Editing Human anatomy

{{Short description|Scientific study of the morphology of the human body}}

{{about|general aspects of human anatomy|terminology|Human anatomical terms}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Human_skeleton_diagram.png
| alt1 = The human skeleton
| caption1 = The [[List of bones of the human skeleton|skeleton]]
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| image2 = TE-Nervous system diagram.svg
| alt2 = The nervous system
| caption2 = The [[nervous system]]
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{{Multiple image
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| image1 = Skeletal_muscles_homo_sapiens.JPG
| alt1 = The human muscles
| caption1 = The [[List of muscles of the human body|muscles]]
| link1 = image:Skeletal_muscles_homo_sapiens.JPG
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| image2 = Internal organs.png
| alt2 = The internal organs and their contents
| caption2 = The internal [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] and their contents
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'''Human anatomy''' (gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and τέμνειν, "cut") is primarily the scientific study of the [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] of the [[human body]].<ref name="intro HGray">{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/107/1.html|title=Introduction page, "Anatomy of the Human Body". Henry Gray. 20th edition. 1918|access-date=27 March 2007}}</ref> [[Anatomy]] is subdivided into [[gross anatomy]] and microscopic anatomy.<ref name="intro HGray" /> Gross anatomy (also called macroscopic anatomy, topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye.<ref name="intro HGray" /> Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with [[microscope]]s, which includes [[histology]] (the study of the organization of tissues),<ref name="intro HGray" /> and [[cell (biology)|cytology]] (the study of cells). [[Anatomy]], [[Human body|human physiology]] (the study of function), and [[biochemistry]] (the study of the chemistry of living structures) are complementary basic medical sciences that are generally together (or in tandem) to students studying [[Outline of health sciences|medical sciences]].

In some of its facets human anatomy is closely related to [[embryology]], [[comparative anatomy]] and [[Phylogenetics|comparative embryology]],<ref name="intro HGray" /> through common roots in [[evolution]]; for example, much of the human body maintains the ancient segmental pattern that is present in all [[vertebrate]]s with basic units being repeated, which is particularly obvious in the vertebral column and in the ribcage, and can be traced from very early embryos.

The human body consists of [[systems biology|biological systems]], that consist of [[Organ (biology)|organs]], that consist of [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]]s, that consist of [[Cell (biology)|cell]]s and [[connective tissue]].

The [[history of anatomy]] has been characterized, over a long period of time, by a continually developing understanding of the functions of [[Organ (biology)|organs]] and structures of the body. Methods have also advanced dramatically, advancing from examination of [[animal]]s through dissection of fresh and preserved [[cadaver]]s (corpses) to technologically complex techniques developed in the 20th century.

== Study ==
[[File:Anatomical Male Figure Showing Heart, Lungs, and Main Arteries.jpg|thumb|150px|Anatomical study by Leonardo da Vinci]]
Generally, [[physician]]s, [[dentistry|dentist]]s, [[Physical therapy|physiotherapists]], [[Nursing|nurses]], [[paramedic]]s, [[Radiographer|radiographers]], and students of certain [[Biology|biological sciences]], learn gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy from anatomical models, skeletons, textbooks, diagrams, photographs, lectures, and tutorials. The study of microscopic anatomy (or [[histology]]) can be aided by practical experience examining histological preparations (or slides) under a [[microscope]]; and in addition, medical and dental students generally also learn anatomy with practical experience of [[dissection]] and inspection of [[Cadaver|cadavers]] (dead human bodies). A thorough working knowledge of anatomy is required for all [[Physician|medical doctors]], especially [[surgery|surgeons]], and doctors working in some diagnostic specialities, such as [[histopathology]] and [[radiology]].

Human anatomy, [[physiology]], and [[biochemistry]] are basic medical sciences, which are generally taught to medical students in their first year at medical school. Human anatomy can be taught regionally or systemically;<ref name="intro HGray" /> that is, respectively, studying anatomy by bodily regions such as the head and chest, or studying by specific systems, such as the nervous or respiratory systems. The major anatomy textbook, ''[[Gray's Anatomy]]'', has recently been reorganized from a systems format to a regional format, which is in line with the modern teaching.<!--
--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683|title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (UK). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|access-date=27 March 2007|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070220162610/http://www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/catalogue/title.cfm?ISBN=0443071683|archive-date=20 February 2007}}</ref><!--
--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683|title=Publisher's page for Gray's Anatomy. 39th edition (US). 2004. ISBN 0-443-07168-3|access-date=27 March 2007|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070209134753/http://www.us.elsevierhealth.com/product.jsp?isbn=0443071683 <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=9 February 2007}}</ref>

== Anatomy in visual arts ==
Gross anatomy has become a key part of visual arts. Basic concepts of how muscles and bones function and deform with movement is key to drawing, painting or animating a human figure. Many books such as ''Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form'', are written as a guide to drawing the human body anatomically correctly.<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Anatomy for Artists: The Elements of Form|last=[[Eliot Goldfinger|Goldfinger]]|first=Eliot|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-505206-4}}</ref> [[Leonardo da Vinci]] sought to improve his art through a better understanding of human anatomy. In the process he advanced both human anatomy and its representation in art.

Because the structure of a living organism is complex, anatomy is organized by levels, from the smallest components of cells to the largest organs and their relationship to other organs.

== Approaches ==
=== Regional groups ===

* [[human head|Head]] and [[neck]]&nbsp;– includes everything above the [[superior thoracic aperture|thoracic inlet]]
* [[Upper limb]]&nbsp;– includes the [[hand]], [[wrist]], [[forearm]], [[elbow]], [[arm]], [[shoulder]]
* [[Thorax]]&nbsp;– the region of the chest from the [[superior thoracic aperture|thoracic inlet]] to the [[thoracic diaphragm]]
* [[Abdomen|Human abdomen]] to the [[pelvic brim]] or to the pelvic inlet
* The [[human back|back]]&nbsp;– the [[Spinal column|spine]] and its components, the [[Vertebra|vertebrae]], [[sacrum]], [[coccyx]], [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral disks]]
* [[Pelvis]] and [[perineum]]&nbsp;– the pelvis consists of everything from the [[pelvic inlet]] to the [[Pelvic floor|pelvic diaphragm]]; the perineum is the region between the [[Sex organ|sex organs]] and the anus
* [[Human leg|Lower limb]]&nbsp;– everything below the [[inguinal ligament]], including the [[hip]], the [[thigh]], the [[knee]], the [[Human leg|leg]], the [[ankle]], the [[foot]]

=== Internal organs (by region) ===

'''Head and neck'''

* [[Human brain|Brain]]
** [[Basal ganglia]]
** [[Brainstem|Brain stem]]
*** [[medulla oblongata|Medulla]]
*** [[Midbrain]]
*** [[Pons]]
** [[Cerebellum]]
** [[Cerebrum]]
** [[Cerebral cortex]]
** [[Hypothalamus]]
** [[Limbic system]]
*** [[Amygdala]]

* [[Human eye|Eyes]] (2)
* [[Pineal gland|Pineal]] gland
* [[Pituitary gland|Pituitary]] gland
* [[Thyroid]] gland
* [[Parathyroid gland|Parathyroid]] glands (4)

'''Thorax'''

* [[Heart]]
* [[Lung]]s (2)
* [[Esophagus]]
* [[Thymus]] gland
* [[Pleura]]

'''Abdomen and pelvis (both sexes)'''

* [[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]] glands (2)
* [[Appendix (anatomy)|Appendix]]
* [[Bladder]]
* [[Gallbladder]]
* [[Large intestine]]
* [[Small intestine]]
* [[Kidney]]s (2)
* [[Liver]]
* [[Pancreas]] – gland
* [[Spleen]]
* [[Stomach]]

'''Male pelvis'''

* [[Prostate]] gland
* [[Testicle|Testes]] – glands (2)

'''Female pelvis'''

* [[Ovary|Ovaries]] – glands (2)
* [[Uterus]]

=== Major organ systems ===
{{Main|Biological system}}
* [[Circulatory system]]: pumping and channeling [[blood]] to and from the body and lungs with [[heart]], [[blood]], [[blood vessel]]s
* [[Digestive system]]: digestion and processing food with [[salivary gland]]s, [[esophagus]], [[stomach]], [[liver]], [[gallbladder]], [[pancreas]], [[Gastrointestinal tract|intestines]], [[rectum]], [[Human anus|anus]]
* [[Endocrine system]]: communication within the body using [[hormone]]s made by [[endocrine gland]]s such as the [[hypothalamus]], [[Pituitary gland|pituitary]] gland, [[Pineal gland|pineal]] gland, [[thyroid]], [[Parathyroid gland|parathyroid]] glands, [[Adrenal gland|adrenal]] glands
* [[Immune system]]: the system that fights off disease; composed of [[White blood cell|leukocytes]], [[Tonsil|tonsils]], [[Adenoid|adenoids]], [[thymus]], [[spleen]]
* [[Integumentary system]]: [[human skin|skin]], [[hair]], [[nail (anatomy)|nail]]s
* [[Lymphatic system]]: structures involved in the transfer of lymph between tissues and the blood stream, the [[lymph]] and the [[lymph node|node]]s and [[Lymphatic vessel|vessels]] that transport it
* [[Human musculoskeletal system|Musculoskeletal system]]: [[muscle]]s provide movement and a [[Human skeleton|skeleton]] provides structural support and protection with [[bone]]s, [[cartilage]], [[ligament]]s, [[tendon]]s
* [[Nervous system]]: collecting, transferring and processing information with [[Human brain|brain]], [[spinal cord]], [[nerve]]s
* [[Human reproductive system|Reproductive system]]: the sex organs; in the female; [[ovary|ovarie]]s, [[fallopian tube]]s, [[uterus]], [[vagina]], [[mammary gland]]s, and in the male; [[Testicle|testicles]], [[vas deferens]], [[seminal vesicles]], [[prostate]], [[human penis|penis]]
* [[Respiratory system]]: the organs used for breathing, the [[pharynx]], [[larynx]], [[trachea]], [[Bronchus|bronchi]], [[Lung|lungs]], [[thoracic diaphragm|diaphragm]]
* [[Urinary system]]: [[kidney]]s, [[ureter]]s, [[bladder]], [[urethra]] involved in fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and excretion of urine

=== Surface anatomy ===
{{Main|List of human anatomical features}}
[[File:Anterior view of human female and male, with labels.jpg|thumb|left|Superficial anatomy of [[female]] and [[male]] human body]]
[[File:Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png|thumb|right|Surface projections of the major organs of the [[Torso|trunk]], using the [[Spinal column|vertebral column]] and [[rib cage]] as main reference points of superficial anatomy ]]

[[Surface anatomy]], or superficial anatomy, is the study of [[anatomical landmark]]s that can be identified readily from the contours or other reference points on the surface of the body.<ref name="intro HGray"/> It is important in human anatomy: with knowledge of superficial anatomy, [[physician]]s gauge the position and anatomy of deeper structures.

Common names of parts of the human body, from top to bottom:
* [[human head|Head]] &nbsp;– [[face]] &nbsp;– [[forehead]] &nbsp;– [[Mandible|jaw]] &nbsp;– [[cheek]] &nbsp;– [[chin]]
* [[Neck]] &nbsp;– [[shoulder]]
* [[Arm]] &nbsp;– [[elbow]] &nbsp;– [[wrist]] &nbsp;– [[hand]] &nbsp;– [[finger]] &nbsp;– [[thumb]]
* [[Spinal column|Spine]] &nbsp;– [[Thorax|chest]]
* [[Abdomen]] &nbsp;– [[groin]]
* [[Hip]] &nbsp;– [[buttocks]] &nbsp;– [[Human leg|leg]] &nbsp;– [[thigh]] &nbsp;– [[knee]] &nbsp;– [[Calf (leg)|calf]] &nbsp;– [[ankle]] &nbsp;– [[foot]] &nbsp;– [[heel]] &nbsp;– [[toe]]
* [[Human eye|Eyes]], [[ear]]s, [[human nose|nose]], [[Human mouth|mouth]], [[Human tooth|teeth]], [[tongue]], [[throat]], [[Adam's apple]], [[breast]]s, [[Human penis|penis]], [[scrotum]], [[vulva]], and [[navel]] are also superficial structures.

== See also ==

<div style="column-count: 3;">
{{main|Outline of human anatomy}}

* [[Anatomical variation|Anatomic variation]]
* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Body orifice]]s
* [[Death]]
* [[Human]]
* [[Human biology]]
* [[Human body]]
* [[List of human anatomical features]]
* [[List of human anatomical parts named after people]]
* [[List of bones of the human skeleton]]
* [[List of human cell types|List of distinct cell types in the adult human body]]
* [[List of skeletal muscles of the human body|List of muscles of the human body]]
* [[List of regions in the human brain]]
* [[Terminologia Anatomica]]
* [[Anatomical terms of location|Terms for anatomical location]]
* [[Visible Human Project]]
</div>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Human anatomy}}

*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL5C6CB80EEA1D6A28 Integrative Biology 131: General Human Anatomy (Fall 2005) by Professor Marian Diamond]. Complete videos of the 40 lectures at Anatomy & Physiology (UC-Berkeley)
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* [http://www.bartleby.com/107/ "Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray.] In public domain.
* [http://www.anatomka.odmu.edu.ua/english/museum_main.htm Human anatomy in photo]
* [http://minnay.com/vd/anatomy_physiology.html Human Anatomy Lectures on Video and Other Learning Resouces]
* [http://www.unifr.ch/ifaa/ Terminologia Anatomica (names of anatomical features) on FIPAT site]

{{Anatomy}}
{{Human anatomical features}}
{{Organ systems}}

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[[Category:Human anatomy]]