown rapidly since the 1990s and are home to several information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies. Numerous [[Skyscraper|skyscrapers]] and [[Tower block|high-rise buildings]] have been constructed in key economic corridors such as [[Gachibowli]], the [[Financial District, Hyderabad|Financial District]], [[HITEC City]], and [[Kukatpally]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad's Peripheral Areas to Drive Office Growth |url=https://www.rprealtyplus.com/news-views/hyderabads-peripheral-areas-to-drive-office-growth-119127.html |access-date=2025-05-15 |magazine=Realty Plus Magazine |date=12 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The rapid vertical development in these localities has propelled Hyderabad to become the city with the [[List of tallest buildings in India#Cities with the most skyscrapers|second-highest number of skyscrapers in India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hyderabad horizon billowing with 2nd highest number of skyscrapers after Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-horizon-billowing-with-2nd-highest-number-of-skyscrapers-after-mumbai/articleshow/101323558.cms |date=28 June 2023 |first1=Swati |last1=Bharadwaj |access-date=15 May 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Several landmarks such as the [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]], [[Osman Sagar]], [[Himayat Sagar|Himayath Sagar]] and [[Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park]] are also located in the west and southwest regions of the city.<ref name="roy aih">{{cite book |title=Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=253 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-9277-4 |last1=Roy |first1=Ananya |last2=Aihwa |first2=Ong}}</ref><ref name="toi chary">{{cite news |title=An Amazon shot for city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 October 2011 |first1=Swati Bharadwaj |last1=Chand |access-date=13 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226140847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=26 February 2015}}</ref>

=== Landmarks ===
[[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|Heritage buildings]] constructed during the [[Qutb Shahi]] and [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Nizam]] eras showcase [[Indo-Islamic architecture]] influenced by [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]], [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Art of Europe|European]] styles.<ref name="AnPet" /><ref name="Bur Mic">{{cite book |title=Indian Islamic architecture: forms and typologies, sites and monuments |pages=146–148 |year=2008 |publisher=Brill Publishers |isbn=978-90-04-16339-3 |first1=John |last1=Burton-Page |author1-link=John Burton-Page |first2=George |last2=Michell}}</ref> After the 1908 [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|flooding of the Musi River]], the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad.<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="musi flood">{{cite web |title=Architecture of Hyderabad during the CIB period |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20Links/Hist-Cult/architecture_arc.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025600/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/architecture_arc.html |archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India".<ref name="Best_Heritage_City">{{Cite news |title=Heritage award for Hyderabad raises many eyebrows |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-award-for-Hyderabad-raises-many-eyebrows/articleshow/12105415.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211173202/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-award-for-Hyderabad-raises-many-eyebrows/articleshow/12105415.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 February 2015}}</ref>

Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical [[Iranian architecture|Persian architecture]] featuring domes and colossal arches.<ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall">{{cite book |title=The new Cambridge history of India, volumes 1–7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=218–219 |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-521-56321-5 |last=Michell |first=George}}
* {{cite news |title=Jubilee hall a masterpiece of Asaf Jahi architecture |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/%E2%80%98jubilee-hall%E2%80%99-masterpiece-asaf-jahi-architecture |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=31 December 2011 |access-date=12 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512184548/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/%E2%80%98jubilee-hall%E2%80%99-masterpiece-asaf-jahi-architecture |archive-date=12 May 2012}}</ref> The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of [[Charminar]] towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides {{cvt|20|m|ft}} long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a {{cvt|56|m|ft}}-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]] are considered to be [[Monuments of National Importance of India|monuments of national importance in India]]; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage status]].<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web |title=The Qutb Shahi monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi tombs, Charminar |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |work=[[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] |year=2010 |access-date=22 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222105425/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/ |archive-date=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tourist guide">{{cite book |title=Tourist guide to Andhra Pradesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC |year=2006 |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7478-176-5 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083410/https://books.google.com/books?id=E4l78qG3TkAC |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|11–18}}<!-- THE FOLLOWING BOOK SOURCE IS LINKED FOR READERS CONVENIENCE THIS IS NOT COMMONLY PRACTICED WITH OTHER BOOK SOURCES IN THIS ARTICLE --><ref name="Qutb shahi style architecture">{{cite web |title=Qutb Shahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_qut.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110075247/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_qut.html |archive-date=10 January 2013}}</ref>

Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the [[Chowmahalla Palace]], which was the [[Durbar Hall#Durbar Hall – Khilawat Mubarak, Hyderabad|seat of royal power]]. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the [[Baroque]] [[Harem]] to its [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] royal court. The other palaces include [[Falaknuma Palace]] (inspired by the style of [[Andrea Palladio]]), [[Purani Haveli]], [[King Kothi Palace]] and [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad|Bella Vista Palace]] all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Saracenic]] style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the [[Telangana High Court|Hyderabad High Court]], [[Osmania General Hospital|Osmania Hospital]], [[City College Hyderabad|City College]] and the [[Kacheguda railway station]], all designed by [[Vincent Esch]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/02666030.1993.9628458 |first=G. H. R. |last=Tillotson |title=Vincent J. Esch and the Architecture of Hyderabad, 1914–36 |date=1993 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=29–46}}</ref> Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the [[State Central Library, Hyderabad|State Central Library]], the Telangana Legislature, the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum|State Archaeology Museum]], [[Jubilee Hall, Hyderabad|Jubilee Hall]], and [[Hyderabad Deccan railway station|Hyderabad railway station]].<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila" /><ref name="George Michell and Jubilee_Hall" /><ref name="UNESCO_Asia">{{cite web |title=UNESCO Asia-Pacific heritage awards for culture heritage conservation |url=http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/ |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2010 |access-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403002556/http://www.unescobkk.org/unit-archive-folders/clt-archive-folder/heritage/world-heritage-and-immovable-heritage/asia-pacific-heritage-awards-for-culture-heritage-conservation/ |archive-date=3 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Palaces of the Nizam">{{cite web |title=Palaces of the Nizam: Asaf Jahi style (mainly in and around Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_niz.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130706131005/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_niz.html |archive-date=6 July 2013}}</ref> Other landmarks of note are [[Paigah Palace]], [[Asman Garh Palace]], [[Basheer Bagh Palace]], [[Errum Manzil]] and the [[Spanish Mosque]], all constructed by the [[Paigah family]].<ref name="Tourist guide" />{{rp|16–17}}<ref name="paigah palaces">{{cite news |title=Structure so pure |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm |date=31 December 2003 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025183156/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/31/stories/2003123100350300.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Paigah Palaces">{{cite web |title=The Paigah Palaces (Hyderabad city) |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/architecture_pai.html |publisher=aponline.gov.in |access-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212025507/http://aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/architecture_pai.html |archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref>

{{Wide image| Chowmahalla Palace Hyderabad.JPG|680px|The [[Chowmahalla Palace]]—a principal palace of the Nizam's, constructed by [[Salabat Jung]] in 1750|alt=Single-story colonnaded façade with grass and trees in front}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Hyderabad}}
[[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|[[HITEC City]], the hub of information technology companies|alt=City panorama showing gardens, clean roads and modern office buildings]]
[[File:Uppal aerial view.jpg|thumb|[[Middle class]] apartments in [[Uppal Kalan]]—a [[rural–urban fringe]] of Hyderabad city]]
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from {{US$}}40-{{US$}}74&nbsp;billion ([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] [[Gross domestic product|GDP]]), and have ranked it either [[List of cities by GDP|fifth- or sixth-<!--PWC AND BROOKINGS RANK HYDERABAD SIXTH AMONG INDIAN CITIES WHILE THE "SAFE WATER NETWORK" REPORT RANKS IT FIFTH---> most productive metro area of India]].<ref name=gdp>{{cite web |title=Global city GDP 2014 |url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |date=22 January 2015 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525113815/https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/ |archive-date=25 May 2017}}
* {{cite web |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |url=https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |publisher=[[Pricewaterhouse Coopers|PwC]] |access-date=16 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504031739/https://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/imagelibrary/downloadMedia.ashx?MediaDetailsID=1562 |archive-date=4 May 2011}}
* {{cite web |title=Drinking water supply for urban poor: City of Hyderabad |url=http://www.safewaternetwork.org/sites/default/files/Safe%20Water%20Network_Hyderabad%20City%20Report.pdf |publisher=Safe Water Network |date=1 October 2016 |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303201127/http://www.safewaternetwork.org/sites/default/files/Safe%20Water%20Network_Hyderabad%20City%20Report.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) in June 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=India's 25 most competitive cities |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-25-most-competitive-cities/20101209.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=10 December 2010 |access-date=10 December 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211114607/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-25-most-competitive-cities/20101209.htm |archive-date=11 December 2010}}
* {{cite news |title=Civic infra bodies get a raw deal in budget |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Civic-infra-bodies-get-a-raw-deal-in-Budget/articleshow/11957060.cms?referral=PM |last=Jafri |first=Syed Amin |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 February 2012 |access-date=18 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910200408/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Civic-infra-bodies-get-a-raw-deal-in-Budget/articleshow/11957060.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> Its per capita annual income in 2011 was {{INRConvert|44300}}.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> {{As of|2006}}, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).<ref>{{cite web |title=Employee census 2006 |url=http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20&%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226015719/http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20%26%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm |archive-date=26 December 2010 |publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh Government |year=2006 |access-date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Census of central government employees |url=http://www.dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5r4NgRobm?url=http://www.dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2010 |year=2003 |publisher=Ministry of Labour, Government of India |access-date=17 May 2010}}</ref> According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.<ref name="delhi_gov">{{cite conference |title=National Seminar on N.S.S. 61st Round Results |contribution=Employment–unemployment situation in million plus cities of India |url=http://delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf |publisher=Delhi Government |page=15 |first1=B. K. |last1=Sharma |first2=N. T. |last2=Krishna |date=October 2007 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812091829/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf |archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref> The [[service industry]] remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.<ref name="MIT">{{cite web |title=Country briefing:India–economy |url=http://globalhealth.mit.edu/india-economy/ |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=1 September 2010 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517090452/http://globalhealth.mit.edu/india-economy/ |archive-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>

Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name "[[Hyderabad pearls|City of Pearls]]" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as [[Golconda diamonds]].<ref name="Waldemar Hansen" /><ref name="Saudi-aramco">{{cite web |title=City of Pearls |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/city.of.pearls.htm |work=[[Saudi Aramco]] |last=Werner |first=Louis |year=1998 |access-date=3 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510030006/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199805/city.of.pearls.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="From pearls">{{cite book |title=Frommer's India |publisher=Wiley Publishing |page=403 |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-470-55610-8 |last1=de Bruyn |first1=Pippa |last2=Bain |first2=Keith |last3=Allardice |first3=David |last4=Joshi |first4=Shonar}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad in NYT 2011 list of must see places |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 January 2011 |access-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209082918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=9 February 2015}}</ref> Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports.<ref name="Albion CX19">{{cite web |title=Other Albion CX19 |url=http://www.albioncx19project.org.uk/other_cx19s.htm |work=Albion CX19 restoration project |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422220423/http://www.albioncx19project.org.uk/other_cx19s.htm |archive-date=22 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Neelakantan">{{cite conference |title=Economy, population and urban sprawl |url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |conference=Urban population, development and environment dynamics in developing countries |pages=7–19 |date=13 June 2007 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited]] (BHEL), [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC), [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC), [[Bharat Electronics]] (BEL), [[Electronics Corporation of India Limited]] (ECIL), [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO), [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD), [[State Bank of Hyderabad]] (SBH) and [[Andhra Bank]] (AB)<ref name="Rao" /> were established in the city.<ref name="TOI_EcoGrow">{{cite news |title=Brand Hyderabad loss of gloss? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Brand-Hyderabad-loss-of-gloss/articleshow/10725855.cms?referral=PM |last=Bharadwaj Chand |first=Swati |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 November 2011 |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911025354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Brand-Hyderabad-loss-of-gloss/articleshow/10725855.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> The city is home to [[Hyderabad Stock Exchange|Hyderabad Securities]] formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE),<ref name="HSE-TOI">{{cite news |title=Sebi allows exit of Hyderabad stock exchange |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/V10pI34CQWj6f6eAJDCkOL/Sebi-allows-exit-of-Hyderabad-stock-exchange.html |last=Laskar |first=Anirudh |newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111044701/http://www.livemint.com/Money/V10pI34CQWj6f6eAJDCkOL/Sebi-allows-exit-of-Hyderabad-stock-exchange.html |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> and houses the regional office of the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI).<ref name="SEBI-TOI">{{cite news |title=Sebi opens local office in the city |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sebi-opens-local-office-in-the-city/articleshow/18689654.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910222059/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sebi-opens-local-office-in-the-city/articleshow/18689654.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> In 2013, the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-[[Mumbai]] by the end of 2014.<ref name="BSE">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad realty sector looking up |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-realty-sector-looking-up/article5387954.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=26 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127083807/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/hyderabad-realty-sector-looking-up/article5387954.ece |archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre.<ref name="Rao" /> Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail.<ref name="Neelakantan" /> {{As of|2021}}, the IT exports from Hyderabad were {{Indian Rupee}} 1,45,522&nbsp;crore ({{US$}}19.66&nbsp;billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.<ref>{{cite news |title=IT exports grew 12.98% to ₹1.45 lakh cr. last fiscal |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/it-exports-grew-1298-to-145-lakh-cr-last-fiscal/article34783417.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 June 2021 |access-date=23 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323194353/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/it-exports-grew-1298-to-145-lakh-cr-last-fiscal/article34783417.ece |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Telangana IT exports grows 18% at ₹1.28 lakh crore in FY20 |date=21 May 2020 |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101211/https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/telangana-it-exports-grows-18-at-rs-1-28-lakh-crore-in-fy20-11590060044912.html |archive-date=8 March 2021}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406194142/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021}}
* {{cite web |title=Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations |date=10 May 2020 |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151341/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref>

<!-- THE PARAGRAPH BELOW CONTAINS VERY FEW DETAILS ABOUT BAZAARS OF HYDERABAD. FURTHER DETAILS ARE AVAILABLE IN NEIGHBOURHOOD SECTION-->
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,<ref name="TOICBD&THCBD">{{cite news |title=Despite Telangana heat, city's information technology cup brimming over: report |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Despite-Telangana-heat-citys-Information-Technology-cup-brimming-over-Report/articleshow/13015756.cms?referral=PM |last=Bharadwaj-Chand |first=Swati |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 May 2012 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910230610/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Despite-Telangana-heat-citys-Information-Technology-cup-brimming-over-Report/articleshow/13015756.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=Will the real central hub stand up? |url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm |last=Mathew |first=Dennis Marcus |date=23 July 2005 |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234752/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.<ref name="Peter Scott">{{cite book |title=Geography and retailing |publisher=Rutgers University Press |pages=137–138 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-202-30946-0 |last=Scott |first=Peter}}</ref> Many traditional and historic [[bazaar]]s are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.<ref name="TheHindu_LB">{{cite news |title=Laad bazaar traders cry foul |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm |last=Kumar |first=Abhijit Dev |date=22 February 2008 |access-date=22 February 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226172413/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=26 February 2008}}
* {{cite book |title=The rough guide to south India |publisher=The Penguin Group |page=553 |year=1982 |isbn=978-1-84353-103-6 |last1=Abram |first1=David |last2=Edwards |first2=Nick |last3=Ford |first3=Mike}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Glory of the gates |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm |last=Venkateshwarlu |first=K. |date=10 March 2004 |access-date=11 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110141925/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Laad Bazaar bridal ware shops view.jpg|thumb|left|Bridalwear shops in [[Laad Bazaar]], near the [[Charminar]] | alt=four men in traditional bridalwear shops in the market]]
The establishment of [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.<ref name="Kenneth&WB">{{cite book |title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places |publisher=Britannica educational publishing |page=188 |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61530-202-4 |last=Pletcher |first=Kenneth}}
* {{cite journal |title=The pharmaceutical industry in India and Hungary |publisher=World Bank Publications |pages=9–10 |year=1997 |issn=0253-7494 |last1=Felker |first1=Greg |last2=Chaudhuri |first2=Shekhar |last3=György |first3=Katalin |journal=World and Regional Supply and Demand Balances for Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash}}</ref> {{As of|2010}}, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,<ref name="hyd pharma">{{cite web |title=Biotechnology and pharmaceutical opportunities in India |url=http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/documents/10147/101938/Biotechnology+and+Pharmaceutical+Opportunities+in+India.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202085111/http://www.clustercollaboration.eu/documents/10147/101938/Biotechnology%2Band%2BPharmaceutical%2BOpportunities%2Bin%2BIndia.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2012 |publisher=[[UK Trade & Investment]] |year=2010 |access-date=4 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="biotech">{{cite web |title=Biotech industry India |url=http://www.ded.mo.gov/mostep/docs/main/indian-biotech-industry.pdf |publisher=Department of Information Technology, Biotechnology and Science & Technology, Government of Karnataka |year=2012 |access-date=4 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907101916/http://www.ded.mo.gov/mostep/docs/main/indian-biotech-industry.pdf |archive-date=7 September 2012}}</ref> contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "[[Genome Valley]] of India".<ref name="Gen Tgr hp">{{cite web |title=Hyderabad: India's genome valley |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |work=Rediff.com |date=30 November 2004 |access-date=13 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525063233/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |archive-date=25 May 2011}}
* {{cite news |title=Hyderabad is a hot destination for Walsh |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/4339614/Hyderabad-is-a-hot-destination-for-Walsh.html |newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=18 October 2011 |first=Alistair |last=Osborne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423045405/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/4339614/Hyderabad-is-a-hot-destination-for-Walsh.html |archive-date=23 April 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Job market booming overseas for many American companies |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/job-market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html |newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=28 December 2010 |access-date=6 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825122948/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/job-market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html |archive-date=25 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as ''Cyberabad'' (Cyber City).<ref name="roy aih" /><ref name="toi chary" /> {{As of|2013}}, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors<ref name="toi-it">{{cite news |title=Special governance for Hyderabad needed for growth |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910200409/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Special-governance-for-Hyderabad-needed-for-growth/articleshow/20753414.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref> and 22% of [[NASSCOM]]'s total membership is from the city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy" /> The development of [[HITEC City]], a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.<ref name="roy aih" /> The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include [[Microsoft]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Google]], [[IBM]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Dell]], [[Facebook]], [[CISCO]],<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|3}}<ref name="goo bus">* {{cite news |title=The top five cities |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-top-five-cities/0/4265.html |newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=27 August 2011 |url-status=live |access-date=9 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402035602/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-top-five-cities/0/4265.html |archive-date=2 April 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=Our office locations |url=http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx |year=2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902080539/http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx |archive-date=2 September 2011 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}
* {{cite news |title=Presence of global IT boosts Hyderabad image |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190117/presence-of-global-it-boosts-hyderabad-image.html |url-status=live |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |last=Suares |first=Coreena |date=19 January 2017 |access-date=3 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203164829/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190117/presence-of-global-it-boosts-hyderabad-image.html |archive-date=3 February 2017}}</ref> and major Indian firms including [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]] (TCS), Polaris, [[Cyient]] and [[Wipro]].<ref name="cgg Hyderabad 1" />{{rp|3}} In 2009 the [[World Bank Group]] ranked the city as the [[Ease of doing business index|second best Indian city for doing business]].<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/sub/hyderabad |title=Ease of doing business in Hyderabad&nbsp;– India (2009) |publisher=World Bank Group |access-date=8 February 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127135011/http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/sub/hyderabad/ |archive-date=27 January 2011}}</ref> The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of [[special economic zone]]s of any Indian city.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy">{{cite news |title=Heat on Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heat-on-Hyderabad/articleshow/9191298.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live |last=Sivaramakrishnan |first=K.C. |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=19 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910223603/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heat-on-Hyderabad/articleshow/9191298.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref>

The [[Automotive industry in Hyderabad]] is also emerging and making it an automobile hub.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telangana emerging as automobile hub |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-emerging-as-automobile-hub/article23247160.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202843/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-emerging-as-automobile-hub/article23247160.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> Automobile companies including as [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]], [[Praga Tools]], [[HMT (company)|HMT Bearings]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], Deccan Auto and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]] have units in the Hyderabad economic zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Automobile |url=https://invest.telangana.gov.in/automobiles/ |work=[[Government of Telangana]] |year=2021 |access-date=28 June 2021 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628091446/https://invest.telangana.gov.in/automobiles/ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]], [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Triton Energy]] will invest in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fiat Chrysler setting up $150 million global digital hub in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fiat-chrysler-setting-up-150-million-global-digital-hub-in-hyderabad/article33343983.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=27 June 2021 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=31 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231161912/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fiat-chrysler-setting-up-150-million-global-digital-hub-in-hyderabad/article33343983.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large [[informal economy]] that employs 30% of the labour force.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />{{rp|71}} According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000 [[Hawker (trade)|street vendors]], and their numbers were increasing.<ref name="wipper&Christoph">{{cite web |title=Urban street food vendors in the food provisioning system of Hyderabad |url=http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36909/2/Megacity%20Report-4.pdf |last1=Wipper |first1=Marlis |last2=Dittrich |first2=Christoph |year=2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504154643/http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/36909/2/Megacity%20Report-4.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2013 |access-date=18 June 2012 |work=Analysis and action for sustainable development of Hyderabad |publisher=[[Humboldt University of Berlin]]}}</ref>{{rp|9}} Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal">{{cite web |title=Street vending in ten cities in India |url=http://nasvinet.org/upload/NASVI_FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |publisher=[[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] |year=2012 |last1=Bhowmik |first1=Sharit K. |last2=Saha |first2=Debdulal |access-date=18 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105184331/http://nasvinet.org/upload/NASVI_FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>{{rp|12}} and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own [[Market stall|stall]].<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />{{rp|15–16}} Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.<ref name="Sharit&Debdulal" />{{rp|19}} Vendor earnings vary from {{INRConvert|50}} to {{INRConvert|800}} per day.<ref name="wipper&Christoph" />{{rp|25}} Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor.<ref name="GHMC_Slums" />{{rp|71}}<ref name="Kumar-Business Line">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad in UNESCO list for rich culinary heritage |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29870823.ece |last=Kumar |first=V.Rishi |newspaper=Business Line |location=Chennai |date=3 November 2019 |access-date=1 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406023824/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/hyderabad-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29870823.ece |archive-date=6 April 2021}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[World Economic Forum]] established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 January 2024 |title=Telangana signs agreement with WEF for setting up C4IR in Hyderabad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/state-signs-agreement-with-wef-for-setting-up-c4ir-in-hyderabad/article67744887.ece |access-date=10 April 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Hyderabad}}
[[File:Macca view from Charminar.jpg|thumb|[[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]] constructed during the [[Qutb Shah]]i and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule in Hyderabad|alt=Stone mosque]]
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]]. After the [[Siege of Delhi|fall of Delhi in 1857]], the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the [[Indian subcontinent]], under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.<ref name="TOI-culture">{{cite news |title=The courtesans of Hyderabad & Mehboob Ki Mehendi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 December 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910204924/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-courtesans-of-Hyderabad-Mehboob-Ki-Mehendi/articleshow/17724790.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Court">{{cite book |title=The Nocturnal Court: The Life of a Prince of Hyderabad |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=xlii |year=2004 |last1=Jaisi |first1=sadiq |last2=Luther |first2=Narendra |isbn=978-0-19-566605-2}}</ref> This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions]], for which the city has become noted.<ref name="NS&voyager">{{cite book |title=Hyderabad: an expat survival guide |publisher=Chillibreeze |page=9 |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-904055-5-3}} </ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |title=Hyderabad through the eyes of a voyager |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 July 2011 |access-date=27 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910211931/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-through-the-eyes-of-a-voyager/articleshow/9340561.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=10 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Lynton1987">{{cite book |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the beloved |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0-86311-269-0}}</ref>{{rp|viii}} A further consequence of this north–south mix is that both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Urdu]] are official languages of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Languages |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/languages.html |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |year=2011 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref> The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Diwali]] and [[Bonalu]] of Hindu tradition and [[Eid ul-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]] by Muslims.<ref name="TOI_fest">{{cite news |title=Mosques in Hyderabad remain a picture of neglect |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosques-in-Hyderabad-remain-a-picture-of-neglect/articleshow/9561076.cms?referral=PM |last=Naseeruddin |first=Md |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 August 2011 |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911023848/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mosques-in-Hyderabad-remain-a-picture-of-neglect/articleshow/9561076.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing ''[[sherwani]]'' and ''[[kurta]]–[[paijama]]'' and women wearing ''[[khara dupatta]]'' and ''[[salwar kameez]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title=Clothes make-over for men |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm |date=21 March 2002 |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127202917/http://hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/03/21/stories/2002032100230100.htm |archive-date=27 November 2010 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI_Culture">{{cite news |title=Changing trends in city's culture |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 July 2012 |access-date=8 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911051150/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Changing-trends-in-citys-culture/articleshow/14738898.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Karen Leonard">{{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |title=Locating home: India's Hyderabadis abroad |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=14 and 248–255 |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8047-5442-2}}</ref> Most Muslim women wear ''[[burqa]]'' and ''[[hijab]]'' outdoors.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Untold Charminar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT187 |publisher=Penguin |page=187 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-8475-971-6 |first=Syeda |last=Imam |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083449/https://books.google.com/books?id=ww3GYpMrwysC&pg=PT187 |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Url is kept in the above book citation as against the article style because there are no written page numbers in the book --> In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of [[Casual wear|western style clothing]] among youths.<ref>{{cite news |title=Efforts should be made to preserve traditional wear |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm |date=23 March 2009 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234115/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/03/23/stories/2009032350730400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Literature ===
In the past, [[Qutb Shah]]i rulers and [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Nizams]] attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as ''[[mushaira]]s'' (poetic symposia), ''[[Qawwali]]'' (devotional songs) and ''[[Dholak ke Geet]]'' (traditional folk songs).<ref name="Int Mushaira">{{cite news |title=Anjuman Muhibban-e-Urdu to hold international mushaira |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/anjuman-muhibban-e-urdu-hold-international-mushaira |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=13 April 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111041310/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/anjuman-muhibban-e-urdu-hold-international-mushaira |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="qawwali">{{cite news |title=Wah! This Hyderabadi family has been carrying foward &#91;sic&#93; the legacy of qawwali for over 900 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wah-this-hyderabadi-family-has-been-carrying-foward-the-legacy-of-qawwali-for-over-900-years/articleshow/59239321.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |last=Paul |first=Papri |date=21 June 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820123505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/wah-this-hyderabadi-family-has-been-carrying-foward-the-legacy-of-qawwali-for-over-900-years/articleshow/59239321.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Traditional Indian Forms of Deccani Poetry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340243 |volume=53 |pages=211–19 |year=2009 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |jstor=23340243 |access-date=13 July 2022 |last1=Panchal |first1=Parmanand |journal=Indian Literature |issue=5 (253) |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713142656/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23340243 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of [[Deccani literature]] leading to works such as the ''[[Deccani Masnavi]]'' and ''[[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan poetry]]'', which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.<ref name="Masud">{{cite book |title=Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=50–77 |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-260-0233-7 |last=Hussain Khan |first=Masud}}</ref> ''[[Lazzat Un Nisa]]'', a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.<ref name="Lizzat-un-nisa">{{cite book |title=Scent in the Islamic Garden: A Study of Deccani Urdu Literary Sources |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=40 |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-579334-5 |first=Ali Alber |last=Husain}}</ref> The reign of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty|Asaf Jahi Nizams]] saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.<ref name="Datta">{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: Devraj to Jyoti, Volume 2 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |pages=1260, 1746–1748 |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |last=Datta |first=Amaresh}}</ref> In 1824, a collection of Urdu ''[[Ghazal]]'' poetry, named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', authored by [[Mah Laqa Bai]]—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.<ref name="Mah laqa bai">{{cite book |title=Women writing in India volume 1, 600 BC to the early twentieth century |publisher=The Feminist Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar/page/120 120]–122 |year=1991 |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 |first1=Susie J. |last1=Tharu |first2=K. |last2=Lalita |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/womenwritinginin00thar}}</ref> Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual [[Hyderabad Literary Festival]], held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Celebrating creativity |url=http://www.hyderabadliteraryfestival.com/ |work=Hyderabad Literary Festival 2012 |year=2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419043414/http://www.hyderabadliteraryfestival.com/ |archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the [[Sahitya Akademi]], the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]], the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,<ref name="Asifia_library">{{cite news |last=Singh |first=T. Lalith |title=State central library to sport a grand look again |url=http://hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080615910300.htm |date=6 August 2005 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409172950/http://hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080615910300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> and other major libraries including the [[Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam]], the [[British Library, Hyderabad|British Library]] and the [[Sundarayya Vignana Kendram]].<ref name="dsal and sundarayya">{{cite web |title=The original Urdu research centre (URC) |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/bibliographic/urlc/urc.html |publisher=Digital South Asia Library |date=29 September 2009 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727033037/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/bibliographic/urlc/urc.html |archive-date=27 July 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=The Urdu research centre, Hyderabad: a souvenir |url=http://www.sundarayya.org/pdf/BBC-URLC.pdf |work=[[Sundarayya Vignana Kendram]] |date=10 June 2004 |access-date=29 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235124/http://www.sundarayya.org/pdf/BBC-URLC.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref>
{{Wide image| A typical charminar evening.jpg|680px|Evening view of the [[Charminar]] along with other [[Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India|heritage structures]] and [[List of bazaars in Hyderabad|bazaars]]}}

=== Music and films ===
[[File:Ravindra Bharathi Auditorium, Lakdikapool.jpg|thumb|[[Ravindra Bharathi]], an auditorium named after [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | alt=A rectangular building]]
[[South Indian music]] and dances such as the [[Kuchipudi]] and [[Bharatanatyam]] styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their cultural policies, [[North Indian music]] and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,<ref name="Nigam&Bhatnagar">{{cite book |title=Romance of Hyderabad culture |page=44 |last1=Nigam |first1=Mohan Lal |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=Anupama |publisher=Deva Publication |year=1997 |oclc=644231278}}</ref> and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with [[tawaif]] (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.<ref name="rekha">{{cite journal |title=Women in the Hyderabad State in 19th and 20th centuries |url=http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=143 |last=Pande |first=Rekha |editor=Tiwari, Pushpa |journal=Journal of History and Social Sciences |year=2012 |issn=2229-5798 |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104122459/http://jhss.org/articleview.php?artid=143 |archive-date=4 January 2013}}</ref> This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides [[Western culture|western]] and Indian popular music genres such as [[filmi]] music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based ''[[marfa music]]'', ''Dholak ke Geet'' (household songs based on local [[folklore]]), and [[qawwali]], especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.<ref name="thehindu_marfa">{{cite news |title=It's "teen maar" for marriages, festivals |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |last=Kumar |first=Abhijit Dev |date=23 October 2008 |access-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129001233/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/23/stories/2008102358610200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=29 January 2012}}</ref><ref name="Dholak ke geet">{{cite book |title=Deccan Heritage |publisher=Universities Press |isbn=978-81-7371-285-2 |page=218 |last1=K Gupta |first1=Harsh |last2=Parasher Sen |first2=Aloka |last3=Balasubramanian |first3=Dorairajan |year=2000}}</ref> The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.<ref name="TOI and NYT_Culture">{{cite news |title=Doorway to culture in the name of Taramati |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Doorway-to-culture-in-the-name-of-Taramati/articleshow/387074.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 December 2003 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912002257/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Doorway-to-culture-in-the-name-of-Taramati/articleshow/387074.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=12 September 2015}}
* {{cite news |title=36 hours in Hyderabad, India |last=Vora |first=Shivani |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/13/travel/36-hours-in-hyderabad-india.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 May 2012 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515160316/http://www.nytimes.com//2012/05/13/travel/36-hours-in-hyderabad-india.html |archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref>

Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,<ref name="TheHindu_Theatere">{{cite news |title=Theatre is catching up in Hyderabad |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950120100.htm |last=Kumar |first=S. Sandeep |date=19 January 2009 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234122/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/01/19/stories/2009011950120100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals<ref name="The Hindu_theater2">{{cite news |title=Verse drama feast |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/04/15/stories/2011041550400300.htm |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=15 April 2011 |access-date=23 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110235229/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/04/15/stories/2011041550400300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh state film television and theater development corporation limited |url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/departments/general%20administration/a%20p%20state%20film,%20t%20v%20and%20theatre%20development%20corporation%20limited/forms/note%20on%20film%20development%20corporation%20as%20on%2031.3.2008.pdf |publisher=aponline.gov.in |date=31 March 2008 |access-date=18 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234232/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/departments/general%20administration/a%20p%20state%20film%2C%20t%20v%20and%20theatre%20development%20corporation%20limited/forms/note%20on%20film%20development%20corporation%20as%20on%2031.3.2008.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> in such venues as the [[Ravindra Bharathi]], [[Shilpakala Vedika]], Lalithakala Thoranam and [[Lamakaan]]. Although not a purely music-oriented event, [[Numaish]], a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.<ref name="siasat numaish">{{cite news |title=Exhibition named 'Numaish' at last |url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/exhibition-named-%E2%80%98numaish%E2%80%99-last |newspaper=The Siasat Daily |date=20 December 2009 |access-date=17 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224081127/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/exhibition-named-%E2%80%98numaish%E2%80%99-last |archive-date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]]—{{As of|2021|lc=on}} it is the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film industry]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tollywood {{!}} ఆ విషయంలో బాలీవుడ్‌ను వెనక్కి నెట్టేసిన టాలీవుడ్.. |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/in-this-year-tollywood-surpassed-bollywood-with-collections-at-box-office-391576 |newspaper=Namasthe Telangana |date=5 January 2022 |access-date=29 August 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718085356/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/in-this-year-tollywood-surpassed-bollywood-with-collections-at-box-office-391576 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, [[Deccani language]] realist films by globally acclaimed [[Shyam Benegal]] started a movement of [[coming of age]] [[art film]]s in India, which came to be known as [[parallel cinema]].<ref name="cinema-in-Hyderabad">{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77 |pages=172–173 |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-315-06254-9 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024075918/https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT77#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Shyam Benegal's 'Ankur' and the beginning of a film movement |url=https://scroll.in/reel/823176/shyam-benegals-ankur-and-the-beginning-of-a-film-movement |last=Datta |first=Sangeeta |work=Scroll |date=14 December 2016 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915114047/https://scroll.in/reel/823176/shyam-benegals-ankur-and-the-beginning-of-a-film-movement |url-status=live}}
* {{cite web |title=Shyam Benegal's Ankur was written as a story for college magazine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shyam-benegals-ankur-was-written-as-a-story-for-college-magazine-629931 |newspaper=[[New Delhi Television Ltd]] |date=23 November 2012 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915114047/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/shyam-benegals-ankur-was-written-as-a-story-for-college-magazine-629931 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Ankur (1974) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ankur-1974/article3918198.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Salam |first=Zia Us |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=1 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001052536/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ankur-1974/article3918198.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Deccani film industry]] ("Dollywood") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005.<ref name="City_movies">{{cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |title=New breed of Hyderabadi stars |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/New-breed-of-Hyderabadi-stars/articleshow/8126745.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 May 2011 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911212052/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/New-breed-of-Hyderabadi-stars/articleshow/8126745.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> The city has hosted international film festivals such as the [[International Children's Film Festival India|International Children's Film Festival]] and the [[Hyderabad International Film Festival]].<ref name="IBN&TH">{{cite news |title=17th international children's film fest starts in Hyderabad |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/17th-childrens-film-fest-starts-in-hyderabad/202515-8-66.html |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=26 December 2011 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010530/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/17th-childrens-film-fest-starts-in-hyderabad/202515-8-66.html |archive-date=27 February 2012}}
* {{cite news |last=K. |first=Sangeetha Devi |title=Fuelled by passion |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/15/stories/2007031500260100.htm |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107033503/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/15/stories/2007031500260100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> In 2005, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' declared [[Ramoji Film City]] to be the world's largest film studio.<ref>{{cite book |title=Largest film studio |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |publisher=Guinness World Records |date=1 January 2005 |access-date=22 February 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218024841/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-film-studio/ |archive-date=18 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Art and handicrafts ===
[[File:Water pipe base, Bidriware, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|left|An 18th century Bidriware, water pipe base of [[Hookah]], displayed at the [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] | alt=Decorated metal vase]]

The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of [[Deccan painting]].<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in">{{cite web |title=Miniature painting |url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130318231813/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/miniaturepainting.htm |archive-date=18 March 2013 |publisher=[[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] |access-date=9 June 2012}}</ref> Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the [[Mysore painting|Vijayanagara paintings]] of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.<ref name="1 Mark_Zebrowski and 2 Ralph and Lefèvre">{{cite book |title=Deccani painting |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=40–66 |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-85667-153-1 |last=Zebrowski |first=Mark}}
* {{cite book |title=National exhibition of works of art, at Leeds, 1868: official catalogue |publisher=The Executive Committee |pages=301–313 |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-165-04393-4 |last1=James |first1=Ralph |last2=Lefèvre |first2=L}}</ref> The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by [[Mughal painting]], this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.<ref name="ccrtindia.gov.in" />

Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: [[Wootz steel]], [[Silver Filigree of Karimnagar|Filigree work]], [[Bidriware]], a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring [[Karnataka]], which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)#Geographical Indications tags|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag under the auspices of the [[WTO]] act;<ref name="Jonathan and Sheila">{{cite book |title=The grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture, volume 2 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=179 and 286 |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-530991-1 |last1=Bloom |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blair |first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name="Bidriware">{{cite news |title=Proving their mettle in metal craft |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 January 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911200450/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Proving-their-mettle-in-metal-craft/articleshow/11332582.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> and [[Zari]] and [[Zardozi]], embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Geographical indications journal no:49 |url=http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_49.pdf |volume=1 |issue=49 |page=15 |journal=Government of India |year=2012 |access-date=16 September 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809220647/http://ipindia.nic.in/girindia/journal/Journal_49.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> [[Chintz]]—a glazed [[calico]] textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.<ref>{{cite book |title=India: Cultural Patterns And Processes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyNDwAAQBAJ |page=1 |last=Noble |first=Allen G. |isbn=978-0-429-72463-3 |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083419/https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyNDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Golconda Chintz: Manufacture and Trade in The 17th Century |volume=49 |year=1988 |last=Singh |first=Seema |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=301–305 |jstor=44148394}}</ref> and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is [[Kalamkari]], a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as [[Srikalahasti]] and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as [[Machilipatnam]] which uses both hand and block techniques.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mohammed |first=Syed |title=Kalamkari losing Islamic thread |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalamkari-losing-Islamic-thread/articleshow/11562051.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911194938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Kalamkari-losing-Islamic-thread/articleshow/11562051.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}
* {{cite book |chapter=Hyderabad state |publisher=Atlantic Publishers |page=42 |year=1991 |orig-year=1909 |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series}}</ref> Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnership with the Salar Jung museum, Hyderabad |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/world_collections_programme/salar_jung_museum.aspx |work=World collections programme |publisher=[[British Museum]] |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617002126/http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/skills-sharing/world_collections_programme/salar_jung_museum.aspx |archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref>), the [[Telangana State Archaeology Museum]], the [[Nizam Museum]], the [[City Museum, Hyderabad|City Museum]] and the [[Birla Science Museum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Muffakham Jah opens city museum |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2985506.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 March 2012 |access-date=13 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316101124/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2985506.ece |archive-date=16 March 2012}}
* {{cite news |title=Here's a treasure trove |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2023279.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |first=Aparna |last=Menon |date=16 May 2011 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502041447/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/kids/article2023279.ece |archive-date=2 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
{{Main|Hyderabadi cuisine}}

[[File:Hyderabadi biryani (406687573).jpg|thumb|[[Hyderabadi biryani]] along with other [[Hyderabadi cuisine]] | alt=Hyderabadi food]]

Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of [[rice]], [[wheat]] and [[Lamb and mutton|meat]] dishes and the skilled use of various spices.<ref name="Elsa Hahne">{{cite book |title=You are where you eat: stories and recipes from the neighborhoods of New Orleans |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |pages=47–49 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-57806-941-5 |last=Hahne |first=Elsa}}</ref> Hyderabad is listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[City of Gastronomy|creative city of gastronomy]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad figures in UNESCO list for rich culinary heritage |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-figures-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29845839.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |last=Nanisetti |first=Serish |date=1 November 2019 |access-date=1 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117230004/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-figures-in-unesco-list-for-rich-culinary-heritage/article29845839.ece |archive-date=17 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=UNESCO designates 66 new Creative Cities |url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |date=30 October 2019 |access-date=7 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201210257/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/events/unesco-designates-66-new-creative-cities |archive-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> [[Hyderabadi biryani|Hyderabadi ''biryani'']] and [[Hyderabadi haleem|Hyderabadi ''haleem'']], with their blend of [[Mughlai cuisine|Mughlai]] and [[Arab cuisine]]s,<ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor" /> carry the national [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications tag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabadi haleem now close to being patented |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/hyderabadi-haleem-now-close-to-being-patented-49064.html |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204151143/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/hyderabadi-haleem-now-close-to-being-patented-49064.html |archive-date=4 December 2011}}
*{{cite news |title=The original 'slow food' staple: a GI tag for the iconic Hyderabadi dish is reason to raise a toast |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/09/10214526/The-original-8216slow-food.html?h=B |last=Roy |first=Amrita |newspaper=Mint (newspaper) |date=10 September 2010 |access-date=14 April 2012 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628083442/https://www.livemint.com/2010/09/10214526/the-original-8216slow-food.html |url-status=live}}
*{{Cite news |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad news: legendary biryani now turns 'single' |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |date=18 August 2005 |access-date=14 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829060517/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/18/stories/2005081817520200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=29 August 2012}}</ref> Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by [[French cuisine|French]],<ref name="TNE">{{cite web |title=The french connection |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/dec/03/the-french-connection-2231070.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 December 2020 |access-date=26 October 2021 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026152507/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2020/dec/03/the-french-connection-2231070.html |url-status=live}}</ref> but more by Arabic, [[Turkish cuisine|Turkish]], [[Iranian cuisine|Iranian]] and native [[Telugu cuisine|Telugu]] and [[Marathwada]] cuisines.<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref name="Sanjeev Kapoor">{{cite book |title=Royal Hyderabadi cooking |publisher=Popular Prakashan |page=3 |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-7991-373-4 |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev}}</ref> Popular native dishes include ''[[nihari]]'', ''[[chakna]]'', ''[[baghara baingan]]'' and the desserts ''[[qubani ka meetha]]'', ''[[double ka meetha]]'' and ''kaddu ki kheer'' (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd).<ref name="Karen Leonard" /><ref>{{cite news |title=A plateful of culture |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-plateful-of-culture/article911611.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 November 2010 |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/a-plateful-of-culture/article911611.ece |archive-date=1 January 2016}}
* {{cite news |title=Times food guide 2012 reaches Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Times-Food-Guide-2012-reaches-Hyderabad/articleshow/12005484.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 February 2012 |access-date=31 October 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912075827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food/food-reviews/Times-Food-Guide-2012-reaches-Hyderabad/articleshow/12005484.cms |archive-date=12 September 2015}}</ref>

== Media ==
{{Main|Media in Hyderabad}}
One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, ''[[The Deccan Times]]'', was established in the 1780s.<ref>{{cite book |title=The history of Urdu press: a case study of Hyderabad |publisher=Classical Publishing |page=27 |year=1995 |oclc=246868337 |first=Khan |last=Masood Ali}}</ref> Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Sakshi]]'' and ''[[Namasthe Telangana]]'', while major English papers are ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'' and ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]''. The major Urdu papers include ''[[The Siasat Daily]]'', ''[[The Munsif Daily]]'' and ''[[Etemaad Daily|Etemaad]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Magazine publishers of India |url=http://www.publishersglobal.com/directory/india/media/magazine-publishers/1/ |page=1 |publisher=Publishers Global |access-date=13 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218063342/http://www.publishersglobal.com/directory/india/media/magazine-publishers/1 |archive-date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad Urdu papers launch campaign for simple weddings |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hyderabad-urdu-papers-launch-campaign-for-simple-weddings/1043888/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2012 |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hyderabad-urdu-papers-launch-campaign-for-simple-weddings/1043888/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. [[Deccan Radio (Nizam Radio 1932)|Deccan Radio]] was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935,<ref name="Wavescan">{{cite web |title=The long and interesting story of all India Radio, Hyderabad&nbsp;– part 1 |url=http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan100815.html |work=ontheshortwaves.com |date=15 August 2010 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505052736/http://www.ontheshortwaves.com/Wavescan/wavescan100815.html |archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> with [[FM broadcasting]] beginning in 2000.<ref name="CIA_India">{{cite web |title=South Asia: India |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=22 May 2012 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=live}}</ref> The available channels in Hyderabad include [[All India Radio]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]], [[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]], [[BIG FM 92.7|Big FM]] and [[Fever 104 FM|Fever FM]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Radio stations in Andhra Pradesh, India |url=http://www.asiawaves.net/india/andhra-pradesh-radio.htm#hyderabad-radio |work=asiawaves.net |access-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927015040/http://www.asiawaves.net/india/andhra-pradesh-radio.htm#hyderabad-radio |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref>

Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of ''[[Doordarshan]]'', the government of India's [[Public broadcasting|public service broadcaster]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Kendra's origin |url=http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |publisher=Doordarshan Kendra Hyderabad |year=2008 |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106005016/http://www.ddsaptagiri.tv/kendrasOrigin.html |archive-date=6 November 2011}}</ref> which transmits two [[free-to-air]] terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of [[STAR (India)|Star TV]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Invasion from the skies: the impact of foreign television in India |first=Usha |last=Manchanda |journal=Australian Studies in Journalism |volume=7 |year=1998 |page=146}}</ref> Satellite TV channels are accessible via [[Cable television|cable subscription]], [[direct-broadcast satellite]] services or [[IPTV|internet-based television]].<ref name="CIA_India" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by cable operators/ multi system operators/ DTH licensees in India |url=http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/tvchannels/channellist.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905131430/http://mib.nic.in/writereaddata/html_en_files/tvchannels/channellist.pdf |archive-date=5 September 2012 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.<ref name="Fortner and Fackler">{{cite book |title=The handbook of global communication and media ethics |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-4051-8812-8 |last1=Fortner |first1=Robert.S |last2=Fackler |first2=P. Mark}}</ref> The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector [[internet service provider]] (ISP) starting operations in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |title=Information and communication technologies throughout the world |url=http://www.unesco.org/webworld/wcir/en/pdf_report/chap15.pdf |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |page=210 |year=1998 |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005120335/http://www.unesco.org/webworld/wcir/en/pdf_report/chap15.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad begins rollout of public WiFi |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/NrFl3eM6vrzzk9WEYcPQUN/Hyderabad-begins-rollout-of-public-WiFi.html |newspaper=Livemint |date=16 April 2015 |access-date=16 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418182728/http://www.livemint.com/Industry/NrFl3eM6vrzzk9WEYcPQUN/Hyderabad-begins-rollout-of-public-WiFi.html |archive-date=18 April 2015}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Hyderabad}}

[[File:Osmania College of Arts and Social.jpg|thumb|left|[[Osmania University]] College of Arts|alt=Large pink granite building]]
Public and [[Public school (India)|private schools]] in Hyderabad are governed by the [[Board of Secondary Education, Telangana]] or [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], depending on the affiliation and follow a [[Education in India#10+2+3 pattern|"10+2+3" plan]]. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions.<ref name="TNYT_School">{{cite news |title=Many of India's poor turn to private schools |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/asia/for-indias-poor-private-schools-help-fill-a-growing-demand.html |last1=Bajaj |first1=Vikas |last2=Yardley |first2=Jim |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401181603/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/31/world/asia/for-indias-poor-private-schools-help-fill-a-growing-demand.html |archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre extends 40-cr aid to Urdu schools |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Centre-extends-40-cr-aid-to-Urdu-schools/articleshow/2211395.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 February 2002 |access-date=9 July 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911190425/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Centre-extends-40-cr-aid-to-Urdu-schools/articleshow/2211395.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the [[Secondary School Certificate]]<ref name="ssc">{{cite news |title=SSC results: girls score higher percentage |date=22 May 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2040014.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234109/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2040014.ece |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> or the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]]. After completing secondary education, students enrol in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad]] (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the [[Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test]] (EAM-CET).<ref name="ouwebsite">{{cite web |title=Vice chancellor's speech about Osmania university |url=http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsVCSpeech.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112105013/http://www.osmania.ac.in/AboutUsVCSpeech.htm |archive-date=12 November 2007 |publisher=Osmania University |access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=EAMCET 2013 |url=http://www.apeamcet.org/pdfs/AMBOOKLET.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701081320/http://www.apeamcet.org/pdfs/AMBOOKLET.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2014 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh State Council of Higher Education |year=2013 |access-date=10 August 2013}}</ref>

There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: six private universities, two [[deemed universities]], six state universities, and three [[Central University, India|central universities]]. The central universities are the [[University of Hyderabad]] (Hyderabad Central University, HCU),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/annualreport_0506.pdf |title=Annual report 2005–2006 |publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]] |pages=195–217 |access-date=20 January 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020032352/http://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/pub/annualreport/annualreport_0506.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref> [[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] and the [[English and Foreign Languages University]].<ref name="central_univ">{{cite web |title=Central universities |url=http://mhrd.gov.in/central-universities |publisher=Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India |access-date=20 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009011555/http://www.mhrd.gov.in/central-universities |archive-date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[Osmania University]], established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and {{as of|2012|lc=y}} is India's second most popular institution for international students.<ref name="IBN_Edu">{{cite news |title=OU to hike fee for foreign students |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ou-to-hike-fee-for-foreign-students/243697-60-121.html |last=Reddy |first=T. Karnakar |publisher=CNN-IBN |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=2 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421024041/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ou-to-hike-fee-for-foreign-students/243697-60-121.html |archive-date=21 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University]], established in 1982, is the first distance-learning [[open university]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Distance no bar |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/08/22/stories/2005082200020100.htm |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=22 August 2005 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208001541/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2005/08/22/stories/2005082200020100.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=8 February 2012}}</ref>

Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals,<ref name="rediff">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad: India's Genome Valley |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |last=Iype |first=George |work=Rediff.com |date=30 November 2004 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019113823/http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm |archive-date=19 October 2012}}</ref> such as the [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad|National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] (NIPER), [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), [[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]] (CDFD) and [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National Institute of Nutrition]] (NIN).<ref>{{cite news |title=A fillip to pharma sector |url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/21/stories/2009092151160300.htm |access-date=3 January 2011 |date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060245/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2009/09/21/stories/2009092151160300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=23 October 2013}}</ref> Hyderabad has five major medical schools—[[Osmania Medical College]], [[Gandhi Medical College]], [[Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Deccan College of Medical Sciences]] and [[Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of colleges teaching MBBS |url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |publisher=[[Medical Council of India]] |year=2010 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111811/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx |archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>—and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/dec/18/cabinet-gives-nod-for-setting-up-aiims-at-bibinagar-1913062.html |title=Cabinet gives nod for setting up AIIMS at Bibinagar in Telangana |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2018 |access-date=11 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182344/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2018/dec/18/cabinet-gives-nod-for-setting-up-aiims-at-bibinagar-1913062.html |archive-date=19 December 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government Nizamia Tibbi College]] is a college of [[Unani medicine]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Blow to students as Unani PG seats slashed |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Blow-to-students-as-Unani-PG-seats-slashed/articleshow/15410989.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 August 2012 |access-date=3 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911220606/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Blow-to-students-as-Unani-PG-seats-slashed/articleshow/15410989.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the [[Indian Heart Association]], a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.<ref>[http://indianheartassociation.org/ Indian Heart Association Webpage] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703040111/http://indianheartassociation.org/ |date=3 July 2017 }}. Retrieved 30 April 2015.</ref>

Notable central institutions in Hyderabad include the [[NALSAR University of Law]], Hyderabad (NLU), [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] (IICT), [[National Geophysical Research Institute]], [[National Institute of Rural Development]], [[Air Force Academy (India)|Indian Air Force Academy]], [[National Industrial Security Academy]], [[Central Institute of Tool Design]], [[Institute of Public Enterprise]], [[Bella Vista, Hyderabad#Administrative Staff College of India|Administrative Staff College of India]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]. Technical and research institutions include the [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]] (IIITH), [[Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani – Hyderabad]] (BITS Pilani), [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad]] (TIFR-H) and [[Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad]] (IIT-H) as well as [[agricultural engineering]] institutes such as the [[International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics]] (ICRISAT) and the [[Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University]].<!-- THE DISCUSSED INSTITUTIONS ARE ALREADY WIKILINKED SO INTENTIONALLY NOT CITED TO AVOID BULK CITATIONS -->Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including [[NIFT Hyderabad]], management schools including the [[Indian School of Business]], [[ICFAI Foundation for Higher Education]], and the [[National Academy of Agricultural Research Management]] (NAARM) offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fashion and Textile Design Institutes |url=http://www.designinindia.net/everywhere/disciplines/fashion-textile-design/institutions/schools-india.html |publisher=Design in India |access-date=10 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809072055/http://www.designinindia.net/everywhere/disciplines/fashion-textile-design/institutions/schools-india.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Anand Sharma lays foundation for National Institute of Design, Hyderabad |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Anand-Sharma-lays-foundation-for-National-Institute-of-Design-Hyderabad/articleshow/20264059.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=25 May 2011 |access-date=11 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527023718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Anand-Sharma-lays-foundation-for-National-Institute-of-Design-Hyderabad/articleshow/20264059.cms |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{clear left}}<!--Start the main section heading on left. The previous image interferes with this.-->

== Sports ==
{{See also|Sports in Hyderabad}}
[[File:Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium, Uppal.jpg|thumb|The [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]]]]
At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 [[National Games of India]], the [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]], the [[2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open]] women's tennis tournament, the [[2007 Military World Games]], the [[2009 World Badminton Championships]] and the 2009 [[IBSF World Snooker Championship]]. The city hosts several venues suitable for professional competition such as the [[Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex]] for [[field hockey]], the [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium]] in [[Gachibowli]] for athletics and football,<ref>{{cite news |title=Synthetic track at GMC Balayogi stadium will be protected:SAAP |url=http://hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121505350200.htm |date=15 December 2005 |access-date=9 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005858/http://hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121505350200.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=5 October 2012}}
* {{cite web |title=Balayogi athletic stadium |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/india/hyderabad_balayogi.shtml |work=World stadiums |access-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104063053/http://www.worldstadiums.com/stadium_pictures/asia/india/hyderabad_balayogi.shtml |archive-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> and for cricket, the [[Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Hyderabad|Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium]] and [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], home ground of the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Stadiums in India |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |publisher=World Stadium |access-date=22 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 [[ICC Cricket World Cup]]s. The [[Hyderabad cricket team]] competes in the [[first-class cricket]] tournament [[Ranji Trophy]], [[List A cricket|List A]] [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] and [[Twenty20]] [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]]. Hyderabad is home to the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) franchise [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], champion of [[2016 Indian Premier League]]. Previous franchise [[Deccan Chargers]] was the champion of [[2009 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Last in 2008, toppers this year: Deccan script IPL fairytale |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/last-in-2008-toppers-this-year-deccan-scri/465138/ |work=The Indian Express |date=24 May 2009 |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/last-in-2008-toppers-this-year-deccan-scri/465138/ |archive-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> The professional [[Association football|football]] club of the city [[Hyderabad FC]] competes in [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and was the champions of [[2021–22 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The coronation of the Nizams |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/isl-2021-2022-hyderabad-fc-beats-kerala-blasters-to-win-title/article38463166.ece |magazine=[[Sportstar]] |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Neeladri |date=29 March 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713082134/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/isl-2021-2022-hyderabad-fc-beats-kerala-blasters-to-win-title/article38463166.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and [[polo]] fields were built.<ref name="Prasad1986">{{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dharmendra |title=Social and cultural geography of Hyderabad city: a historical perspective |year=1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0045-1}}</ref>{{rp|18}} Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the [[Secunderabad Club]], the [[Nizam Club]] and the [[Hyderabad Race Club]], which is known for its horse racing<ref>{{cite news |title=Race course slows traffic in Malakpet |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Race-Course-slows-traffic-in-Malakpet/articleshow/538514.cms?referral=PM |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 March 2004 |access-date=5 March 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911222113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Race-Course-slows-traffic-in-Malakpet/articleshow/538514.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=11 September 2015}}</ref> especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Starsky claims The Hindu Deccan Derby |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/03/stories/07030879.htm |date=3 October 2001 |access-date=30 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110234318/http://www.hindu.com/2001/10/03/stories/07030879.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan {{fraction|4}} Mile Drag,<ref>{{cite news |title=Excitement unlimited at drag race |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459890400.htm |date=14 December 2009 |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308151417/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121459890400.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=8 March 2012}}</ref> [[Regularity rally|TSD Rallies]] and 4x4 off-road rallying.<ref>{{cite news |title=Gokak racer wins off-road rally in Mumbai |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3652088.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=25 November 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111000251/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/article3652088.ece |archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The [[2023 Hyderabad ePrix]], at the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]], was the first [[Formula E|FIA Formula E World Championship]] race in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sikdar |first=S |date=11 February 2023 |title=Jean-Eric Vergne wins first E-Prix held in India |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/jeaneric-vergne-wins-first-e-prix-held-in-india-101676127530934.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409205114/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/jeaneric-vergne-wins-first-e-prix-held-in-india-101676127530934.html |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=12 April 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Hyderabad}}
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2/1
| total_width       = 360
| align             = left
| image_style       = border:none;
| image1            = Stadium metro railway station, Hyderabad.jpg
| caption1          = [[Stadium metro station]], [[Hyderabad Metro]].
| image2            = Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, Hyderabad - 1.jpg
| caption2          = An early morning scene at [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] (MGBS).
}}

{{As of|2018}}, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and [[auto rickshaw]]s. These altogether serve 3.5&nbsp;million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the [[Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station]] in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3&nbsp;million passengers.<ref name="transport">{{cite news |title=1,200 new vehicles a day choke Hyderabad roads |url=https://telanganatoday.com/1200-new-vehicles-a-day-choke-hyderabad-roads |newspaper=Telangana Today |last=Baski |first=Sunny |date=13 January 2019 |access-date=14 January 2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153418/https://telanganatoday.com/1200-new-vehicles-a-day-choke-hyderabad-roads |archive-date=14 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chaos reigns supreme at MGBS |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2562114.ece |date=22 October 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=23 October 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023115053/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2562114.ece |archive-date=23 October 2011}}</ref>

[[Hyderabad Metro]], a light-rail [[rapid transit]] system, was inaugurated in November 2017. {{As of|2020}} it is a 3-track network spread upon {{cvt|69.2|km|0}} with 57 stations and is the third-largest metro rail network in India after [[Delhi Metro]] and [[Namma Metro]]. Hyderabad's [[Hyderabad Multi-Modal Transport System|Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS)]], is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily.<ref name="transport" /> Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by [[Setwin]] (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities).<ref>{{cite news |title=SETWIN buses back on roads |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090419800300.htm |date=4 September 2006 |access-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602232830/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090419800300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=2 June 2012}}</ref> Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is [[Secunderabad Railway Station|Secunderabad railway station]], which serves as [[Indian Railways]]' [[South Central Railway zone]] headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are {{Stnlnk|Hyderabad Deccan}}, {{Stnlnk|Kacheguda}}, {{Stnlnk|Begumpet}}, {{Stnlnk|Malkajgiri}} and {{Stnlnk|Lingampalli}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,283 |publisher=[[Indian Railways]] |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0%2C1%2C283 |archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>
[[File:Begumpet main road from Metro station.jpg|right|thumb| A scene from the street of Hyderabad shows—Public transport busses operated by [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation|TSRTC]], [[Auto rickshaw]], private cars and bikes, on the right—[[Traffic congestion]] over the [[Begumpet]] Flyover bridge.]]
{{As of|2018}}, there are over 5.3&nbsp;million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3&nbsp;million are two-wheelers and 1.04&nbsp;million four-wheelers.<ref name="transport" /> The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area<ref name="Wba ci rep" />{{rp|79}}—has led to widespread traffic congestion<ref>{{cite web |title=Pre-feasibility study for bus rapid transit |url=http://www.itdp.org/documents/Hyderabad_BRT.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508075537/http://www.itdp.org/documents/Hyderabad_BRT.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2012 |publisher=[[Institute for Transportation and Development Policy]] |date=March 2005 |access-date=11 September 2012}} pp.&nbsp;2–3</ref> especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.<ref>{{cite web |title=Co-benefits from transportation sector: A case study-Hyderabad, India |url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/18360745/Co-benefits-from-transportation-sector-A-case-study-Hyderabad-India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214814/http://www.docstoc.com/docs/18360745/Co-benefits-from-transportation-sector-A-case-study-Hyderabad-India |archive-date=10 November 2013 |publisher=Institute for Global Environmental Strategies |last=Ramani |first=K.V. |date=22 April 2008 |access-date=14 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|3}} The Inner Ring Road, the [[Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad|Outer Ring Road]], the [[Hyderabad Elevated Expressway]], the longest flyover in India,<ref>{{cite news |title=India's longest flyover opens |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-longest-flyover-opens/530789/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=20 October 2009 |access-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208155905/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/india-s-longest-flyover-opens/530789 |archive-date=8 February 2014}}</ref> and various [[Interchange (road)|interchanges]], overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are {{cvt|50|km/h|mph|0}} for two-wheelers and cars, {{cvt|35|km/h|mph|0}} for auto rickshaws and {{cvt|40|km/h|mph|0}} for [[light commercial vehicle]]s and buses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Speed limits fixed for vehicles on city roads |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011058940300.htm |date=10 January 2010 |access-date=25 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918131728/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/10/stories/2010011058940300.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |archive-date=18 September 2011}}</ref>

Hyderabad sits at the junction of three [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] linking it to six other states: [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]] runs {{cvt|3963|km|0}} from [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], in the north to [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tamil Nadu]], in the south; [[National Highway 65 (India)|NH-65]], runs {{cvt|841|km|0}} east-west between Machilipatnam, [[Andhra Pradesh]] connects Hyderabad and [[Suryapet]] with [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]; {{cvt|334|km|0|adj=on}} [[National Highway 163 (India)|NH-163]] links Hyderabad and [[Bhopalpatnam]], [[Chhattisgarh]]; {{cvt|270|km|0|adj=on}} [[National Highway 765 (India)|NH-765]] links Hyderabad to [[Srisailam]], Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, {{cvt|225|km|0|adj=on}} [[State Highway 1 (Telangana)|SH-1]] links Hyderabad, to [[Ramagundam]], SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |title=Municipal infrastructure |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/downloads/chapter%204.pdf |publisher=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |access-date=6 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903112131/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/downloads/chapter%204.pdf |archive-date=3 September 2013}}</ref>{{rp|58}}

Air traffic was previously handled via [[Begumpet Airport]] established in 1930, but this was replaced by [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport]] (RGIA) {{airport codes|HYD|VOHS}} in 2008,<ref>{{cite news |title=A hub beginning to take roots |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2010/03/03/stories/2010030353660400.htm |last=Kurmanath |first=K.V |newspaper=Business Line |location=Chennai |date=3 March 2010 |access-date=9 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110214905/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2010/03/03/stories/2010030353660400.htm |archive-date=10 November 2013}}</ref> capable of handling 25&nbsp;million passengers and 150,000&nbsp;metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, [[Airports Council International]], an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the {{nowrap|15-25 million}} passenger category.<ref>{{cite news |title=RGIA is sixth busiest airport in country |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rgia-is-sixth-busiest-airport-in-country/article30446704.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=11 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226033442/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/rgia-is-sixth-busiest-airport-in-country/article30446704.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}
* {{cite news |title=Honour for Hyderabad international airport |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/honour-for-hyderabad-international-airport/article31025242.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=10 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227090601/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/honour-for-hyderabad-international-airport/article31025242.ece |archive-date=27 February 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of people from Hyderabad]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad]]
* [[List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
* {{Cite book |first=G. Durga |last=Prasad |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A.D. |publisher=P.G. Publishers |location=Guntur |year=1988 |url=http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |ref={{SfnRef|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988}} |access-date=1 June 2016 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705212933/http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Sardar |first=Marika |title=Golconda through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan |type=PhD thesis |publisher=New York University |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-10119-2 |ref={{SfnRef|Sardar, Golconda through Time|2007}}}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* {{cite journal |last=Ahmad |first=Akbar S. |date=July 1985 |title=Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad |journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=317–331 |doi=10.1080/13602008508715945}}
* {{Cite book |last=Austin |first=Ian |title=City of Legends: The Story of Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zY1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-84724-2 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=zY1uAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Husain |first=M. Burhan |title=Hyderabad, 400 Years of Science & Technology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yAxHAQAAIAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Al-Kitab Publishers |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=yAxHAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |title=Hyderabad, After the Fall |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ovAAAAMAAJ |year=1988 |publisher=Hyderabad Historical Society, South Asia Books |isbn=978-0-930811-02-0 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=M0ovAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Khalidi |first=Omar |title=Romance of the Golconda Diamonds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KCTDQgAACAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |isbn=978-1-890206-10-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=KCTDQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishnan |first=Usha Ramamrutham Bala |title=Jewels of the Nizams |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_rAAAAMAAJ |year=2001 |publisher=Department of Culture, Government of India, India Book House |isbn=978-81-85832-15-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_rAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad: Deccan (1914) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-qcQAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-164-08734-2 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=O6-qcQAACAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Luther |first=Narendra |title=Hyderabad: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDluAAAAMAAJ |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567535-1 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDluAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Naidu |first=Ratna |title=Old Cities, New Predicament : A Study of Hyderabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdUPAQAAMAAJ |year=1990 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7036-202-9 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=BdUPAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pernau |first1=Margrit |title=The Passing of Patrimonialism: Politics and Political Culture in Hyderabad, 1911–1948 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |year=2000 |publisher=Manohar Publication |isbn=978-81-7304-362-8 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=jnJuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Prasad |first=Dharmendra |title=Social and Cultural Geography of Hyderabad City: A Historical Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dDtuAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1986 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=978-81-210-0045-1 |access-date=6 November 2015 |archive-date=1 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224337/https://books.google.com/books?id=dDtuAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=192 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |year=1976}}
{{Refend}}

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* [http://oar.icrisat.org/866/1/RA_00105.pdf A guide to Hyderabad]

{{Adjacent communities
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