Editing Human rights in Sudan

{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] -->
{{Update|inaccurate=yes|date=December 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Politics of Sudan}}

Sudan's human rights record has been widely condemned. Some [[human rights]] organizations have documented a variety of abuses and atrocities carried out by the [[Sudanese government]] over the past several years under the rule of [[Omar al-Bashir]]. The 2009 Human Rights Report by the [[United States Department of State]] noted serious concerns over human rights violations by the government and militia groups.<ref name="2009 Human Rights Report">, [https://web.archive.org/web/20100315154656/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/af/135978.htm 2009 U.S Dept of State Human Rights Report: Sudan]</ref> Capital punishment, including [[crucifixion]], is used for many crimes. In September, 2019, the government of Sudan signed an agreement with the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to open a UN Human Rights Office in Khartoum and field offices in Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan and East Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/09/1047482|title='Milestone agreement' paves the way for new UN Human Rights Office in Sudan|date=2019-09-25|website=UN News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-26}}</ref> In July 2020, during the [[Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)|2019–2021 Sudanese transition to democracy]], Justice Minister [[Nasreldin Abdelbari|Nasredeen Abdulbari]] stated that "all the laws violating the human rights in Sudan" were to be scrapped, and for this reason, Parliament passed a series of laws in early July 2020.<ref name="BBC Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-53379733 |title=Sudan scraps apostasy law and alcohol ban for non-Muslims |work=BBC News |date=12 July 2020 |access-date=12 July 2020}}</ref>

==Abuses in conflict settings==

Conflicts between the government and rebel groups—the [[History of Sudan#Civil strife|civil war]] involving north–south tensions, the [[Darfur conflict]] involving Arab tribespeople tensions in the [[Darfur]] region in the western region of Sudan—have resulted in rape, torture, killings, and massive population displacements (estimated at over 2 million in 2007), earning Sudan a comparison to [[Rwanda]] in the press.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} There have also been several reported cases of crucifixions carried out in Sudan.{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

According to ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', on 25 March 2004:<ref name="csMonitor">{{cite web|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0325/p06s01-woaf.html|title=Toll rises in Sudan's quiet war|access-date=2024-09-19|date=2004-03-25|first=Abraham|last=McLaughlin|publisher=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}</ref>
<blockquote>The Darfur region war boils down to this: African tribes have long been at odds with Arab groups in the region over access to good land. Then, last year, two armed African groups began a rebellion against the Khartoum regime. The government responded by apparently giving military support to Arab militias. There are reports of Sudanese military planes bombing villages, after which Arab militias go in and rape and kill survivors.</blockquote>

=== Ethnic cleansing in Darfur ===
{{main|Darfur genocide}}
Mukesh Kapila, [[United Nations]] (UN) coordinator for Sudan, has described the conflict as a campaign of [[ethnic cleansing]], because [[Sudanese Arabs|Black Arab]] militias have systematically massacred tribespeople in the Darfur region. According to Kapila, "The government has a close knowledge of what's going on - and it can influence the Arab militia." The UN has estimated that 300,000 civilians in the Darfur region were killed between 2003 and 2010.<ref name="UN2010">{{cite web|title=Fresh clashes in Darfur kill dozens of civilians, UN-African Union mission reports|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847#.V6qLFygrKUk|website=UN.org|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810020505/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35847|archive-date=10 August 2016|date=7 September 2010}}</ref>

== Arbitrary detentions ==
On April 28, 2022, [[Human Rights Watch]] released a report, that documented detention of hundreds of illegal protesters by Sudanese security forces against the backdrop of expressing opinion in an attempt to instill fear in those opposed to military rule. The report revealed the security forces' violent practices against demonstrators of sexual assault and threats of rape. Moreover, the [[United Nations Human Rights]] Office in Sudan indicated that more than a thousand people were arrested within a few months, including 148 children.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=Sudan: Hundreds of Protesters Detained, Mistreated |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/04/28/sudan-hundreds-protesters-detained-mistreated |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>

==Slavery==
{{main|Slavery in Sudan}}
Some organizations, in particular [[Christian Solidarity Worldwide]] and related organizations, argue that enslavement exists in Sudan and is encouraged by the Sudanese government. As an example of such allegations, in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' on 12 December 2001, Michael Rubin said:

<blockquote>...On 4 October, Sudanese Vice President Ali Uthman Taha declared, "The jihad is our way and we will not abandon it and will keep its banner high."</blockquote>

Between 23 and 26 October, Sudanese government troops attacked villages near the southern town of Aweil, killing 93 men and enslaving 85 women and children. Then, on 2 November, the Sudanese military attacked villages near the town of Nyamlell, carrying off another 113 women and children. 

<blockquote>What's Sudanese slavery like? One 11-year-old Christian boy told me about his first days in captivity: "I was told to be a Muslim several times, and I refused, which is why they cut off my finger." Twelve-year-old Alokor Ngor Deng was taken as a slave in 1993. She has not seen her mother since the slave raiders sold the two to different masters. Thirteen-year-old Akon was seized by Sudanese military while in her village five years ago. She was gang-raped by six government soldiers, and witnessed seven executions before being sold to a Sudanese Arab.</blockquote>

<blockquote>Many freed slaves bore signs of beatings, burnings and other tortures. More than three-quarters of formerly enslaved women and girls reported rapes.</blockquote>

<blockquote>While nongovernmental organizations argue over how to end slavery, few deny the existence of the practice. Estimates of the number of blacks now enslaved in Sudan vary from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands (not counting those sold as forced labor in Libya)</blockquote>

On the other hand, fraud in the name of "slave redemption" has been documented before.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mediamonitors.net/espac3.html| title = "The Reality of Slave Redemption in Sudan", ''Media Monitors Network'', 5 March 2001}}</ref>

==Women's rights==
{{Further|Gender inequality in Sudan}}
Sudan is a developing nation that faces many challenges in regard to gender inequality. Freedom House gave Sudan the lowest possible ranking among repressive regimes during 2012. South Sudan received a slightly higher rating but it was also rated as "not free". In the 2013 report of 2012 data, Sudan ranks 171st out of 186 countries on the Human Development Index (HDI). Sudan also is one of very few countries that are not a signatory on the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW).

Despite all of this, there have been positive changes in regard to gender equality in Sudan. As of 2012, women embodied 24.1% of the National Assembly of Sudan. Sudanese women account for a larger percentage of the national parliament than many Westernized nations. Notwithstanding that, gender inequalities in Sudan, particularly as they pertain to female genital mutilation and the disparity of women to men in the labor market, have received attention in the international community.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

Sudan signed the [[Maputo Protocol|Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)]] on 30 June 2008, but as of July 2020 has not ratified it yet.<ref name="African Union website">[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/37077-sl-PROTOCOL%20TO%20THE%20AFRICAN%20CHARTER%20ON%20HUMAN%20AND%20PEOPLE%27S%20RIGHTS%20ON%20THE%20RIGHTS%20OF%20WOMEN%20IN%20AFRICA.pdf African Union website]. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</ref>

{{Quote box
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|quote = The [public order] laws were designed<br />to intentionally oppress women.<br />Abolishing them means a step forward<br />for the revolution in which masses of<br />women have participated. It's a very<br />victorious moment for all of us. 
|source = – Yosra Fuad (29 November 2019)<ref name="Salih"/>
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When the [[Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021)|democratic transition was initiated in 2019]] after large-scale protests led by Sudanese women, gradual legal reform has improved the status of women's rights in the country. In late 2019, the Public Order Act was repealed; it was controversial for various reasons, such as Article 152 of the Act, which stipulated that women who wore trousers in public should be lashed 40 times.<ref name="Ahmed"/> Other restrictions targeting women that were repealed included the lack of freedom of dress (by the mandatory [[hijab]] and other measures), movement, association, work and study. Alleged violations (many of which were considered 'arbitrary' by activists) were punished with arrest, beatings and deprivation of civil rights such as freedom of association and expression.<ref name="Salih">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/29/sudan-dissolves-ex-ruling-party-and-repeals-morality-law |title=Sudan 'on path to democracy' as ex-ruling party is dissolved |author=Zeinab Mohammed Salih & Jason Burke |work=The Guardian |date=29 November 2019 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> According to Ihsan Fagiri, leader of the [[No to Oppression Against Women Initiative]], around 45,000 women were prosecuted under the Public Order Act in 2016 alone.<ref name="Ahmed">{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jul/16/thank-you-our-glorious-revolution-activists-react-as-sudan-ditches-islamist-laws |title='Thank you, our glorious revolution': activists react as Sudan ditches Islamist laws |author=Kaamil Ahmed |work=The Guardian |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

In April 2020, the Criminal Code was amended to criminalise [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM), which was made punishable by a fine and 3 years imprisonment.<ref name="NYT Sudan">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/world/africa/sudan-outlaws-female-genital-mutilation-.html |title=In a Victory for Women in Sudan, Female Genital Mutilation Is Outlawed |author=Declan Walsh |work=The New York Times |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=5 May 2020}}</ref> In July 2020, the need for women to obtain permission from a male relative to travel, and flogging as a form of punishment, were abolished.<ref name="BBC Sudan"/> Women's rights activists such as ''500 Words'' magazine editor Ola Diab and [[Redress (charitable organisation)|Redress]] legal advisor Charlie Loudon hailed the abolition of repressive measures and restrictions on women as 'great first steps'. They emphasised that the new laws needed to be enforced and the repealed laws also abandoned in practice, which would require revision of the internal policies of government agencies such as the police, the military and intelligence services. Several other laws that activists demanded to be removed included the prosecution of rape victims for 'adultery', and of women in mixed-sex settings for 'prostitution',<ref name="Ahmed"/> other articles dictating women's dress code, and the disbandment of the public order police and dedicated courts that were part of the 'public order regime'.<ref name="Salih"/>

==Child soldiers==
According to Rory Mungoven, spokesman for the [[Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers]], Sudan has one of the worst [[child soldier]] problems in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2001-04-08|title=Child soldiers in the firing line|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1266534.stm|access-date=2021-02-19}}</ref> There are more than 17,000 child soldiers fighting for the governments' side or for rebel forces even after 25,000 former child soldiers had been demobilized from rebel groups in Southern Sudan in 2001.  They carry AK-47s and M-16s on the front lines of combat, while serving as human mine detectors, participating in suicide missions, and acting as spies.  Many are abducted or recruited by force, and often compelled to follow orders under the threat of death.  Others join armed groups out of desperation or after being subjected to lies and brainwash.  Many children are promised that they are going to attend school, which are actually military training facilities disguised as school.  The facilities, despite being under the direction of the United Nations and international organizations, are where children were brainwashed to become ruthless killers.  Improvements in technology have provided weapons which weigh less, cost less, and can be assembled, loaded, and fired by an illiterate child, adding additional appeal to child soldiers.

==Abusive treatment of prisoners==
Several hundred adults and children were imprisoned after members of the [[Justice and Equality Movement]] attacked Khartoum in May 2008, a disproportionate number from the Darfur region. [[Human Rights Watch]] criticised the Sudanese government for refusing to provide any information on their whereabouts. Evidence of widespread [[torture]] and abuse was found on released prisoners and was gathered in numerous interviews recorded by Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2008/06/17/sudan19149.htm | title = Sudan: Account for Civilians Arrested in Khartoum | publisher = [[Human Rights Watch]] | date = 17 June 2008 | access-date =22 June 2008 }}</ref>

In July 2020, [[flogging]] as a form of punishment was abolished.<ref name="BBC Sudan"/>

==Persecution of human rights advocates==
In the period from 2003 to 2011, [[Mudawi Ibrahim Adam]] was repeatedly arrested for charges which were related to his human rights work with the group [[Sudan Social Development Organization]].<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/actioncenter/actions/uaa26610.pdf |title=Further information on UA 266/10 (23 December 2010) – Prisoner of conscience/Unfair trial |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="AI2">{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr54/026/2005/en/ |title=UA 47/05 Detention without charge/Fear for safety/Prisoner of conscience/Possible prisoner of conscience |date=24 February 2005 |publisher=Amnesty International |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> These arrests were protested by groups including [[Human Rights Watch]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2004/03/08/sudan-rights-defenders-darfur-detained |title=Sudan: Rights Defenders in Darfur Detained |date=8 March 2004 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> [[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]],<ref name="FL">{{cite web |url=http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |title=Sudan – Human rights defender Dr Mudawi Ibrahim Adam imprisoned in latest clampdown on human rights defenders and civil society activists. |author=Jim Loughran |publisher=[[Front Line (NGO)|Front Line]] |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603132311/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/14110 |archive-date=3 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and [[Amnesty International]], the latter of whom named him a "[[prisoner of conscience]]."<ref name="AI2"/>

On 5 March 2009, the same day that President [[Omar al-Bashir]] was indicted by the ICC, the Sudanese government ordered the closure of SUDO, and its offices were taken over by state security forces.<ref name="NYT">{{cite news |url=http://kristof.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/sudan-closes-a-domestic-aid-group/ |title=Sudan closes a domestic aid group |author=Nicholas Kristof |date=5 March 2009 |newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=24 April 2011}}</ref> The ''New York Times'' reported that the letter closing the offices "came from the Humanitarian Affairs Commission, which is run by [[Ahmed Haroun]], one of the people facing an arrest warrant from the [[International Criminal Court]] for mass slaughter in Darfur."<ref name="NYT" /> The Sudanese government simultaneously expelled "the [[International Rescue Committee]], [[Oxfam UK]], [[CARE (relief agency)|CARE]], [[Mercy Corps]] and the Dutch section of [[Doctors Without Borders]].<ref name="NYT"/> Mudawi and SUDO appealed their closure in court, winning the appeal in April 2010.<ref name="FL"/><ref name="SUDO"/> However, according to a 2011 SUDO press release, the organization remains effectively closed: "in Sudan you can win a case but nothing changes. SUDO’s offices remained locked, its assets remained frozen, and the organization in Sudan was not allowed to resume operations."<ref name="SUDO">{{cite web |url=http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |title=MURKY JUSTICE: AFTER RELEASE OF SUDO CHAIR, APPEAL AGAINST CONVICTION MUST BE ALLOWED AND SUDO PERMITTED TO OPERATE NORMALLY |date=26 January 2011 |publisher=Sudan Social Development Organization |access-date=24 April 2011 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514213911/http://www.sudantribune.com/SUDO-denounces-Sudan-s-murky,37762 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Religious persecution==
{{Main article|Freedom of religion in Sudan}}
{{Further|Apostasy in Islam#Sudan}}
Pastors Michael Yat and Peter Yan have been held incommunicado by Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) from 14 December 2014 and 11 January 2015 respectively, on 1 March they were charged with eight offences under the 1991 Penal Code, two of which carry the death sentence.<ref name="AI2b">{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/get-involved/take-action-now/sudan-release-reverend-yat-michael-and-reverend-peter-yen-ua-2815 |title=Sudan: Release Reverend Yat Michael and Reverend Peter Yen (UA 28/15) |work=Amnesty International |date=2015-06-09 |access-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624133613/http://www.amnestyusa.org/get-involved/take-action-now/sudan-release-reverend-yat-michael-and-reverend-peter-yen-ua-2815 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="PCUSA">{{cite web|url=http://www.layman.org/pcusa-issues-call-to-prayer-for-safety-and-release-of-two-pastors-detained-in-sudan/ |title=PCUSA issues call to prayer for safety and release of two pastors detained in Sudan |work=Layman Online, [[Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)|PCUSA]] |date=2015-05-18 |access-date=2015-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524053044/http://www.layman.org/pcusa-issues-call-to-prayer-for-safety-and-release-of-two-pastors-detained-in-sudan/ |archive-date=24 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Peter Yan was reported to be arrested whilst enquiring into Michael Yat's welfare, and Michael Yat was arrested following evangelistic preaching.<ref name= "BRO">{{cite web|url= http://www.brnow.org/News/May-2015/Two-Sudanese-Christians-face-death-penalty | title =Two Sudanese Christians face death penalty | work= Biblical Recorder website | date=2015-05-21 |access-date=2015-06-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150526062852/http://www.brnow.org/News/May-2015/Two-Sudanese-Christians-face-death-penalty|url-status= live | archive-date=2015-05-26}}</ref>

In July 2020, the punishment (execution) for [[apostasy in Islam|apostasy for Muslims]] (Article 126 of the Sudanese Penal Code), and the prohibition on [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] for non-Muslims, were abolished.<ref name="BBC Sudan"/> The [[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] (USCIRF) applauded the reforms on 15 July 2020, scrapping Sudan from the list of 'countries of particular concern' (where it had been in 2000–2019), but urged Sudanese lawmakers to repeal the blasphemy law (Article 125 of the Sudanese Penal Code) as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases-statements/uscirf-applauds-sudan-s-repeal-apostasy-law-through-passage-new |title=USCIRF Applauds Sudan's Repeal of Apostasy Law through Passage of New Fundamental Rights and Freedoms Act |publisher=United States Commission on International Religious Freedom |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716153533/https://www.uscirf.gov/news-room/press-releases-statements/uscirf-applauds-sudan-s-repeal-apostasy-law-through-passage-new |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Historical situation==
The following chart shows Sudan's ratings since 1972 in the [[Freedom in the World]] reports, published annually by [[Freedom House]]. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".<ref name='FH1972'>{{cite web | url = https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-02/Country_and_Territory_Ratings_and_Statuses_FIW_1973-2024.xlsx | title = Country and Territory Ratings and Statuses, FIW 1973-2024 | access-date = 21 December 2024 | author = Freedom House | author-link = Freedom House | year = 2024 | format = XLS}}</ref>{{ref|a|1}}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="border:none; "
!Historical ratings
|-
|style="padding:0; border:none;"|
{| class="wikitable sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;"
|- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
| style="width:3em; text-align:left;" | Year
| style="width:3em;" |Political Rights
| style="width:3em;" |Civil Liberties
| style="width:3em;" |Status
| style="width:3em;" |[[List of heads of state of Sudan|Head of State]]{{ref|b|2}}
|- align=center
| align=left | 1972
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |[[Gaafar Nimeiry]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 1973
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1974
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1975
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1976
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1977
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |5
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1978
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1979
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1980
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1981
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1982{{ref|c|3}}
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1983
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1984
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1985
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Gaafar Nimeiry
|- align=center
| align=left | 1986
| style="background:#ff9;" |4
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |[[Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 1987
| style="background:#ff9;" |4
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |[[Ahmed al-Mirghani]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 1988
| style="background:#ff9;" |4
| style="background:#ff9;" |5
| style="background:#ff9;" |Partly Free
| style="background:#ff9;" |Ahmed al-Mirghani
|- align=center
| align=left | 1989
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Ahmed al-Mirghani
|- align=center
| align=left | 1990
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |5
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |[[Omar al-Bashir]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 1991
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1992
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1993
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1994
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1995
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1996
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1997
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1998
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 1999
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2000
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2001
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2002
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2003
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2004
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2005
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2006
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2007
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2008
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2009
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2010
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2011
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2012
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2013
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2014
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2015
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2016
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2017
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2018
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2019
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Omar al-Bashir
|- align=center
| align=left | 2020
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |[[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]]
|- align=center
| align=left | 2021
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
|- align=center
| align=left | 2022
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
|- align=center
| align=left | 2023
| style="background:#99f;" |7
| style="background:#99f;" |6
| style="background:#99f;" |Not Free
| style="background:#99f;" |Abdel Fattah al-Burhan
|}
|}

==LGBT rights==
{{Main|LGBT rights in Sudan}}
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Sudan face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} same-sex sexual activity has been illegal in Sudan, with sentences including but not limited to [[Capital punishment in Sudan|capital punishment]]. However, in July 2020, the sodomy law that previously punished gay men with up to 100 lashes for the first offence, five years in jail for the second and the death penalty the third time around was abolished, with new legislation reducing the penalty to prison terms ranging from five years to life. Sudanese LGBT+ activists hailed the reform as a 'great first step', but said it was not enough yet, and the end goal should be the decriminalization of gay sexual activity altogether.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-lgbt-rights-trfn/great-first-step-as-sudan-lifts-death-penalty-and-flogging-for-gay-sex-idUSKCN24H30J |title='Great first step' as Sudan lifts death penalty and flogging for gay sex |author=Ban Barkawi, Rachel Savage |publisher=Reuters |date=16 July 2020 |access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>

==International treaties==
Sudan's stances on [[International human rights law|international human rights treaties]] are as follows:

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" width=100% style="border-collapse:collapse;"
!International treaties
|- style="background:#eee; font-weight:bold; text-align:center;"
| Treaty
| Organization
| Introduced
| Signed
| Ratified
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]]<ref name='UN 1'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020233944/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-1&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | [[United Nations]]
| style="background:#9f9;" |1948
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |2003
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]]<ref name='UN 2'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211223019/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-2&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2011}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |1977
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917040858/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=17 September 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |1986
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 4'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=1 September 2010}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1966
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |1986
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]<ref name='UN 5'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 24 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190324125027/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1966
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity]]<ref name='UN 6'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 16 November 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181116072232/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-6&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1968
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid]]<ref name='UN 7'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718122932/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-7&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1973
| style="background:#9f9;" |1974
| style="background:#9f9;" |1977
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823144158/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=23 August 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1979
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)]]<ref>[https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36390-sl-african_charter_on_human_and_peoples_rights_2.pdf African Union website]. Retrieved 13 July 2020.</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | African Union
| style="background:#9f9;" |1981
| style="background:#9f9;" |1982
| style="background:#9f9;" |1986
|- align=center
| style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]]<ref name='UN 9'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108052518/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=8 November 2010}}</ref>
| style="background:#ff9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#ff9;" |1984
| style="background:#ff9;" |1986
| style="background:#ff9;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]]<ref name='UN 11'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211151110/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=11 February 2014}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |1989
| style="background:#9f9;" |1990
| style="background:#9f9;" |1990
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty]]<ref name='UN 12'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=20 October 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1989
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families]]<ref name='UN 13'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825222904/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-13&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1990
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]]<ref name='UN 8b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 20 May 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040105/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-8-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |1999
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict]]<ref name='UN 11b'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 25 April 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032942/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2000
| style="background:#9f9;" |2002
| style="background:#9f9;" |2005
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography]]<ref name='UN 11c'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 13 December 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213004558/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-c&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2000
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |2004
|- align=center
| style="background:#ff9; align=left" | [[Maputo Protocol|Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol)]]<ref name="African Union website"/>
| style="background:#ff9;" | African Union
| style="background:#ff9;" |2003
| style="background:#ff9;" |2008
| style="background:#ff9;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819033725/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2006
| style="background:#9f9;" |2007
| style="background:#9f9;" |2009
|- align=center
| style="background:#9f9; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]<ref name='UN 15a'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113202037/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15-a&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=13 January 2016}}</ref>
| style="background:#9f9;" | United Nations
| style="background:#9f9;" |2006
| style="background:#9f9;" |—
| style="background:#9f9;" |2009
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance]]<ref name='UN 16'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 17 July 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717085558/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-16&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2006
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]<ref name='UN 3a'>{{cite web | url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | title = United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008 | access-date = 2012-08-29 | author = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | archive-date = 18 July 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120718111116/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3-a&chapter=4&lang=en | url-status = dead }}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2008
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|- align=center
| style="background:#99f; align=left" | [[Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure]]<ref name='UN 11d'>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |title=United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008 |access-date=2012-08-29 |author=United Nations |author-link=United Nations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825214748/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&lang=en |archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
| style="background:#99f;" | United Nations
| style="background:#99f;" |2011
| style="background:#99f;" |—
| style="background:#99f;" |—
|}

==See also==

* [[1998 Sudan famine]]
* [[Aegis Students]], an international student-led [[genocide prevention]] movement, it focuses on the prevention of human rights abuses in Sudan.
* [[Aegis Trust]]
* [[Democracy in Africa]]
* [[Elections in Sudan]]
* [[Telecommunications in Sudan#Internet censorship and surveillance|Internet censorship and surveillance in Sudan]]
* [[Satellite Sentinel Project]]

== Notes ==
:1.{{note|a}}Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
:2.{{note|b}}As of 1 January.
:3.{{note|c}}The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three-year-long reports through extrapolation.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''Special report: Sudan'' in ''[[The Economist]]'' 15 May 2004
*''Islam's Dark Side - The Orwellian State of Sudan'', The Economist, 24 June 1995.
*''Sharia and the IMF: Three Years of Revolution'', SUDANOW, September 1992.
*''Final Document of the [[Synod]] of the Catholic Diocese of Khartoum'', 1991. [noting "oppression and persecution of Christians"]
*''[[Human Rights]] Voice'', published by the Sudan Human Rights Organization, Volume I, Issue 3, July/August 1992 [detailing forcible closure of churches, expulsion of priests, forced displacement of populations, forced [[Islamisation]] and [[Arabisation]], and other repressive measures of the Government].
*''Sudan - A Cry for Peace'', published by [[Pax Christi]] International, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
*''Sudan - Refugees in their own country: The Forced Relocation of Squatters and Displaced People from Khartoum'', in Volume 4, Issue 10, of News from Africa Watch, 10 July 1992.
*''Human Rights Violations in Sudan'', by the Sudan Human Rights Organisation, February 1994. [accounts of widespread torture, ethnic cleansing and crucifixion of pastors].
*''Pax Romana statement of Macram Max Gassis, Bishop of [[Al-Ubayyid|El Obeid]], to the Fiftieth Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights, Geneva, February 1994 [accounts of widespread destrucution of hundreds of churches, forced conversions of Christians to Islam, [[concentration camps]], genocide of the [[Nuba]] people, systematic rape of women, enslavement of children, torture of priests and clerics, burning alive of pastors and catechists, crucifixion and mutilation of priests]''
[http://www.hiwaar.org/ Hiwaar organisation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324114921/http://www.hiwaar.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://sudan-forall.org/iht.htm Respect (IHTIRAM), the Sudanese Journal for Human Rights' Culture and Issues of Cultural Diversity]
*[http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ Photojournalist's Account] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121105820/http://www.ryanspencerreed.com/ |date=21 January 2021 }} - Images of Sudan's displacement
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131231085238/http://www.insightnewstv.com/refugees/ Living with Refugees]
*[https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 Amnesty International's 2011 Annual Report on Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201215045/http://www.amnesty.org/en/region/sudan/report-2011 |date=1 February 2015 }}
*[https://www.hrw.org/doc?t=africa&c=sudan Human Rights Watch reports on Sudan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214065150/http://www.fmreview.org/sudan.htm Forced Migration Review]
*[https://archive.today/20040812084144/http://www.persecution.org/newsite/countryinfodetail.php?countrycode=11 International Christian Concern]
*[http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/ ColorQ 1996-1998]
*[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/commission/country52/62-sdn.htm 12-year-old raped before her execution]
*[http://www.colorq.org/HumanRights/article.aspx?d=Sudan&x=famine Human-induced famine: crops destroyed, food distribution centers bombed]
*[[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615185039/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/42/ monitors attacks on the press in Sudan]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001032809/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/africa/article204708.ece]
*[http://www.johndaufoundation.org John Dau Sudan Foundation: Transforming healthcare in Southern Sudan]
*[http://www.hiwaar.org Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: working for equality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324114921/http://www.hiwaar.org/ |date=24 March 2019 }}

{{Africa topic|Human rights in}}
{{Human rights in the Middle East}}
{{Sudan topics}}

[[Category:Human rights in Sudan| ]]