Editing Hudson River

{{Short description|River in New York and New Jersey, US}}
{{About|the river in New York and New Jersey}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Hudson River
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = 
| name_other = {{native name|moh|Ka’nón:no}}<br />{{native name|mjy|Mahicannittuk}}<br />{{native name|umu|Muhheakantuck / Mahicannitukw}}
| name_etymology = <!---------------------- IMAGE -->
| image = Bear Mtn Bridge.jpg
| image_caption = [[Bear Mountain Bridge]] across the Hudson River as seen from [[Bear Mountain (Hudson Highlands)|Bear Mountain]] in [[New York (state)|New York state]]
<!---------------------- LOCATION -->| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = United States
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[New York (state)|New York]], [[New Jersey]]
| subdivision_type3 = 
| subdivision_name3 = 
| subdivision_type4 = 
| subdivision_name4 = 
| subdivision_type5 = City
| subdivision_name5 = [[:Category:Populated places on the Hudson River|See ''Populated places on the Hudson River'']]
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -->
| length_mi = 315
| width_min = 
| width_avg = 
| width_max = 
| depth_min = 
| depth_avg = {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}<br />(extent south of [[Troy, New York|Troy]])
| depth_max = {{convert|202|ft|m|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_location = [[Lower New York Bay]]<ref name="Discharge"/>
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|21900|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_location = [[Green Island, New York|Green Island]]<ref name="Green Island Discharge"/>
| discharge2_min = {{convert|882|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_avg = {{convert|17400|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge2_max = {{convert|215000|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES -->| source1 = [[Henderson Lake (New York)]]<br />(See ''[[#Sources|Sources]]'')
| source1_location = [[Adirondack Mountains]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| source1_coordinates = {{coord|44|05|29|N|74|03|33|W|region:US-NY|display=inline}}<ref name=gnis>{{Cite GNIS|970226|Hudson River}}</ref>
| source1_elevation = {{convert|1770|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=usgs>"Santanoni Peak, NY" 1:25,000 Topographic Quadrangle, 1999, [[USGS]]</ref>
| mouth = [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[New York Harbor]]
| mouth_location = [[Jersey City, New Jersey]] and [[Lower Manhattan]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[United States]]
| mouth_coordinates = {{Coord|40|41|48|N|74|01|42|W|region:US-NY|display=inline,title}}<ref name=gnis/>
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|0|ft|abbr=on}}
| progression = 
| river_system = 
| basin_size_mi2 = 14000
| tributaries_left = [[Boreas River]], [[Schroon River]], [[Batten Kill]], [[Hoosic River]], [[Kinderhook Creek]], [[Roeliff Jansen Kill]], [[Wappinger Creek]], [[Croton River]], Sing Sing Kill, Fishkill
| tributaries_right = [[Cedar River (New York)|Cedar River]], [[Indian River (Hudson River tributary)|Indian River]], [[Sacandaga River]], [[Mohawk River]], [[Normans Kill]], [[Catskill Creek]], [[Esopus Creek]], [[Rondout Creek]], [[Wallkill River]]
| custom_label = 
| custom_data = 
| waterfalls = [[Ord Falls]], [[Spier Falls]], Glens Falls, [[Bakers Falls]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-height = 250
| mapframe-stroke-width = 1.5
| map               = Hudson_river_basin_map.png
| map_caption       = The Hudson River Watershed, including the Hudson and [[Mohawk River|Mohawk]] rivers
| map_alt           = Located near the east border of the state, flowing from the north to the southern border of New York.
}}

The '''Hudson River''' is a {{convert|315|mi|km|adj=on}} [[river]] that flows from north to south primarily through eastern [[New York (state)|New York]], United States. It originates in the [[Adirondack Mountains]] of [[upstate New York]] at [[Henderson Lake (New York)|Henderson Lake]] in the town of [[Newcomb, New York|Newcomb]], and flows southward through the [[Hudson Valley]] to the [[New York Harbor]] between [[New York City]] and [[Jersey City]], eventually draining into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] at [[Upper New York Bay]]. The river serves as a physical boundary between the states of [[New Jersey]] and New York at its southern end. Farther north, it marks local boundaries between several [[County (New York)|New York counties]]. The lower half of the river is a [[tidal estuary]], deeper than the body of water into which it flows, occupying the Hudson [[Fjord]], an inlet that formed during the most recent period of North American [[Quaternary glaciation|glaciation]], estimated at 26,000 to 13,300 years ago. Even as far north as the city of [[Troy, New York|Troy]], the flow of the river changes direction with the tides.<!--The river passes alongside cities and rivertowns, most notably [[Glens Falls]], [[Cohoes]], [[Troy, New York|Troy]], [[Albany]], [[Saugerties]], [[Kingston]], [[Poughkeepsie]], [[Newburgh]], [[Peekskill]], [[Haverstraw]], [[Yonkers]], New York City,[[Edgewater, New Jersey|Edgewater]], [[Hoboken]], Jersey City..-->

The Hudson River runs through the [[Munsee]], [[Lenape]], [[Mohican]], [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]], and [[Haudenosaunee]] homelands. Prior to European exploration, the river was known as the ''Mahicannittuk'' by the Mohicans, ''Ka'nón:no'' by the Mohawks, and ''Muhheakantuck'' by the Lenape. The river was subsequently named after [[Henry Hudson]], an Englishman sailing for the [[Dutch East India Company]] who explored it in 1609, and after whom [[Hudson Bay]] in Canada is also named. It had previously been observed by Italian explorer [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] sailing for King [[Francis I of France]] in 1524, as he became the first European known to have entered the [[New York Harbor|Upper New York Bay]], but he considered the river to be an estuary. The Dutch called the river the ''[[North River (Hudson River)|North River]]'', and they called the present-day [[Delaware River]] the ''South River'', which formed the spine of the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]]. Settlements of the colony clustered around the Hudson, and its strategic importance as the gateway to the American interior led to years of competition between the English and the Dutch over control of the river and colony.

During the 18th century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of [[Washington Irving]], the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the [[Hudson River School]] of [[landscape painting]], an American pastoral style, as well as the concepts of [[environmentalism]] and [[wilderness]]. The Hudson River was also the eastern outlet for the [[Erie Canal]], which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early 19th century United States.

Pollution in the Hudson River increased in the 20th century, more acutely by mid-century, particularly with industrial contamination from [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s, also known by their acronym PCBs. Pollution control regulations, enforcement actions and restoration projects initiated in the latter 20th century have begun to improve water quality, and restoration work has continued in the 21st century.<ref name="State of Hudson 2020">{{cite report |author1=Hudson River Estuary Program |author2=NY-NJ Harbor & Estuary Program |author3=NEIWPCC |title=The State of the Hudson 2020 |url=https://www.hudsonriver.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/HREP_SOH_Final_12-2020.pdf |date=October 2020 |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC)}}</ref><ref name="EPA-hudson cleanup">{{Cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2021-10-05 |title=Hudson River Cleanup |url=https://www.epa.gov/hudsonriverpcbs/hudson-river-cleanup |department=Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site |publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=New York}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ '''Counties'''
|-
|align=center|[[Hamilton County, New York|Hamilton]]
|-
|align=center|[[Essex County, New York|Essex]]
|-
|align=center|[[Warren County, New York|Warren]]
|-
|align=center|[[Washington County, New York|Washington]]
|-
|align=center|[[Saratoga County, New York|Saratoga]]
|-
|align=center|[[Albany County, New York|Albany]]
|-
|align=center|[[Rensselaer County, New York|Rensselaer]]
|-
|align=center|[[Greene County, New York|Greene]]
|-
|align=center|[[Columbia County, New York|Columbia]]
|-
|align=center|[[Ulster County, New York|Ulster]]
|-
|align=center|[[Dutchess County, New York|Dutchess]]
|-
|align=center|[[Putnam County, New York|Putnam]]
|-
|align=center|[[Orange County, New York|Orange]]
|-
|align=center|[[Rockland County, New York|Rockland]]
|-
|align=center|[[Westchester County, New York|Westchester]]
|-
|align=center|[[Bronx County, New York|Bronx]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#ccc;"|[[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen, NJ]]
|-
|style="text-align:center;background:#ccc;"|[[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson, NJ]]
|-
|align=center|[[New York County, New York|New York]]
|-
|align=center|<small>Source:<ref name="GNIS"/></small>
|}

==Names==
<!--[[File:Bierstadt - discovery of the hudson river.jpg|thumb|left|''Discovery of the Hudson River'', [[Albert Bierstadt]], 1874]]-->
The river was called ''{{lang|moh|Ka’nón:no}}''<ref>{{cite web |title=Hudson River, NY |url=https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/kanon-no/ |website=Kanien'kéha |date=August 24, 2016 |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=October 18, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018022002/https://kanienkeha.net/places/lakes-and-rivers/kanon-no/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> or ''Ca-ho-ha-ta-te-a'' ("the river"<!--or "place to catch shad"?<ref name="Guide"/>-->)<ref name="AutoKB-1"/> by the [[Haudenosaunee]], and it was known as ''{{lang|mjy|Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk}}'' ("river that flows two ways" or "waters that are never still"<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Scott |first=Andrea K. |title=Maya Lin |department=Goings On About Town |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/12/24 |date=December 24, 2018 |magazine=The New Yorker |page=8 |quote=The Mohican name for the Hudson River was Mahicannituc—waters that are never still |archive-date=2019-01-12 |archive-url=
https://web.archive.org/web/20190112210305/https://www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/art/maya-lin-11}}</ref>) or ''{{lang|mjy|Mahicannittuk}}''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Miles |first1=Lion G. |title=Mohican Dictionary |url=https://www.mohican.com/mt-content/uploads/2015/11/mohican-dictionary.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819220510/http://mohican.com/mt-content/uploads/2015/11/mohican-dictionary.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-19 |url-status=live |access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref> by the [[Mohican|Mohican nation]] who formerly inhabited both banks of the lower portion of the river. The meaning of the Mohican name comes from the river's long tidal range. The [[Delaware Tribe of Indians]] (Bartlesville, Oklahoma) considers the closely related Mohicans to be a part of the [[Lenape]] people,<ref name="AutoKB-2"/> and so the Lenape also claim the Hudson as part of their ancestral territory, also calling it ''{{lang|umu|Muhheakantuck}}''.<ref name="NYT on Muhheakantuck"/>
<!--To the Lenape and [[Mohican]] tribes, it was known as ''Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk'' ("great waters constantly in motion"); the Mohicans also called it the Shattemuck. Verrazzano called it the Grande Rivière or the Angoleme in 1524, while Gomez in 1525 called it the "Rio San Antonio", later called the "Rio de Gomez" or "Rio Guamas". Maps from 1569 called it the Norumbeza. Henry Hudson in 1609 called it the Manhattes after the tribe at the river's mouth. The Dutch in 1611 called it the Mauritius River, Mauritz River, or River of the Prince (after [[Prince Maurice of Nassau]]). In 1625, Johannes DeLaet called it the Rio de Montaigne. The Dutch also called it the Nassau River, and next as the Groote or Great River. The English used the names Manhattan River, Great River, River of the Mountains, North River, or commonly Hudson's River, shortened to its current name.<ref name="Guide"/>-->

The first known European name for the river was the Rio San Antonio as named by the Portuguese explorer in Spain's employ, [[Estêvão Gomes]], who explored the Mid-Atlantic coast in 1525.<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2"/> Another early name for the Hudson used by the Dutch was ''Rio de Montaigne''.<ref name="RiodeMontagne"/> Later, they generally termed it the ''Noortrivier'', or "[[North River (Hudson River)|North River]]", the [[Delaware River]] being known as the ''Zuidrivier'', or "South River". Other occasional names for the Hudson included ''Manhattes rieviere'' "Manhattan River", ''Groote Rivier'' "Great River", and ''de grootte Mouritse reviere'', or "the Great Maurits River" (after [[Maurice, Prince of Orange]]).<ref name="AutoD3-4"/>

The translated name North River was used in the [[New York metropolitan area]] up until the early 1900s, with limited use continuing into the present day.<ref name="steinhauer"/> The term persists in radio communication among commercial shipping traffic, especially below the [[Tappan Zee]].<ref name="Stanne"/> The term also continues to be used in names of facilities in the river's southern portion, such as the [[North River piers]], [[North River Tunnels]], and the [[North River Wastewater Treatment Plant]]. It is believed that the first use of the name Hudson River in a map was in a map created by the cartographer John Carwitham in 1740.<ref name="nytimes carwitham"/>{{Disputed inline|Origins of the name "Hudson River"|date=January 2024}}

[[File:Hudson-East Rivers.png|thumb|The New York City section of the Hudson river highlighted in yellow. The mouth of the Hudson at center is located between Jersey City and Manhattan]]
In 1939, the magazine ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' described the river as "America's Rhine", comparing it to the {{convert|760|mi|adj=on}} [[Rhine]] in Central and Western Europe.<ref name="America's Rhine"/>

The tidal Hudson is unusually straight for a river, and the earliest colonial Dutch charts of the Hudson River designated the narrow, meandering stretches as ''racks'', or reaches.<ref>{{Cite web |title=519 Map of a part of New Netherland, in addition to the newly discovered country, baye with drye rivers, laying at a height of 38 to 40 degrees, by yachts called Onrust, skipper Cornelis Hendricx, van Munnickendam  |url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/4.VEL/invnr/519/file/NL-HaNA_4.VEL_519 |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Nationaal Archief }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noort Rivier in Niew Neerlandt. |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2003623406/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=Library of Congress A|date=January 1639 }}</ref> These names included the four "lower reaches" through the [[Hudson Highlands]] (Seylmakers rack, Cocks rack, Hoogh rack, and Vosserack) plus the four "upper reaches" from Inbocht Bay to Kinderhook (Backers rack, Jan Pleysiers rack, Klevers rack, and Harts rack). A ninth reach was described as "the long reach" by the Englishman Robert Juet and designated as the Langerack by the Dutch.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Juet |first=Robert |date=1625 |title=The third Voyage of Master HENRIE HVDSON |url=http://international.loc.gov/service/rbc/rbdk/d0403/06370594.jpg |access-date=July 27, 2022 |website=The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake, Library of Congress}}</ref> An embellished (and partly erroneous) list of "The Old Reaches" was published in a tourist guidebook for steamboat passengers in the nineteenth century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bruce |first=Wallace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn07AQAAMAAJ |title=The Hudson River by Daylight: New York to Albany, Saratoga Springs, Lake George ... |date=1873 |publisher=J. Featherston |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch Racks Revisited: the puzzle of the Hudson River reaches – Saugerties Lighthouse |date=March 10, 2022 |url=https://www.saugertieslighthouse.com/keepers-logbook/dutch-racks-revisited-the-puzzle-of-the-hudson-river-reaches/ |access-date=2022-07-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=May 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525063439/https://www.saugertieslighthouse.com/keepers-logbook/dutch-racks-revisited-the-puzzle-of-the-hudson-river-reaches/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Course==
=== Sources ===
The source of the Hudson River is [[Henderson Lake (New York)|Henderson Lake]], located in the [[Adirondack Mountains]] at an elevation of {{cvt|4322|ft|m}}.<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment" /><ref name="NYTimes Lake Tear of the Clouds" /> However, the photogenic [[Lake Tear of the Clouds]] is more conventionally cited in popular culture as the source of the Hudson.<ref name="Highest Source" /> The river is named [[Feldspar Brook]] from where it emerges from Lake Tear of the Clouds until its confluence with the [[Opalescent River]], after which it becomes the Opalescent until it reaches [[Calamity Brook]] flowing southward into the eastern outlet of Henderson Lake. After this point, the stream is known as the Hudson River<ref name="UAlbany Lake Tear of the Clouds" /><ref name="Adirondack Park Henderson Lake" /><ref name="Hudson River Map" /> according to the cartographical definition used by the [[United States Geological Survey]] (USGS).<ref name="GNIS" />
[[File:Hudson River outflow from Henderson Lake.jpg|left|thumb|The Hudson River flowing out of Henderson Lake in Tahawus]]
USGS maps show the longest source of the Hudson as the Opalescent on the western slopes of Little Marcy Mountain,<ref name="Map of Opalescent River and Lake Tear of the Clouds" /><ref name="Opalescent Description" /> originating two miles north of Lake Tear of the Clouds.<ref name="Opalescent Description" /><ref name="Opalescent River" />

===Upper Hudson River===
Using river names as seen on maps, Indian Pass Brook flows into [[Henderson Lake (New York)|Henderson Lake]].  The outlet of Henderson Lake is most commonly referred to as the official start of the Hudson River, as it flows east and meets the southwest flowing Calamity Brook. The [[confluence]] of the two rivers however is where most maps begin to use the Hudson River name on a cartographical basis. South of the outlet of Sanford Lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson.<ref name=usgs/>

The Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties. The Hudson flows entirely into Warren County in the hamlet of [[North River, New York|North River]], and takes in the [[Schroon River]] at [[Warrensburg, New York|Warrensburg]]. Further south, the river forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the [[Sacandaga River]] from the [[Great Sacandaga Lake]].<ref name="Hudson River Map"/>

Shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under [[Interstate 87 (New York)|Interstate 87]], and through [[Glens Falls]], just south of [[Lake George (lake), New York|Lake George]] although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through [[Hudson Falls]]. At this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties.<ref name="Hudson River Map"/> Here the river has an elevation of {{convert|200|ft|m}}.<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment"/> Just south in [[Fort Edward (town), New York|Fort Edward]], the river reaches its confluence with the [[Champlain Canal]],<ref name="Hudson River Map"/> which historically provided boat traffic between New York City and [[Montreal]] and the rest of [[Eastern Canada]] via the Hudson, [[Lake Champlain]] and the [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]].<ref name="Champlain Canal"/>

Further south the Hudson takes in water from the [[Batten Kill River]] and Fish Creek near [[Schuylerville]]. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties. The river then enters the heart of the [[Capital District, New York|Capital District]]. It takes in water from the [[Hoosic River]], which extends into [[Massachusetts]]. Shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the [[Mohawk River]], the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in [[Waterford, New York|Waterford]].<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment"/><ref name="Hudson River Map"/> The river then reaches the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] in [[Troy, New York|Troy]], marking an impoundment of the river.<ref name="Hudson River Map"/> At an elevation of {{convert|2|ft|m}}, the bottom of the dam marks the [[head of tide|beginning of the tidal]] influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River.<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment"/>

===Lower Hudson River===
[[File:Bird's-eye view of Hudson River from walkway 5.JPG|thumb|The river from [[Poughkeepsie]], looking north.]]
South of the Federal Dam, the Hudson River begins to widen considerably. The river enters the [[Hudson Valley]], flowing between the cities of [[Albany, New York|Albany]] on the west bank and [[Rensselaer, New York|Rensselaer]] on the east bank. [[Interstate 90]] crosses the Hudson into Albany at this point in the river. The Hudson then leaves the Capital District, forming the boundary between Greene and Columbia Counties. It then meets its confluence with Schodack Creek, widening considerably at this point. After flowing by [[Hudson, New York|Hudson]], the river forms the boundary between Ulster and Columbia Counties and Ulster and Dutchess Counties, passing [[Germantown (town), New York|Germantown]] and [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]].<ref name="depth"/>

The [[Delaware and Hudson Canal]] meets the river at this point. The river then flows by [[Hyde Park, New York|Hyde Park]], former residence of [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], and alongside the city of [[Poughkeepsie]], flowing under the [[Walkway over the Hudson]] and the [[Mid-Hudson Bridge]]. Afterwards, the Hudson passes [[Wappingers Falls]] and takes in [[Wappinger Creek]]. The river then forms the boundary between Orange and Dutchess Counties. It flows between [[Newburgh (city), New York|Newburgh]] and [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]] and under the [[Newburgh Beacon Bridge]], taking in the [[Fishkill Creek]].<ref name="depth"/>

In this area, between Gee's Point at the [[US Military Academy]] and [[Constitution Island]], an area known as "World's End" marks the deepest part of the Hudson, at {{convert|202|ft|m}}.<ref name="depth">{{cite web|title=River Guide to the Hudson Highlands|last=Aimon|first=Alan C.|publisher=[[Hudson River Valley Institute]]|url=http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/library/pdfs/riverguidehudsonhighlands.pdf|date=November 27, 2009|access-date=November 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111230052252/http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/library/pdfs/riverguidehudsonhighlands.pdf|archive-date=December 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, the river enters the [[Hudson Highlands]] between Putnam and Orange Counties, flowing between mountains such as [[Storm King Mountain (New York)|Storm King Mountain]], [[Breakneck Ridge]], and [[Bear Mountain (Hudson Highlands)|Bear Mountain]]. The river narrows considerably here before flowing under the [[Bear Mountain Bridge]], which connects Westchester and Rockland Counties.<ref name="Hudson River Map"/>

[[File:2016 One World Observatory view along Hudson River.jpg|thumb|The river between [[Hudson Waterfront]] in New Jersey (left) and [[Manhattan]] (right)]]
Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters [[Haverstraw Bay]], the widest point of the river at {{convert|3.5|mi|km}} wide.<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment"/> Shortly thereafter, the river forms the [[Tappan Zee]] and flows under the [[Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)|Tappan Zee Bridge]], which carries the [[New York State Thruway]] between [[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]] and [[Nyack, New York|Nyack]] in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. At the state line with [[New Jersey]] the west bank of the Hudson enters [[Bergen County, New Jersey|Bergen County]]. [[The Palisades (Hudson River)|The Palisades]] are large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river; also known as [[Bergen Hill]] at their lower end in [[Hudson County, New Jersey|Hudson County]].<ref name="Hudson River Map"/>

Further south the east bank of the river becomes [[Yonkers]] and then the [[Riverdale, Bronx|Riverdale]] neighborhood of the [[Bronx]] in New York City. South of the confluence of the Hudson and [[Spuyten Duyvil Creek]] (subsumed by the [[Harlem River Ship Canal]] connecting to the [[Harlem River]]), the east bank of the river becomes [[Manhattan]].<ref name="Hudson River Map"/> The river is sometimes still called the [[North River (Hudson River)|North River]] from this point south. The [[George Washington Bridge]] crosses the river between [[Fort Lee, New Jersey|Fort Lee]] and the [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] neighborhood of Manhattan.<ref name="GWBridge"/>

The [[Lincoln Tunnel]] and the [[Holland Tunnel]] also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey. South of [[the Battery (Manhattan)|the Battery]], the river proper ends, meeting the [[East River]] to form Upper New York Bay, also known as [[New York Harbor]]. Its outflow continues through [[the Narrows]] between [[Brooklyn]] and [[Staten Island]], under the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge|Verrazzano Bridge]], and into [[Lower New York Bay]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]]<ref name="Hudson River Map"/> through the [[Hudson Canyon]].

==Geography and watershed==
{{see also|List of rivers of New York#Hudson River Basin|label 1=Rivers of the Hudson River Basin}}
[[File:Breaking The Ice On The Hudson River With United States Coast Guard Cutter Hawser -y.jpg|thumb|The bulk carrier ''Nord Angel'' breaking ice on the Hudson]]
The lower Hudson is a tidal estuary, with tidal influence extending as far as the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] in [[Troy, New York|Troy]]. There are about two high tides and two low tides per day. As the tide rises, the tidal current moves northward, taking enough time that part of the river can be at high tide while another part can be at the bottom of its low tide.<ref name="RP"/>

Strong tides make parts of New York Harbor difficult and dangerous to navigate. During the winter, ice floes may drift south or north, depending upon the tides. The [[Mahican]] name of the river represents its partially estuarine nature: ''muh-he-kun-ne-tuk'' means "the river that flows both ways."<ref name="Rittner"/> Due to tidal influence from the ocean extending to Troy, NY,<ref name="RP"/> freshwater discharge is only about {{convert|17400|cuft}} per second on average.<ref name="Green Island Discharge"/> The mean fresh water discharge at the river's mouth in New York is approximately {{convert|21900|cuft}} per second.<ref name="Discharge"/>

The Hudson River is {{convert|315|mi|km}} long, with depths of {{convert|30|ft}} for the stretch south of the Federal Dam, dredged to maintain the river as a shipping route. Some sections there are around 160 feet deep,<ref name="RP"/> and the deepest part of the Hudson, known as "World's End" (between the [[US Military Academy]] and [[Constitution Island]]) has a depth of {{convert|202|ft|m}}.<ref name="depth"/>

The Hudson and its tributaries, notably the Mohawk River, drain an area of {{convert|13000|sqmi}}, the Hudson River Watershed. It covers much of New York, as well as parts of Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Vermont.<ref name="RP"/>

Parts of the Hudson River form [[cove]]s, such as [[Weehawken Cove]] in the towns of [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]] and [[Weehawken]] in New Jersey.<ref name="Weehawken Cove"/>

The City of Poughkeepsie and several adjacent communities in the mid-Hudson valley, totalling about 100,000 people, rely on the river for their drinking water.<ref>{{cite news |last=Wu |first=Amy |title=Communities that drink from Hudson River push for further water protection |url=https://www.poughkeepsiejournal.com/story/news/2018/02/23/hudson-river-water-protection/351500002/ |date=2018-02-23 |newspaper=Poughkeepsie Journal}}</ref>

===Salinity===
New York Harbor, between the Narrows and the George Washington Bridge, has a mix of fresh and ocean water, mixed by wind and tides to create an increasing gradient of salinity from the river's top to its bottom. This varies with season, weather, variation of water circulation, and other factors; snowmelt at winter's end increases the freshwater flow downstream.<ref name="RP"/>

The [[wikt:salt line|salt line]] of the river varies from the north in Poughkeepsie to the south at Battery Park in New York City, though it usually lies near Newburgh.<ref name="Guide">{{cite book |last=Adams |first=Arthur G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIkHuzvZTGYC |title=The Hudson River Guidebook |date=1996 |publisher=[[Fordham University Press]] |isbn=0-8232-1679-9 |edition=2nd |location=New York |lccn=96-1894 |access-date=September 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320071151/http://books.google.com/books?id=KIkHuzvZTGYC |archive-date=March 20, 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|11}}

==Geology==
[[File:Cole_Thomas_Sunny_Morning_on_the_Hudson_River_1827.jpg|alt=View from a mountain top down the Hudson|thumb|[[Thomas Cole]], ''Sunny Morning on the Hudson River,'' 1827]]
The Hudson is sometimes called, in geological terms, a [[Estuary#Classification based on geomorphology|drowned river]]. The rising [[sea level]]s after the retreat of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], the most recent [[Quaternary glaciation|ice age]], have resulted in a [[Fjord|marine incursion]] that drowned the coastal plain and brought salt water well above the mouth of the river. The deeply eroded old riverbed beyond the current shoreline, [[Hudson Canyon]], is a rich fishing area. The former riverbed is clearly delineated beneath the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, extending to the edge of the [[continental shelf]].<ref name="HudsonRiverEstuary"/> As a result of the glaciation and the [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]], the lower half of the river is now a [[tidal estuary]] that occupies the Hudson Fjord. The fjord is estimated to have formed between 26,000 and 13,300 years ago.<ref name="Fjord"/>

Along the river, the Palisades are of [[metamorphic]] [[basalt]], or [[diabase]]s, the Highlands are primarily [[granite]] and [[gneiss]] with [[intrusion]]s, and from Beacon to Albany, [[shale]]s and [[limestone]]s, or mainly [[sedimentary rock]].<ref name="Guide"/>{{rp|13}}

The Narrows were most likely formed about 6,000 years ago at the end of the last ice age. Previously, Staten Island and [[Long Island]] were connected, preventing the Hudson River from terminating via the Narrows. At that time, the Hudson River emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through a more westerly course through parts of present-day northern New Jersey, along the eastern side of the [[Watchung Mountains]] to [[Bound Brook, New Jersey]] and then on into the Atlantic Ocean via [[Raritan Bay]]. A buildup of water in the Upper New York Bay eventually allowed the Hudson River to break through previous land mass that was connecting Staten Island and Brooklyn to form the Narrows as it exists today. This allowed the Hudson River to find a shorter route to the Atlantic Ocean via its present course between New Jersey and New York City.<ref name="AutoYG-4"/>

Suspended sediments, mainly consisting of clays eroded from glacial deposits and organic particles, can be found in abundance in the river. The Hudson has a relatively short history of erosion, so it does not have a large depositional plain near its mouth. This lack of significant deposits near the river mouth differs from most other American estuaries. Around New York Harbor, sediment also flows into the estuary from the ocean when the current is flowing north.<ref name="RP"/>

==History==
{{Main|History of the Hudson River}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
The area around Hudson River was inhabited by indigenous peoples ages before Europeans arrived. The [[Lenape]], [[Wappinger]], and [[Mahican]] branches of the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquians]] lived along the river,<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/> mostly in peace with the other groups.<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/><ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> The Algonquians in the region mainly lived in small clans and villages throughout the area. One major settlement was called Navish, which was located at [[Croton Point]], overlooking the Hudson River. Other settlements were located in various locations throughout the [[Hudson Highlands]]. Many villagers lived in various types of houses, which the Algonquians called [[wigwams]], though large families often lived in [[Longhouses of the indigenous peoples of North America|longhouses]] that could be a hundred feet long.<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/>

At the associated villages, they grew corn, beans, and squash. They also gathered other types of plant foods, such as hickory nuts and many other wild fruits and tubers. In addition to agriculture, the Algonquians also fished in the Hudson River, focusing on various species of freshwater fish, as well as various variations of [[striped bass]], [[American eel]]s, [[sturgeon]], [[herring]], and [[shad]]. Oyster beds were also common on the river floor, which provided an extra source of nutrition. Land hunting consisted of turkey, deer, bear, and other animals.<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/>

The lower Hudson River was inhabited by the Lenape,<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> while further north, the Wappingers lived from Manhattan Island up to [[Poughkeepsie]]. They traded with both the Lenape to the south and the Mahicans to the north.<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/> The Mahicans lived in the northern part of the valley from present-day [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]] to [[Lake Champlain]],<ref name="Native Americans HVMag"/> with their capital located near present-day [[Albany, New York|Albany]].<ref name="Marist Native Americans"/>

===Exploration and colonization===
[[John Cabot]] is credited for the [[Old World]]'s discovery of continental North America, with his journey in 1497 along the continent's coast. In 1524, [[Florence|Florentine]] explorer [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]] sailed north along the Atlantic seaboard and into New York Harbor,<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2"/> however he left the harbor shortly thereafter, without navigating into the Hudson River.<ref name="NY Times Verrazano"/> In 1598, Dutch men employed by the Greenland Company wintered in [[New York Bay]].<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2"/>

In 1609 the [[Dutch East India Company]] financed English navigator [[Henry Hudson]] in his search for the [[Northeast Passage]], but thwarted by sea ice in that direction, he sailed westward across the Atlantic in pursuit of a [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name='De Laet "New World"'>{{cite book |last1=De Laet |first1=Johan |title="New World, Chapter 7," Narratives of New Netherland, 1609-1664 |date=1909 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL8LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA37 |access-date=17 April 2023}}</ref> During the search, Hudson sailed up the river that would later be named after him. He then sailed upriver to a point near Stuyvesant (Old Kinderhook), and the ship’s boat with five members ventured to the vicinity of present-day Albany, reaching an end to navigation.<ref name="History of Old Kinderhook">{{cite book |last1=Collier |first1=Edward |title=A History of Old Kinderhook from Aboriginal Days to the Present Time |date=1914 |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |pages=2–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIY-AAAAYAAJ |access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Henry Hudson"/>

The [[Dutch empire|Dutch]] subsequently began to colonize the region, establishing the colony of [[New Netherland]], including three major fur-trading outposts: [[New Amsterdam]], [[Wiltwyck]], and [[Fort Orange]].<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/><ref name="New Netherland Cornell"/> New Amsterdam was founded at the mouth of the Hudson River, and would later become known as [[New York City]]. Wiltwyck was founded roughly halfway up the Hudson River, and would later become Kingston. Fort Orange was founded on the river north of Wiltwyck, and later became known as Albany.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/>

The [[Dutch West India Company]] operated a monopoly on the region for roughly twenty years before other businessmen were allowed to set up their own ventures in the colony.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/> In 1647, Director-General [[Peter Stuyvesant]] took over management of the colony, and surrendered it in 1664 to the British, who had invaded the largely-defenseless New Amsterdam.<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS"/><ref name="Capture of New Amsterdam"/> New Amsterdam and the colony of New Netherland were renamed New York, after the [[Duke of York]].<ref name="Capture of New Amsterdam"/>

Under British colonial rule, the Hudson Valley became an agricultural hub. Manors were developed on the east side of the river, and the west side contained many smaller and independent farms.<ref name="Colonial British NY"/> In 1754, the [[Albany Plan of Union]] was created at [[Stadt Huys|Albany City Hall]] on the Hudson.<ref name="Albany Congress NYS"/><ref name="Albany City Hall Location NYS"/> The plan allowed the colonies to treaty with the Iroquois and provided a framework for the [[Continental Congress]].<ref name="Albany Plan of Union"/><ref name="Iroquois Treaty Albany"/>

===American Revolution===
During the [[American Revolutionary War]], the British realized that the river's proximity to Lake George and Lake Champlain would allow their navy to control the water route from [[Montreal]] to New York City.<ref name="West Point Chain"/> British general [[John Burgoyne]] planned the [[Saratoga campaign]], to control the river and therefore cut off the [[Patriot (American Revolution)|patriot]] hub of [[New England]] (to the river's east) from the South and Mid-Atlantic regions to the river's west. The action would allow the British to focus on rallying the support of loyalists in the southerly states.<ref name="Saratoga"/> As a result, numerous battles were fought along the river and in nearby waterways. These include the [[Battle of Long Island]], in August 1776<ref name="NYTimes Battle of Long Island"/> and the [[Battle of Harlem Heights]] the following month.<ref name="Battle of Harlem Heights"/> Later that year, the British and Continental Armies were involved in skirmishes and battles in rivertowns of the Hudson in Westchester County, culminating in the [[Battle of White Plains]].<ref name="Westchester Magazine White Plains"/>

Also in late 1776, New England militias fortified the river's choke point known as the [[Hudson Highlands]], which included building [[Fort Clinton]] and [[Fort Montgomery (Hudson River)|Fort Montgomery]] on either side of the Hudson and a [[Hudson River Chain|metal chain]] between the two. In 1777, Washington expected the British would attempt to control the Hudson River, however they instead conquered Philadelphia, and left a smaller force in New York City, with permission to strike the Hudson Valley at any time. The British attacked on October 5, 1777, in the [[Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery]] by sailing up the Hudson River, looting the village of [[Peekskill, New York|Peekskill]] and capturing the two forts.<ref name="Battle of the Hudson Highlands"/> In 1778, the Continentals constructed the [[Hudson River Chain#The Great Chain (1778–1782)|Great West Point Chain]] in order to prevent another British fleet from sailing up the Hudson.<ref name="Great West Point Chain"/>

===Hudson River School===
{{main|Hudson River School}}
[[File:View of the Hudson River-Robert Havell Jr-1866.jpg|thumb|Robert Havell Jr., ''View of the Hudson River from Tarrytown'', {{Circa|1866}}]]
Hudson River School paintings reflect the themes of discovery, exploration, and settlement in America in the mid-19th century.<ref name="HRS"/> The detailed and idealized paintings also typically depict a [[pastoral]] setting. The works often juxtapose peaceful agriculture and the remaining wilderness, which was fast disappearing from the Hudson Valley just as it was coming to be appreciated for its qualities of ruggedness and [[sublimity]].<ref name="Pastoral"/> The school characterizes the artistic body, its New York location, its landscape subject matter, and often its subject, the Hudson River.<ref name="Met"/>

In general, Hudson River School artists believed that nature in the form of the American landscape was an ineffable manifestation of God,<ref name="God Nature Hudson River School"/> though the artists varied in the depth of their religious conviction.<ref name="Europe"/> Their reverence for America's natural beauty was shared with contemporary American writers such as [[Henry David Thoreau]] and [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].<ref name="Writers and Hudson River School"/> The artist [[Thomas Cole]] is generally acknowledged as the founder of the [[Hudson River School]],<ref name="otoole"/> his work first being reviewed in 1825,<ref name="hag"/> while painters [[Frederic Edwin Church]] and [[Albert Bierstadt]] were the most successful painters of the school.<ref name="Met"/>

===19th century===
[[File:Lock Number 11 Erie Canal, Amsterdam NY 2918 (4029379915).jpg|thumb|The [[Erie Canal]] in [[Amsterdam, New York]]]]
At the beginning of the 19th century, transportation from the US east coast into the mainland was difficult. Ships were the fastest vehicles at the time, as trains were still being developed and automobiles were roughly a century away. In order to facilitate shipping throughout the country's interior, numerous canals were constructed between internal bodies of water in the 1800s.<ref name="NYS Canals"/><ref name="Canal Era"/> One of the most significant canals of this era was the [[Erie Canal]]. The canal was built to link the Midwest to the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|Port of New York]], a significant seaport during that time, by way of the [[Great Lakes]], the canal, the [[Mohawk River]], and the Hudson River.<ref name="Canal Era"/>

The completion of the canal enhanced the development of the American West, allowing settlers to travel west, send goods to markets in frontier cities, and export goods via the Hudson River and New York City. The completion of the canal made New York City one of the most vital ports in the nation, surpassing the [[Port of Philadelphia]] and ports in [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="Canal Era"/><ref name="Erie Canalway"/><ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> After the completion of the Erie Canal, smaller canals were built to connect it with the new system. The [[Champlain Canal]] was built to connect the Hudson River near [[Troy, New York|Troy]] to the southern end of Lake Champlain. This canal allowed boaters to travel from the [[St. Lawrence River|St. Lawrence Seaway]], and then British cities such as [[Montreal]] to the Hudson River and New York City.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/>
[[File:The_sloops_of_the_Hudson;_an_historical_sketch_of_the_packet_and_market_sloops_of_the_last_century,_with_a_record_of_their_names;_together_with_personal_reminiscences_of_certain_of_the_notable_North_(14768617432).jpg|alt=Image is of q painting of a Hudson River sloop on the water with the treed shoreline in the background|thumb|Hudson River sloop]]
Another major canal was the [[Oswego Canal]], which connected the Erie Canal to [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] and [[Lake Ontario]], and could be used to bypass Niagara Falls.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> The [[Cayuga-Seneca Canal]] connected the Erie Canal to [[Cayuga Lake]] and [[Seneca Lake (New York)|Seneca Lake]].<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/> Farther south, the [[Delaware and Hudson Canal]] was built between the [[Delaware River]] at [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania]], and the Hudson River at Kingston, New York. This canal enabled the transportation of coal, and later other goods as well, between the Delaware and Hudson River watersheds.<ref name="HVG Delaware-Hudson Canal"/> The combination of these canals made the Hudson River one of the most vital waterways for trade in the nation.<ref name="NYS Canals Story"/>

During the [[Industrial Revolution in the United States|Industrial Revolution]], the Hudson River became a major location for production, especially around Albany and Troy. The river allowed for fast and easy transport of goods from the interior of the Northeast to the coast. Hundreds of factories were built around the Hudson, in towns including Poughkeepise, Newburgh, Kingston, and Hudson. The [[North Tarrytown Assembly]] (later owned by [[General Motors]]), on the river in Sleepy Hollow, was a large and notable example. The River links to the Erie Canal and Great Lakes, allowing manufacturing in the Midwest, including automobiles in Detroit, to use the river for transport.<ref name="Industry"/>{{rp|pages=71–2}} With industrialization came new technologies for transport, including steamboats for faster transport. In 1807, the ''[[North River Steamboat]]'' (later known as Clermont), became the first commercially successful steamboat. It carried passengers between New York City and Albany along the Hudson River.<ref name="Hunter1985"/>
[[File:View_on_the_Hudson_River._Hudson_R.R,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg|alt=Two men standing on the Hudson River shore with railroad tracks paralleling the shoreline and a mountain off in the distance|thumb|Stereoscopic views of the Hudson River Railroad and Hudson River]]
The Hudson River valley also proved to be a good area for railroads. The [[Hudson River Railroad]] was established in 1849 on the east side of the river as a way to bring passengers from New York City to Albany. The line was built as an alternative to the [[New York and Harlem Railroad]] for travel to Albany, and as a way to ease the concerns of cities along the river. The railroad was also used for commuting to New York City.<ref name="HRR Journal"/> Further north, the [[Livingston Avenue Bridge]] was opened in 1866 as a way to connect the Hudson River Railroad with the [[New York Central Railroad]], which goes west to [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]].<ref name="Livingston Ave"/><ref name="Livingston Bridge Archive"/> Smaller railroads existed north of this point.<ref name="Freight Rail smaller rail lines"/> On the west side of the Hudson River, the [[West Shore Railroad]] opened to run passenger service from [[Weehawken, New Jersey]] to Albany, and then Buffalo.<ref name="West Shore Railway"/> In 1889, the [[Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge]] opened for rail service between Poughkeepsie and the west side of the river.<ref name="Walkway Timeline"/>

===20th and 21st centuries===
[[File:George Washington Bridge from New Jersey-edit.jpg|thumb|The [[George Washington Bridge]] links [[Upper Manhattan]] and [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]]]]
Starting in the 20th century, the technological requirements needed to build large crossings across the river were met. This was especially important by New York City, as the river is fairly wide at that point. In 1927, the [[Holland Tunnel]] opened between New Jersey and [[Lower Manhattan]]. The tunnel was the longest underwater tunnel in the world at the time, and used an advanced system to ventilate the tunnels and prevent the build-up of carbon monoxide.<ref name="NYC Crossings"/><ref name="Holland Tunnel"/> The original upper level of the [[George Washington Bridge]] and the first tube of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] followed in the 1930s. Both crossings were later expanded to accommodate extra traffic: the Lincoln Tunnel in the 1940s and 1950s, and the George Washington Bridge in the 1960s.<ref name="PANYNJ"/> In 1955, the original [[Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)|Tappan Zee Bridge]] was built over [[Tappan Zee|one of the widest parts of the river]], from [[Tarrytown, New York|Tarrytown]] to [[Nyack, New York|Nyack]].<ref name="Old Tapppan Zee Bridge"/><ref name="Old and New Tappan Zee Bridge"/><ref name="Tarrytown to Nyack"/>

The late 20th century saw a decline in industrial production in the Hudson Valley. In 1993, [[IBM]] closed two of its plants, in [[East Fishkill, New York|East Fishkill]] and [[Kingston, New York|Kingston]], due to the company's loss of $16&nbsp;billion over the previous three years. The plant in East Fishkill had 16,300 workers at its peak in 1984, and had opened in 1941 originally as part of the war effort.<ref name="IBM"/> In 1996, the North Tarrytown plant of [[General Motors]] (GM) closed.<ref name="NT GM Plant closes"/> In response to the plant closures, towns throughout the region sought to make the region attractive for technology companies. IBM maintained a [[mainframe computer|mainframe]] unit at its Poughkeepsie plant, and newer housing and office developments were built near there as well. Commuting from Poughkeepsie to New York City also increased.<ref name="IBM"/> Developers also looked to build on the property of the old GM plant.<ref name="NT GM Plant closes"/>

[[File:Mid-Hudson balloon festival 14.JPG|thumb|left|The Hudson Valley Hot-Air Balloon Festival, 2009|alt=The 2009 Mid-Hudson balloon festival]]
[[File: US Airways Flight 1549 (N106US) after crashing into the Hudson River (crop 2).jpg|thumb|right| [[US Airways Flight 1549]] after landing on the waters of the Hudson River in January 2009]]

Around the time of the last factories' closing, environmental efforts to clean up the river progressed. For example, the [[Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) ordered [[General Electric]] (GE), which had polluted a 200-mile stretch of the river, to remove [[Polychlorinated biphenyl|PCBs]] from the site of its old factory in [[Hudson Falls, New York|Hudson Falls]], as well as to remove millions of cubic yards of contaminated sediment from the river bottom. EPA's cleanup order was issued pursuant to the agency's designation of the polluted segment of the river as a [[Superfund]] site.<ref name="EPA-hudson cleanup"/> Other conservation efforts also occurred, such as when Christopher Swain became the first person to swim all 315 miles of the Hudson River in support of cleaning it up.<ref name="AutoYG-3"/>

In conjunction with conservation efforts, the Hudson River region has seen an economic revitalization, especially in favor of green development. In 2009, the [[High Line]] was opened in the [[Chelsea (Manhattan)|Chelsea neighborhood]] of Manhattan. This linear park has views of the river throughout its length.<ref name="High Line National Geographic"/> Also in 2009, the original Poughkeepsie railroad bridge, since abandoned, was converted into the [[Walkway Over the Hudson]], a pedestrian park over the river.<ref name="Walkway Timeline"/> Emblematic of the increase in green development in the region, waterfront parks in cities like Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and [[Beacon, New York|Beacon]] were built, and several festivals are held annually.<ref name="Hudson Valley revitalization"/>

==Landmarks==
[[File:George Bellows - North River (1908).jpg|thumb|''North River'' by [[George Bellows]], 1908, [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]]]]
Numerous places have been constructed along the Hudson that have since become landmarks. Following the river from its source to mouth, there is the [[Hudson River Islands State Park]] in Greene and Columbia counties, and in Dutchess County, there is [[Bard College]], [[Staatsburgh]], the [[Vanderbilt Mansion National Historic Site]], [[Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site|Franklin D. Roosevelt's home]] and [[Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum|presidential library]], and the [[Hyde Park campus of the Culinary Institute of America|main campus]] of [[the Culinary Institute of America]], [[Marist College]], the [[Walkway over the Hudson]], [[Bannerman's Castle]], and [[Hudson Highlands State Park]]. South of that in Orange County is the [[United States Military Academy]]. In Westchester lies [[Indian Point Energy Center]], [[Croton Point Park]], and [[Sing Sing Correctional Facility]].
[[File:2014-05-07 16 24 44 View of Lower Manhattan, Jersey City, New Jersey, and several highways-cropped.JPG|thumb| Hudson River, New York and New Jersey.]]
In New Jersey is [[Stevens Institute of Technology]] and [[Liberty State Park]]. In Manhattan is [[Fort Tryon Park]] with [[the Cloisters]], and the [[World Trade Center (2001–present)|World Trade Center]]. [[Ellis Island]], partially belonging to both the states of New Jersey and New York, is located just south of the river's mouth in [[New York Harbor]]. The [[Statue of Liberty]], located on [[Liberty Island]], is located a bit further south of there.<ref name="HV Historic Sites Map"/>

==Landmark status and protection==
[[File:Norrie Point Environmental Center.jpg|thumb|The Norrie Point Environmental Center in [[Staatsburg]], headquarters of the [[Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve]]]]
A {{convert|30|mi|adj=on}} stretch on the east bank of the Hudson has been designated the [[Hudson River Historic District]], a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name="HRHistDist"/> The [[Palisades Interstate Park Commission]] protects the Palisades on the west bank of the river. The Hudson River was designated as an [[American Heritage River]] in 1997.<ref name="AmericanHeritageRiver"/> The Hudson River estuary system is part of the [[National Estuarine Research Reserve System]] as the [[Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve]].<ref name="AutoYG-1"/>

==Transportation and crossings==
{{Main|List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River|List of ferries across the Hudson River to New York City}}

The Hudson River is [[navigable]] by large steamers up to Troy, and by ocean-faring vessels to the Port of Albany.<ref name="Guide"/>{{rp|11}} The original [[Erie Canal]], opened in 1825 to connect the Hudson with Lake Erie, emptied into the Hudson at the [[Albany Basin]], just {{convert|3|mi}} south of the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] in [[Troy, New York|Troy]] (at mile 134). The canal enabled shipping between cities on the [[Great Lakes]] and Europe via the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name="HudsonRiverEstuary"/> The [[New York State Canal System]], the successor to the Erie Canal, runs into the Hudson River north of Troy.<ref name="Canal Map"/> It also uses the Federal Dam as a lock.<ref name="Canal Locks"/>
{{multiple image|total_width=410|align=right
|footer = The [[Riparius Bridge]] and the [[Tappan Zee Bridge (2017–present)|Tappan Zee Bridge]] both cross the Hudson River
|image1 = Riparius Bridge from Chester shore.jpg|alt1 = A small metal Parker truss bridge
|image2 = Tappan Zee Bridge 2019.agr.jpg|alt2 = A cable stay bridge
}}
Along the east side of the river runs the [[Metro-North Railroad]]'s [[Hudson Line (Metro-North)|Hudson Line]], from Manhattan to Poughkeepsie.<ref name="Metro-North Map"/> The tracks continue north of Poughkeepsie as Amtrak trains run further north to Albany.<ref name="Metro-North Map"/> On the west side of the river, [[CSX Transportation]] operates [[River Subdivision (CSX Transportation)|a freight rail line]] between [[North Bergen Yard]] in [[North Bergen, New Jersey]] and [[Selkirk Yard]] in [[Selkirk, New York]].<ref name="CSX River Subdivision"/><ref name="CSX Rail Yards"/><ref name="North Bergen Yard"/>

The Hudson is crossed at numerous points by bridges, tunnels, and ferries. The width of the Lower Hudson River required major feats of engineering to cross; the results are today visible in the [[George Washington Bridge]] and the 1955 [[Tappan Zee Bridge (1955–2017)|Tappan Zee Bridge]] (replaced by the [[New Tappan Zee Bridge]]) as well as the [[Lincoln Tunnel|Lincoln]] and [[Holland Tunnel|Holland]] Tunnels and the [[Port Authority Trans-Hudson|PATH]] and [[New York Tunnel Extension|Pennsylvania Railroad]] tubes. The George Washington Bridge, which carries multiple highways, connects [[Fort Lee, New Jersey]] to the [[Washington Heights, Manhattan|Washington Heights]] neighborhood of [[Upper Manhattan]], and is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<ref name="GWBridge"/>

The new Tappan Zee Bridge is the longest in New York, although the [[Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge]] has a larger main span. The [[Troy–Waterford Bridge|Troy Union Bridge]] between [[Waterford (town), New York|Waterford]] and Troy was the first bridge over the Hudson; built in 1804 and destroyed in 1909;<ref name="TroyUnionBridge"/> its replacement, the [[Troy–Waterford Bridge]], was built in 1909.<ref name="Troy-Waterford Bridge"/> The [[Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad]] was chartered in 1832 and opened in 1835,<ref name="Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad"/> including the [[Green Island Bridge]],<ref name="Green Island Bridge"/> the second bridge over the Hudson south of the Federal Dam.<ref name="GMaps Troy Dam to Green Island Bridge"/>

The [[Hudson River Day Line]] offered passenger service on steamboats from New York City to Albany from 1863 until 1962 when it was purchased by [[Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises]].<ref name="Maritime Museum">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrmm.org/history-blog/the-hudson-river-day-line-1863-1971|title=The Hudson River Day Line - 1863-1971|author=[[Hudson River Maritime Museum]] staff|work=Hudson River Maritime Museum|accessdate=June 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Maritime Industry|author=Kenneth J. Blume|year=2012|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=9780810856349|chapter=Hudson River Day Line|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_jTIbdFUnYC&dq=%22Hudson+River+Day+Line%22+%22Van+Santvoord%22+%22Davidson%22+1879&pg=PA228}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Steamboats on the Hudson River|author=William H. Ewen|year=2011|publisher=[[Arcadia Publishing]]|isbn=9780738574158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ptigKP8s08C|chapter=Hudson River Day Line}}</ref>

==Pollution==
{{main|Pollution of the Hudson River}}
[[File:Hudson River debris.jpg|thumb|Debris floating on the river near the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]], 1973]]
The Hudson River's sediments contain a significant array of [[Water pollution|pollutants]], accumulated over decades from industrial waste discharges, [[sewage treatment]] plants, and [[urban runoff]]. [[Water quality]] in the river has greatly improved since implementation of the 1972 [[Clean Water Act]] (CWA). A 2020 report on the health of the river states that "Water quality in the Hudson River Estuary has improved dramatically since 1972 and has remained largely stable in recent years." Ecological health trends, such as in tributaries and wetlands, are varied in condition. The concentrations of toxic pollutants in fish and crabs are lower compared to measurements taken in previous decades, but fishing restrictions and health warnings remain in effect.<ref name="State of Hudson 2020"/>{{rp|5}}

The most significant pollution of the Hudson River was contamination of the river by [[General Electric]] (GE) with [[polychlorinated biphenyl]]s (PCBs) between 1947 and 1977. These chemicals caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who ate fish from the river.<ref name="EPA-hudson cleanup"/><ref name=EPA2/> Other kinds of pollution, including [[mercury (element)|mercury]] contamination and discharges of partially treated [[sewage]], have also caused ecological problems in the river.<ref name="AutoD3-29"/><ref name="nysdec"/>

In response to the widespread contamination of the river, activists protested in various ways. A group of fishermen formed an organization in 1966 that would later become [[Riverkeeper]], the first member of the [[Waterkeeper Alliance]].<ref name="Waterkeeper"/> Musician [[Pete Seeger]] founded the [[Hudson River Sloop Clearwater]] and the [[Clearwater Festival]] to draw attention to the problem.<ref name="upi.com"/>

Environmental activism in New York and across the country, and increased attention from members of [[United States Congress|Congress]] led to passage of the CWA in 1972.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kraft |first=Michael E. |title=U.S. Environmental Policy and Politics: From the 1960s to the 1990s |date=2000 |journal=Journal of Policy History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=23 |doi=10.1353/jph.2000.0006|s2cid=154099488 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Hays |first=Samuel P. |title=The Environmental Movement |date=October 1981 |journal=Journal of Forest History |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.2307/4004614 |jstor=4004614 |s2cid=201270765 }}</ref> Extensive remediation actions on the river began in the 1970s with the issuance and enforcement of CWA wastewater discharge permits and consequent control or reduction of discharges from industrial facilities and municipal sewage treatment plants.<ref name="remediation"/>

In 1984, EPA declared a 200-mile (320&nbsp;km) stretch of the river, from Hudson Falls to New York City, as a [[Superfund]] site requiring cleanup, one of the largest such site designations in the country.<ref name="EPA-hudson cleanup"/> Sediment removal operations by GE, pursuant to the Superfund orders, have continued into the 21st century.<ref name="remediation"/>

==Flora and fauna==
{{See also|Marine life of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary}}

===Plankton===
[[File:Bird on the bank of the Hudson River 1.jpg|thumb|A juvenile [[house sparrow]] by the Hudson River]] [[Zooplankton]] are abundant throughout both fresh and saltwater portions of the river, and provide a crucial food source for larval and juvenile fish.<ref name="RP"/>

===Invertebrates===
The [[benthic zone]] has species capable of living in soft bottom habitats. Within freshwater regions, there are animal species including larvae of [[chironomid]] flies, [[oligochaete]] worms, predatory fly larvae, and [[amphipod]]s. In saline regions, there are abundant [[polychaete]] [[annelid]]s, amphipods, and some mollusks such as clams. These species burrow in the sediment and accelerate the breakdown of organic matter. [[Atlantic blue crab]]s are among the larger invertebrates, at the northern limit of their range.<ref name="RP"/>

The entire Hudson was once far more populated with native suspension-feeding [[bivalves]]. Freshwater mussels were common in the river's [[limnetic zone]], but populations have been decreasing for decades, probably from altered habitats and the invasive zebra mussel. Oyster beds were once pervasive in the saltwater portion, but are now reduced through pollution and exploitation.<ref name="RP"/>

===Fish===
About 220 species of fish, including 173 native species, currently are found in the Hudson River.<ref name="Species">{{cite news|last=Lake|first=Tom|title=Hudson River Watershed Fish Fauna Check List |publisher=NYSDEC Hudson River Estuary Program|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrepfishlist.pdf|date=October 20, 2016|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225017/http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrepfishlist.pdf|archive-date=March 20, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Commercial fishing was once prominent in the river, although most were shut down in 1976 due to pollution; few survive today. [[American shad]] are the only finfish harvested for profit, though in limited numbers.<ref name="RP"/>

Species include [[striped bass]], the most important game fish in the Hudson. Estimates of the striped bass population in the Hudson range to nearly 100&nbsp;million fish.<ref name="Million1"/><ref name="Million2"/> [[American eel]]s also live in the river before reaching breeding age; for much of this stage they are known as [[glass eel]]s because of the transparency of their bodies. The fish are the only [[catadromous]] species in the Hudson's estuary.<ref name="HRPark"/>

The [[Atlantic tomcod]] is a unique species that adapted resistance to the toxic effects of the PCBs polluting the river. Scientists identified the genetic mutation that conferred the resistance, and found that the mutated form was present in 99 percent of the tomcods in the river, compared to fewer than 10 percent of the tomcods from other waters.<ref name="HRPark"/><ref name="Welsh"/> The [[hogchoker]] [[flatfish]] have been historically abundant in the river, where farmers would use them for inexpensive livestock feed, giving the fish its name.<ref name="HRPark" /> Other unusual fish found in the river include the [[northern pipefish]], the [[lined seahorse]], and the [[northern puffer]].<ref name="HRPark"/>

The [[Atlantic sturgeon]], a species about 120&nbsp;million years old, enter the estuary during their annual migrations. The fish grow to a considerable size, up to {{convert|15|ft}} and {{convert|800|lbs}}.<ref name="HRPark"/> The fish are the symbol of the Hudson River Estuary. Their smoked flesh was commonly eaten in the river valley since 1779, and it was sometimes known as "Albany beef". The city of Albany was called "Sturgeondom" or "Sturgeontown" in the 1850s and 1860s, with its residents known as "Sturgeonites". The "Sturgeondom" name lost popularity around 1900.<ref name="AlbanyBeef"/> The fish have been off limits from fishing since 1998. The river's population of [[shortnose sturgeon]] have quadrupled since the 1970s, and are also off limits to all fishing as they are a federally endangered species.<ref name="RP"/>

Lined seahorse or northern seahorse (''[[Hippocampus erectus]]'') are found in the brackish waters of the Lower [[New York Bay]], [[New York Harbor]] and surrounding waters (including [[Raritan Bay]] and [[Sandy Hook Bay]]) and the Hudson River [[estuary]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-20 |title=Spot a Seahorse in NYC |url=https://slownaturefastcity.com/2016/07/20/spot-a-seahorse-in-nyc/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Slow Nature Fast City |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pereira |first=Sydney |date=2021-04-18 |title=Seahorse Spotted In The Hudson River, Marking Yet Another Hopeful Sign Of Spring |url=https://gothamist.com/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seahorses Really Do Swim in NY Harbor |url=http://www.nyharbornature.com/1/post/2016/07/-seahorses-really-do-swim-in-ny-harbor.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=NY HARBOR NATURE |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-04 |title=There are seahorses living in New York City |url=https://grist.org/article/there-are-seahorses-living-in-new-york-city/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Grist |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez • • |first=Georgina |title=The Many Creatures of the Hudson River May Surprise You |url=https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/local/the-many-creatures-of-the-hudson-river-may-surprise-you/3003201/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=NBC New York |date=April 16, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Marine and invasive species===
[[Marine life]] is known to exist in the estuary, with seals, crabs, and some whales reported. On March 29, 1647, a white whale swam up the river to the [[Rensselaerswyck]] (near Albany). [[Herman Melville]], author of ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', lived in and near Albany from 1830 to 1847, and was known to have ancestry from [[New Netherland]], leading some to believe stories of the whale sighting inspired his novel.<ref name="Whale1"/>

Non-native species often originate in New York Harbor, a center of long-distance commerce. Over 100 foreign species reside in the river and its banks. Many of these have had significant effects on the ecosystem and natural habitats. The [[water chestnut]] produces a vegetative mat that reduces oxygen content in the water below, enhances sedimentation, impedes small vessel navigation, and is a hazard to swimmers and walkers. The zebra mussel arrived in the Hudson in 1989 and has spread through the river's freshwater region, reducing photoplankton and river oxygen levels. Positively, the mussel clears suspended particles, allowing for more light to aquatic vegetation. In saltwater areas, the [[green crab]] spread in the early 20th century and the [[Japanese shore crab]] has become dominant in recent years.<ref name="RP"/>

===Habitats===
The Hudson has a diverse array of habitat types. Most of the river consists of deep water habitats, though its tidal wetlands of freshwater and salt marshes are among the most ecologically important. There is strong biological diversity, including intertidal vegetation like freshwater [[cattail]]s and saltwater [[cordgrass]]es. Shallow coves and bays are often covered with submarine vegetation; shallower areas harbor diverse [[benthic]] fauna. Abundance of food varies over location and time, stemming from seasonal flows of nutrients. The Hudson's large volume of suspended sediments reduces light penetration in the area's water column, which reduces photoplankton photosynthesis and prevents sub-aquatic vegetation from growing beyond shallow depths. The oxygen-producing phytoplankton have also been inhibited by the relatively recent invasion of the [[zebra mussel]] species.<ref name="RP"/>

The Hudson River estuary is the site of wetlands from New York City all the way up to Troy. It has one of the largest concentrations of freshwater wetlands in the Northeast. Even though the river can be considered brackish further south, 80 percent of the wetlands are outside the influence of the saltwater coming from the Atlantic Ocean. Currently, the river has about {{convert|7000|acres|km2}} acres of wetlands, and rising sea levels due to [[climate change]] are expected to lead to an expansion of that area. Wetlands are expected to migrate upland as sea level (and thus the level of the river) rises. This is different from the rest of the world, where rising sea levels usually leads to a reduction in wetland areas. The expansion of the wetlands are expected to provide more habitat to the fish and birds of the region.<ref name="wetlands expansion"/>

==Activities==
The Hudson River can be explored on overnight river cruises between New York City and Albany, NY.

[[File:Rapids on the Hudson River Gorge..jpg|alt=Marty Plante paddling the Hudson River Gorge|thumb|Rapids on the Hudson River Gorge.]]
Parkland surrounds much of the Hudson River; prominent parks include [[Battery Park]] and [[Liberty State Park]] at the river's mouth,<ref name="Battery Park and Ellis Island"/> [[Riverside Park (Manhattan)|Riverside Park]] in Manhattan,<ref name="Riverside Park"/> [[Croton Point Park]],<ref name="Croton Point Park"/> [[Bear Mountain State Park]],<ref name="Bear Mountain State Park"/> [[Storm King State Park]] and the [[Hudson Highlands]],<ref name="Storm King Mt"/> [[Moreau Lake State Park]],<ref name="Moreau Lake State Park"/> and its source in the [[High Peaks Wilderness Area]].<ref name="High Peaks"/>

The [[New Tappan Zee Bridge]] between Westchester and Rockland counties has a pedestrian and bicycling path covering a distance of about 3.6 miles. Another pedestrian and bike path exists further north, between Dutchess and Ulster Counties: [[Walkway Over the Hudson]], which has a one-way length of 1.2 miles.

Fishing is allowed in the river, although the state Department of Health recommends eating no fish caught from the [[South Glens Falls]] Dam to the [[Federal Dam (Troy)|Federal Dam]] at Troy. Women under 50 and children under 15 are not advised to eat any fish caught south of the Palmer Falls Dam in [[Corinth (village), New York|Corinth]], while others are advised to eat anywhere from one to four meals per month of Hudson River fish, depending on species and location caught. The Department of Health cites mercury, PCBs, [[2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin|dioxin]], and [[cadmium]] as the chemicals impacting fish in these areas.<ref name="Fishing1"/><ref name="Fishing2"/>

Common native species recreationally fished include striped bass (formerly a major commercial species, now only legally taken by [[angling|anglers]]), [[channel catfish]], [[Ictalurus catus|white catfish]], [[brown bullhead]], [[yellow perch]], and [[white perch]]. The nonnative [[largemouth bass|largemouth]] and [[smallmouth bass]] are also popular, and serve as the focus of catch-and-release fishing tournaments.<ref name="RP"/>

The Hudson River can be canoed and kayaked for its entire length from Henderson Lake (GPS 44.091974, -74.057768) to the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. The upper section includes the Hudson River Gorge, a spectacular 17-mile Class IV whitewater run. The Hudson River Greenway Water Trail runs for much of the river, from Saratoga County in the Adirondack Park to Battery Park in Manhattan.{{cn|date=January 2025}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=27em}}
* [[Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary]]
* [[Hudson River Museum]]
* [[Hudson River Region AVA]]
* [[List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River]]
* [[List of ferries across the Hudson River in New York City]]
* [[List of Hudson River islands]]
* [[List of New Jersey rivers]]
* [[List of New York rivers]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Discharge">{{cite web|url=http://ny.water.usgs.gov/projects/dialer_plots/Hudson_R_at_NYC_Freshwater_Discharge.htm|title=Estimates of monthly and annual net discharge, in cubic feet per second, of Hudson River at New York, N.Y.|publisher=United States Geological Survey (USGS) |date=October 15, 2010|access-date=December 30, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194547/http://ny.water.usgs.gov/projects/dialer_plots/Hudson_R_at_NYC_Freshwater_Discharge.htm|archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="Green Island Discharge">{{cite web|title=Hudson River at Green Island NY|url=https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/annual?referred_module=sw&amp;site_no=01358000&amp;por_01358000_105057=1048887,00060,105057,1946,2016&amp;year_type=W&amp;format=html_table&amp;date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&amp;rdb_compression=file&amp;submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|website=USGS Surface-Water Annual Statistics for the Nation|publisher=USGS|access-date=March 24, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Fjord">{{cite web |url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/66611.html|title=21. The Hudson as Fjord. |publisher=New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) |access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705075207/http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/66611.html|archive-date=July 5, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GNIS">{{cite web|url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:970226|title=Feature Detail Report for: Hudson River|publisher=USGS|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-date=July 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707105750/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:970226|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="USGS Water Quality Assessment">{{cite web|last=Freeman|first=W. O.|title=National Water Quality Assessment Program – The Hudson River Basin|url=http://ny.water.usgs.gov/projects/hdsn/fctsht/su.html|website=ny.water.usgs.gov/|publisher=USGS |access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141117201230/http://ny.water.usgs.gov/projects/hdsn/fctsht/su.html|archive-date=November 17, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes Lake Tear of the Clouds">{{cite news|last1=Roberts|first1=Brooks|title=A Hike to the Source of the Hudson River|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/10/archives/a-hike-to-the-source-of-the-hudson-river.html|access-date=March 25, 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 10, 1977|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326064223/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/04/10/archives/a-hike-to-the-source-of-the-hudson-river.html|archive-date=March 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="UAlbany Lake Tear of the Clouds">{{cite web|last=Zahavi|first=Gerald|title=Station 1A: The Source of the Hudson ~ Lake Tear of the Clouds|url=http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gz580/~fieldwork/lake_tear.html|website=www.albany.edu/|publisher=University of Albany|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050725/http://www.albany.edu/faculty/gz580/~fieldwork/lake_tear.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Adirondack Park Henderson Lake">{{cite web|title=Town of Newcomb, Essex County: Historic Tahawus Tract|url=http://www.apa.ny.gov/Press/OSI_Tahawus.htm|website=www.apa.ny.gov/|publisher=Adirondack Park Agency|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531021822/http://www.apa.ny.gov/Press/OSI_Tahawus.htm|archive-date=May 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Map of Opalescent River and Lake Tear of the Clouds">{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Lake+Tear+of+the+Clouds/@44.1082526,-73.9542882,12.75z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x4ccadcf18bb3a389:0xf3e452a481a79f2c!8m2!3d44.1070398!4d-73.9354035!5m1!1e4 |title=Lake Tear of the Clouds |access-date=March 25, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Opalescent Description">{{cite web|last1=Morrissey|first1=Spencer|title=Finding the Sources of the Hudson near Upper Works|date=April 23, 2015|url=http://www.schroonlakeregion.com/blog/2015/05/finding-sources-hudson-river|publisher=Schroon Lake Region|access-date=March 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326064220/http://www.schroonlakeregion.com/blog/2015/05/finding-sources-hudson-river|archive-date=March 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Opalescent River">{{cite news|last1=Brown|first1=Phil|title=Paddling the Upper Hudson and Opalescent Rivers|url=https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2015/07/paddling-the-upper-hudson-and-opalescent-rivers.html|access-date=March 25, 2018|publisher=Adirondack Almanack|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326065608/https://www.adirondackalmanack.com/2015/07/paddling-the-upper-hudson-and-opalescent-rivers.html|archive-date=March 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Highest Source">{{cite web|title=Lake Tear of the Clouds – Source of the Hudson River|url=http://www.lakeplacid.com/blog/2014/10/start-of-hudson-river-lake-tear-clouds|website=Lake Placid: Adirondacks, USA|publisher=Regional Office of Sustainable Tourism|access-date=March 25, 2018|date=October 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326143121/http://www.lakeplacid.com/blog/2014/10/start-of-hudson-river-lake-tear-clouds|archive-date=March 26, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Hudson River Map">{{cite map |publisher=USGS |title=Location of the Site in New York|url=http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/nwismap/?site_no=01315083&agency_cd=USGS|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231020623/http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/nwismap/?site_no=01315083&agency_cd=USGS|archive-date=December 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="RP">{{cite web|title=The Hudson River Today|publisher=The River Project|url=https://www.riverprojectnyc.org/todays-hudson-river/|access-date=January 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070207/https://www.riverprojectnyc.org/todays-hudson-river/|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}, from {{cite book|editor1-last=Levinton|editor1-first=Jeffrey S.|editor2-last=Waldman|editor2-first=John R.|title=The Hudson River Estuary|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=2006}}</ref>
<ref name="Million1">{{cite news|last=Kaminsky|first=Peter|title=Outdoors; Striped Bass and the Big City|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/06/sports/outdoors-striped-bass-and-the-big-city.html|date=January 6, 1991|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927053131/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/01/06/sports/outdoors-striped-bass-and-the-big-city.html|archive-date=September 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Million2">{{cite news|last1=Antonucci|first1=Claire|last2=Higgins|first2=Rosemary|last3=Yuhas|first3=Cathy|title=Atlantic Striped Bass|publisher=New Jersey Sea Grant Consortium Extension Program|url=http://njseagrant.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/striped-bass.pdf|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501182827/http://njseagrant.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/striped-bass.pdf|archive-date=May 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HRPark">{{cite web|title=Fish|publisher=Hudson River Park Trust|url=https://www.hudsonriverpark.org/education-and-environment/hudson-river-ecosystem/habitat-water/fish|access-date=September 26, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
<ref name="Welsh">{{cite news|last=Welsh|first=Jennifer|title=Fish Evolved to Survive GE Toxins in Hudson River|publisher=[[LiveScience]]|url=https://www.livescience.com/12897-fish-evolved-survive-ge-toxins-hudson-110218.html|date=February 17, 2011|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052928/https://www.livescience.com/12897-fish-evolved-survive-ge-toxins-hudson-110218.html|archive-date=September 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AlbanyBeef">{{cite news|last=Rittner|first=Don|title=Welcome to Sturgeonville|newspaper=[[Albany Times Union]]|url=http://blog.timesunion.com/rittner/welcome-to-sturgeonville/3024/|date=June 4, 2013|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052516/http://blog.timesunion.com/rittner/welcome-to-sturgeonville/3024/|archive-date=September 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Whale1">{{cite news|last=Walker|first=Ruth|title=A whale of a tale from old Albany|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0328/p11s03-algn.html|date=March 28, 2002|access-date=September 26, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927052518/https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/0328/p11s03-algn.html|archive-date=September 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Weehawken Cove">{{cite news|title=Waterfront park/walkway connects Hoboken to Weehawken|url=http://betterwaterfront.org/?page_id=1618|access-date=March 8, 2018|publisher=Fund for a Better Waterfront|date=April 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231329/http://betterwaterfront.org/?page_id=1618|archive-date=March 8, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Champlain Canal">{{cite web|last=Winslow|first=Mike|title=On Closing the Champlain Canal|url=http://www.lakechamplaincommittee.org/learn/lake-look/on-closing-the-champlain-canal/|website=www.lakechamplaincommittee.org|publisher=Lake Champlain Committee|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231011641/http://www.lakechamplaincommittee.org/learn/lake-look/on-closing-the-champlain-canal/|archive-date=December 31, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GWBridge">{{cite web|title=George Washington Bridge|publisher=The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|url=http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920192211/http://www.panynj.gov/bridges-tunnels/george-washington-bridge.html|archive-date=September 20, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Rittner">{{cite book|title=Troy, NY: A Collar City History|last=Rittner|first=Don|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|date=2002|isbn=0-7385-2368-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=36IWs6w6tZMC|location=[[Charleston, South Carolina]]|access-date=September 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106175653/https://books.google.com/books?id=36IWs6w6tZMC|archive-date=January 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HRR Journal">{{cite journal|last1=Aggarwala|first1=Rohit T.|title=The Hudson River Railroad and the Development of Irvington, New York, 1849,1860|journal=The Hudson Valley Regional Review|pages=51–80|url=http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/review/pdfs/hvrr_10pt2_aggarwala.pdf|access-date=June 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623225814/http://www.hudsonrivervalley.org/review/pdfs/hvrr_10pt2_aggarwala.pdf|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Livingston Ave">{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Carl|title=The Livingston Avenue Bridge|url=http://alloveralbany.com/archive/2011/02/28/the-livingston-avenue-bridge|website=All Over Albany|publisher=Uptown/Downtown Media LLC|access-date=June 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233626/http://alloveralbany.com/archive/2011/02/28/the-livingston-avenue-bridge|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Livingston Bridge Archive">{{cite web|title=The Albany Railroad Bridge|url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/albbrdg.Html|website=Catskill Archive|publisher=Harper's Weekly|access-date=June 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203161349/http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/albbrdg.Html|archive-date=December 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Freight Rail smaller rail lines">{{cite web|title=Freight Rail Service in New York State|url=https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/passenger-rail/freight-rail-service-in-new-york-state |publisher=New York State Department of Transportation |access-date=June 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908042530/https://www.dot.ny.gov/divisions/operating/opdm/passenger-rail/freight-rail-service-in-new-york-state|archive-date=September 8, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="West Shore Railway">{{citation|title=Opening the West Shore|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 5, 1883|url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/06/05/102827448.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120220830/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1883/06/05/102827448.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-20 |url-status=live|access-date=June 5, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Walkway Timeline">{{cite web|title=History: Timeline|url=https://walkway.org/history|publisher=Walkway Over the Hudson|access-date=June 7, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401162715/https://walkway.org/history|archive-date=April 1, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="Holland Tunnel">{{cite web|title=This Day in History: November 21|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/holland-tunnel-appears-on-the-cover-of-time|publisher=History Channel|access-date=June 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614181754/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/holland-tunnel-appears-on-the-cover-of-time|archive-date=June 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYC Crossings">{{cite news|last1=Blakinger|first1=Keri|title=Spanning the decades: A look at the history of New York City's tunnels and bridges|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/bridge-pics-article-1.2576529|access-date=June 7, 2017|newspaper=New York Daily News|date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501021515/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/bridge-pics-article-1.2576529|archive-date=May 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="PANYNJ">{{cite web|title=Bridges and Tunnels History|url=http://www.panynj.gov/about/history-bridges-tunnels.html|publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|access-date=June 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170529013956/http://www.panynj.gov/about/history-bridges-tunnels.html|archive-date=May 29, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Old Tapppan Zee Bridge">{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=C. J.|title=Hudson Valley Bridges: Crossings and Spans Over the Hudson River|url=http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/September-2012/Hudson-Valley-Bridges-Crossings-and-Spans-Over-the-Hudson-River/|access-date=June 7, 2017|magazine=Hudson Valley Magazine|date=August 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233958/http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/September-2012/Hudson-Valley-Bridges-Crossings-and-Spans-Over-the-Hudson-River/|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Old and New Tappan Zee Bridge">{{cite news|last1=Plotch|first1=Philip Mark|title=Lessons From the Tappan Zee Bridge|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/lessons-from-the-tappan-zee-bridge/404032/|access-date=June 7, 2017|magazine=The Atlantic|date=September 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525160914/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/09/lessons-from-the-tappan-zee-bridge/404032/|archive-date=May 25, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NT GM Plant closes">{{cite news|last1=Lueck|first1=Thomas J.|title=Auto Plant Closes and Developers See Opportunity; North Tarrytown Focuses on its Future Instead of the Past|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/27/nyregion/auto-plant-closes-developers-see-opportunity-north-tarrytown-focuses-its-future.html|access-date=June 18, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=June 27, 1996|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910040542/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/27/nyregion/auto-plant-closes-developers-see-opportunity-north-tarrytown-focuses-its-future.html|archive-date=September 10, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM">{{cite news|last1=Hammonds|first1=Keith H.|title=The Town IBM Left Behind|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1995-09-10/the-town-ibm-left-behind|access-date=June 18, 2017|publisher=Bloomberg|date=September 11, 1995|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233833/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/1995-09-10/the-town-ibm-left-behind|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="High Line National Geographic">{{cite news|last1=Goldberger|first1=Paul|title=New York's High Line|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/ny-high-line/goldberger-text|access-date=July 2, 2017|magazine=National Geographic|date=April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610065551/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/ny-high-line/goldberger-text|archive-date=June 10, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Hudson Valley revitalization">{{cite news|last1=Applebome|first1=Peter|title=Williamsburg on the Hudson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/nyregion/hudson-river-valley-draws-brooklynites.html|access-date=July 2, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 5, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702190810/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/nyregion/hudson-river-valley-draws-brooklynites.html|archive-date=July 2, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoYG-3">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/press/swim-river |title=New York State Museum – "Swim for the River" |access-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819032855/http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/press/swim-river |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Tarrytown to Nyack">{{cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Joseph|title=A Colossal Bridge Will Rise Across the Hudson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/nyregion/a-colossal-bridge-will-rise-across-the-hudson.html|access-date=June 7, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827164306/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/20/nyregion/a-colossal-bridge-will-rise-across-the-hudson.html|archive-date=August 27, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HV Historic Sites Map">{{cite map|title=Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area|url=https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/attachments/StaatsburghNationalHeritageArea-HudsonRiverValleyMap.pdf|publisher=Hudson River Valley Greenway|access-date=May 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207211631/https://parks.ny.gov/historic-sites/attachments/StaatsburghNationalHeritageArea-HudsonRiverValleyMap.pdf|archive-date=February 7, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HRHistDist">{{cite web|title=The Hudson River National Historic Landmark District|url=http://www.hudsonriverheritage.org/?page_id=330|publisher=Hudson River Heritage|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118040931/http://www.hudsonriverheritage.org/?page_id=330|archive-date=November 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AmericanHeritageRiver">{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William Jefferson|author-link=Bill Clinton|title=Designation of American Heritage Rivers|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-112/pdf/STATUTE-112-Pg3782.pdf|publisher=[[United States Government Printing Office]]|date=July 30, 1998|access-date=November 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108231344/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-112/pdf/STATUTE-112-Pg3782.pdf|archive-date=November 8, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoYG-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrnerr.org/|title=Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve|publisher=[[Hudson River National Estuarine Research Reserve]]|access-date=February 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220113120/https://www.hrnerr.org/|archive-date=December 20, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="Canal Locks">{{cite web|title=Lock Information|url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/wwwapps/boating/locks.aspx|website=Canal Corporation|publisher=New York State Canal Corporation|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606215525/http://www.canals.ny.gov/wwwapps/boating/locks.aspx|archive-date=June 6, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Metro-North Map">{{cite map |title =Metro-North Railroad |year =2011 |url =http://web.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm |publisher =Metropolitan Transportation Authority |access-date =May 27, 2017 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170525010734/http://web.mta.info/mnr/html/mnrmap.htm |archive-date =May 25, 2017 |url-status =live}}</ref>
<ref name="CSX River Subdivision">{{cite news|last1=Anderson|first1=Eric|title=Amtrak leasing track corridor|url=http://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Amtrak-leasing-track-corridor-2223867.php|access-date=May 28, 2017|newspaper=Times Union|date=October 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233831/http://www.timesunion.com/business/article/Amtrak-leasing-track-corridor-2223867.php|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="CSX Rail Yards">{{cite news|last1=Fries|first1=Amanda|title=Jersey-bound train sideswipes cars in derailment at Selkirk yard|date=August 14, 2016|url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Jersey-bound-train-sideswipes-cars-in-derailment-9142107.php|newspaper=Times Union|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909233412/http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Jersey-bound-train-sideswipes-cars-in-derailment-9142107.php|archive-date=September 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="North Bergen Yard">{{cite web|title=North Bergen, NJ << View locations served|url=http://www.intermodal.com/index.cfm/channel-partners/locations-served/terminal-details/?Core=true&terminal_id=40|website=Channel Partners|publisher=CSX Transportation|access-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601194815/http://www.intermodal.com/index.cfm/channel-partners/locations-served/terminal-details/?terminal_id=40&Core=true|archive-date=June 1, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HudsonRiverEstuary">{{cite book|last1=Levinton|first1=Jeffrey S.|last2=Waldman|first2=John R.|title=The Hudson River Estuary|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521207983|oclc=60245415|url=http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/44789/excerpt/9780521844789_excerpt.pdf|pages=1–10|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308002418/http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/44789/excerpt/9780521844789_excerpt.pdf|archive-date=March 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoYG-4">John Waldman; ''Heartbeats in the Muck''; {{ISBN|1-55821-720-7}} The Lyons Press; (2000)</ref>
<ref name="AutoKB-1">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/aboriginalplacen00beau/aboriginalplacen00beau_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Aboriginal place names of New York" |access-date=July 10, 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoKB-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.delawaretribe.org/services-and-programs/historic-preservation/states-and-counties-covered-by-dthpo/|title=Tribes|publisher=delawaretribe.org|access-date=September 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912234100/http://delawaretribe.org/services-and-programs/historic-preservation/states-and-counties-covered-by-dthpo/|archive-date=September 12, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYT on Muhheakantuck">{{cite news|last=Gennochio|first=Benjamin|title=The River's Meaning to Indians, Before and After Hudson|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/nyregion/06artwe.html?_r=1&|access-date=December 30, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=September 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123014902/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/nyregion/06artwe.html?_r=1&|archive-date=November 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Hudson, Charles H 1874, p. 1-2">History of the County of Hudson, Charles H. Winfield, 1874, p. 1-2</ref>
<ref name="RiodeMontagne">{{cite book|last=Ingersoll|first=Ernest|title=Rand McNally & Co.'s Illustrated Guide to the Hudson River and Catskill Mountains|date=1893|publisher=[[Rand, McNally & Company]]|location=[[Chicago, Illinois]]|page=19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TRECAAAAYAAJ|access-date=January 6, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518160216/https://books.google.com/books?id=TRECAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=May 18, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
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<ref name="steinhauer">{{cite news|last=Steinhauer|first=Jennifer|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/15/nyregion/fyi-130591.html|title=Smell of the Forest|newspaper=The New York Times|date=May 15, 1994|access-date=December 30, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526104158/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/15/nyregion/fyi-130591.html|archive-date=May 26, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Stanne">{{cite book|last1=Stanne|first1=Stephen P.|last2=Panetta|first2=Roger G.|last3=Forist|first3=Brian E.|title=The Hudson, An Illustrated Guide to the Living River|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qinH2oIp5CAC|date=1996|publisher=Rutgers University Press |location=New Brunswick, NJ |isbn=9780813522715|oclc=32859161|access-date=September 7, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501020754/https://books.google.com/books?id=qinH2oIp5CAC|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="nytimes carwitham">{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|title=Some Credit for Henry Hudson, Found in a 280-Year-Old Map|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 8, 2017|url=https://nyti.ms/2m2vzJc}}</ref>
<ref name="America's Rhine">{{cite magazine|title=The Hudson River: Autumn Peace Broods over America's Rhine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0IEAAAAMBAJ|magazine=[[Life (magazine)|Life]]|date=October 2, 1939|page=57|access-date=December 31, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501011917/https://books.google.com/books?id=N0IEAAAAMBAJ|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Marist Native Americans">{{cite web|last1=Alfieri|first1=J.|last2=Berardis|first2=A.|last3=Smith|first3=E.|last4=Mackin|first4=J.|last5=Muller|first5=W.|last6=Lake|first6=R.|last7=Lehmkulh|first7=P.|title=The Lenapes: A study of Hudson Valley Indians|url=http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/halfmoon/lenape/indexm.htm|publisher=Marist College|access-date=May 25, 2017|location=Poughkeepsie, New York|date=June 3, 1999|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208105215/http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/halfmoon/lenape/indexm.htm|archive-date=December 8, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="Native Americans HVMag">{{cite magazine|last1=Levine|first1=David|title=Hudson Valley's Tribal History|url=http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/July-2016/The-Native-People-of-the-Hudson-Valley/|access-date=May 24, 2017|magazine=Hudson Valley Magazine|date=June 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524131818/http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/July-2016/The-Native-People-of-the-Hudson-Valley/|archive-date=May 24, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="TroyUnionBridge">{{cite news|title=Troy Union Bridge Burned|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/07/11/106119581.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120211620/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/07/11/106119581.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-20 |url-status=live|access-date=December 30, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 11, 1909}}</ref>
<ref name="upi.com">{{cite news|first=Gerry|last=Harrington|title=Movement afoot to name bridge after Pete Seeger|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Music/2014/01/31/Movement-afoot-to-name-bridge-after-Pete-Seeger/UPI-15581391204873/|work=[[United Press International]]|date=January 31, 2014|access-date=February 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203082935/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Music/2014/01/31/Movement-afoot-to-name-bridge-after-Pete-Seeger/UPI-15581391204873/|archive-date=February 3, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="AutoD3-29">{{cite journal|last1=Levinton|first1=J.S.|last2=Ochron|first2=S.T.P.|year=2008|title=Temporal and geographic trends in mercury concentrations in muscle tissue in five species of hudson river, USA, fish |journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|volume=27|issue=8|pages=1691–1697|doi=10.1897/07-438.1|pmid=18266478|bibcode=2008EnvTC..27.1691L |s2cid=86320742}}</ref>
<ref name="nysdec">{{cite web|title=Hudson River Estuary Program: Cleaning the river: Improving water quality |publisher=NYSDEC |location=Albany, NY |page=24|year=2007|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrepc.pdf|access-date=December 31, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227042436/http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/remediation_hudson_pdf/hrepc.pdf <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archive-date=February 27, 2008}}</ref>
<ref name="Waterkeeper">{{cite web|title=About us|url=https://waterkeeper.org/about/|publisher=Waterkeeper Alliance|access-date=March 8, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315023202/https://waterkeeper.org/about/|archive-date=March 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="remediation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/77105.html|title=How is the Hudson Doing?|website=Hudson River Estuary Program|publisher=NYSDEC|access-date=November 24, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119075142/http://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/77105.html|archive-date=November 19, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad">{{cite web|last1=Whittemore|first1=Whitemore|title=Fullfilment of the Remarkable Prophecies Relating to the Development of Railroad Transportation|url=http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnyrr.Html|publisher=Catskill Archives|access-date=March 14, 2018|date=1909|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805114234/http://www.catskillarchive.com/rrextra/abnyrr.html|archive-date=August 5, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Green Island Bridge">{{cite news|last1=McLaren|first1=Megan|title=A lot of history behind this bridge|url=http://www.troyrecord.com/article/TR/20100719/NEWS/307199993|access-date=March 14, 2018|publisher=The Record News|date=July 19, 2010|location=Troy, New York|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315133240/http://www.troyrecord.com/article/TR/20100719/NEWS/307199993|archive-date=March 15, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="GMaps Troy Dam to Green Island Bridge">{{Google maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Troy+Lock,+Troy,+NY+12180/Green+Island+Bridge,+Green+Island,+NY/@42.7429558,-73.695532,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x89de0fc7066fe183:0xf8d648da2bb69aba!2m2!1d-73.6856738!2d42.7511892!1m5!1m1!1s0x89de0faf29936e9d:0x6ccc8999b8315d82!2m2!1d-73.6910334!2d42.7360782!3e0 |title=Troy Lock to Green Island Bridge|access-date=March 14, 2018}}</ref>
<ref name="Troy-Waterford Bridge">{{cite news|last1=Crowe II|first1=Kenneth C.|title=Crack closes bridge over Hudson River|url=http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Crack-closes-bridge-over-Hudson-River-5002624.php|newspaper=Times Union|date=November 22, 2013|publisher=timesunion.com|access-date=February 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205045240/http://www.timesunion.com/local/article/Crack-closes-bridge-over-Hudson-River-5002624.php|archive-date=February 5, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="EPA2">{{cite web |title=Ecological Risk Assessment |url=http://www3.epa.gov/hudson/era.htm |date=August 1999 |website=Hudson River PCBs |publisher=EPA |location=New York, NY |access-date=December 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102035346/https://www3.epa.gov/hudson/era.htm |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NY Times Verrazano">{{cite news|title=Giovanni Verrazano|work=The New York Times|date=September 15, 1909|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/09/15/101896815.html?pageNumber=8}}</ref>
<ref name="Henry Hudson">{{cite web |last1=Cleveland |first1=Henry R. |title=Henry Hudson Explores the Hudson River |url=http://history-world.org/henry_hudson.htm |website=history-world.org |publisher=International World History Project |access-date=February 3, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705060007/http://history-world.org/henry_hudson.htm |archive-date=July 5, 2015 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>
<ref name="Overview of Dutch colonization NPS">{{cite web |title=Dutch Colonies |url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624080033/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |archive-date=June 24, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="New Netherland Cornell">{{cite book |last1=Rink |first1=Oliver A. |title=Holland on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York |date=1986 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca, New York |isbn=978-0801495854 |pages=17–23, 264–266}}</ref>
<ref name="Capture of New Amsterdam">{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Sam |title=350 Years Ago, New Amsterdam Became New York. Don't Expect a Party. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/nyregion/new-yorks-350th-birthday-party-your-invitation-isnt-lost-in-the-mail.html?_r=0 |access-date=June 26, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301235052/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/26/nyregion/new-yorks-350th-birthday-party-your-invitation-isnt-lost-in-the-mail.html?_r=0 |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Colonial British NY">{{cite journal |last1=Leitner |first1=Jonathan |title=Transitions in the Colonial Hudson Valley: Capitalist, Bulk Goods, and Braudelian |journal=Journal of World-Systems Research |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=214–246 |doi=10.5195/JWSR.2016.615 |year=2016 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
<ref name="Albany Congress NYS">{{cite web |last1=Bielinski |first1=Stefan |title=The Albany Congress |url=https://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/albanycongress.html |website=The Albany Congress |publisher=New York State Museum |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231191915/http://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/albanycongress.html |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Albany City Hall Location NYS">{{cite web |title=City Hall |url=http://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/loc/cityhall.html |website=New York State Museum |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231191033/http://exhibitions.nysm.nysed.gov/albany/loc/cityhall.html |archive-date=December 31, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Albany Plan of Union">{{cite web |title=Albany Plan of Union, 1754 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/albany-plan |website=Milestones: 1750–1775 |publisher=[[Office of the Historian]] |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053238/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/albany-plan |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Iroquois Treaty Albany">{{cite web |title=Albany Congress |url=http://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/albany-congress/ |website=American History Central |publisher=R.Squared Communications LLC |access-date=January 5, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105180452/http://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/albany-congress/ |archive-date=January 5, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="West Point Chain">{{cite web | last1=Mansinne | first1=Major Andrew Jr. |title=The West Point Chain and Hudson River Obstructions in the Revolutionary War |url=http://desmondfishlibrary.org/lisa/RevolutionaryWarLocalHistorychain.pdf |website=desmondfishlibrary.org |publisher=Desmond Fish Library |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326221606/http://desmondfishlibrary.org/lisa/RevolutionaryWarLocalHistorychain.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Saratoga">{{cite book |last1=Carroll |first1=John Martin |last2=Baxter |first2=Colin F. |title=The American Military Tradition: From Colonial Times to the Present |date=August 2006 |publisher=Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. |location=Lanham, Maryland |isbn=9780742544284 |pages=14–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UMuKtxqRH8wC&pg=PA14 |access-date=March 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430190652/https://books.google.com/books?id=UMuKtxqRH8wC&pg=PA14 |archive-date=April 30, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYTimes Battle of Long Island">{{cite news |last1=Hevesi |first1=Dennis |title=A Crucial Battle in the Revolution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/27/nyregion/a-crucial-battle-in-the-revolution.html |access-date=March 8, 2016 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309050810/http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/27/nyregion/a-crucial-battle-in-the-revolution.html |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Battle of Harlem Heights">{{cite journal |last=Shepherd |first=Joshua |date=April 15, 2014 |title="Cursedly Thrashed": The Battle of Harlem Heights |url=http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/04/cursedly-thrashed-the-battle-of-harlem-heights/ |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |access-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219164612/http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/04/cursedly-thrashed-the-battle-of-harlem-heights/ |archive-date=February 19, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Westchester Magazine White Plains">{{cite journal |last1=Borkow |first1=Richard |title=Westchester County, New York and the Revolutionary War: The Battle of White Plains (1776) |journal=Westchester Magazine |date=July 2013 |url=http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/July-2013/Westchester-County-New-York-and-the-Revolutionary-War-The-Battle-of-White-Plains-1776/ |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075026/http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/July-2013/Westchester-County-New-York-and-the-Revolutionary-War-The-Battle-of-White-Plains-1776/ |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Battle of the Hudson Highlands">{{cite journal |last1=Mark |first1=Steven Paul |title=Too Little, Too Late: Battle Of The Hudson Highlands |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |date=November 20, 2013 |url=http://allthingsliberty.com/2013/11/little-late-battle-hudson-highlands/ |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310075315/http://allthingsliberty.com/2013/11/little-late-battle-hudson-highlands/ |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Great West Point Chain">{{cite journal |last1=Harrington |first1=Hugh T. |title=he Great West Point Chain |journal=Journal of the American Revolution |date=September 25, 2014 |url=http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/09/the-great-west-point-chain/ |access-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310135729/http://allthingsliberty.com/2014/09/the-great-west-point-chain/ |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HRS">{{cite book |last1=Kornhauser |first1=Elizabeth Mankin |last2=Ellis |first2=Amy |last3=Miesmer |first3=Maureen |title=Hudson River School: Masterworks from the Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art |publisher=Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ylDWtpAGqrkC |date=2003 |access-date=June 26, 2016 |isbn=0300101163 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103204835/https://books.google.com/books?id=ylDWtpAGqrkC |archive-date=January 3, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Pastoral">{{cite news |title=The Panoramic River: the Hudson and the Thames |publisher=Hudson River Museum |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfLSAQAAQBAJ |date=2013 |access-date=June 23, 2016 |isbn=978-0-943651-43-9}}</ref>
<ref name="God Nature Hudson River School">{{cite web |title=The Hudson River School: Nationalism, Romanticism, and the Celebration of the American Landscape |url=http://www.history.vt.edu/Barrow/Hist3144/readings/hudsonriver/ |publisher=Virginia Tech History Department |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030053516/http://www.history.vt.edu/Barrow/Hist3144/readings/hudsonriver/ |archive-date=October 30, 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Met">{{cite journal |last=Avery |first=Kevin J. |title=The Hudson River School |journal=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |location=New York |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hurs/hd_hurs.htm |date=October 2004 |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614020928/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hurs/hd_hurs.htm |archive-date=June 14, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Europe">{{cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Louise |title=East meets West: The Hudson River School at LACMA |publisher=Apollo |url=http://www.apollo-magazine.com/east-meets-west-hudson-river-school-lacma/ |date=January 19, 2015 |access-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812022645/http://www.apollo-magazine.com/east-meets-west-hudson-river-school-lacma/ |archive-date=August 12, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Writers and Hudson River School">{{cite web|last1=Oelschlaeger|first1=Max|title=The Roots of Preservation: Emerson, Thoreau, and the Hudson River School|url=http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntwilderness/essays/preserva.htm|website=Nature Transformed|publisher=National Humanities Center|access-date=June 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623232458/http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntwilderness/essays/preserva.htm|archive-date=June 23, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="otoole">{{cite book |last=O'Toole |first=Judith H. |title=Different Views in Hudson River School Painting |year=2005 |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GstU4IilVdYC |isbn=9780231138208 |access-date=June 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513073523/https://books.google.com/books?id=GstU4IilVdYC |archive-date=May 13, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="hag">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alexander |title=Thomas Cole (1801–1848). The Dawn of the Hudson River School |url=http://hamiltonauctiongalleries.com/Cole.htm |publisher=Hamilton Auction Galleries |access-date=December 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314171857/http://hamiltonauctiongalleries.com/Cole.htm |archive-date=March 14, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYS Canals">{{cite web |title=Canal History |url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/history.html |website=www.canals.ny.gov |publisher=New York State Canal Corporation |access-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307182046/http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/history.html |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="NYS Canals Story">{{cite web |last1=Finch |first1=Roy G. |title=The Story of the New York State Canals |url=http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf |website=www.canals.ny.gov |publisher=New York State Canals Corporation |access-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182408/http://www.canals.ny.gov/history/finch_history.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Canal Era">{{cite web |title=Canal Era |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/25a.asp |website=www.ushistory.org/ |publisher=U.S. History |access-date=March 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205214/http://www.ushistory.org/us/25a.asp |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Erie Canalway">{{cite web |title=Erie Canalway |url=http://www.eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture |website=www.eriecanalway.org |publisher=Erie Canalway |access-date=March 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307111456/http://www.eriecanalway.org/learn/history-culture |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="HVG Delaware-Hudson Canal">{{cite magazine |last1=Levine |first1=David |title=How the Delaware & Hudson Canal Fueled the Valley |url=http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/August-2010/How-the-Delaware-amp-Hudson-Canal-Fueled-the-Valley/ |access-date=March 7, 2016 |magazine=Hudson Valley Magazine |date=August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307113911/http://www.hvmag.com/Hudson-Valley-Magazine/August-2010/How-the-Delaware-amp-Hudson-Canal-Fueled-the-Valley/ |archive-date=March 7, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Industry">{{cite news |last=Harmon |first=Daniel E. |title=The Hudson River |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94vtvTNIjycC |date=2004 |isbn=9781438125183 |access-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214142742/https://books.google.com/books?id=94vtvTNIjycC |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Hunter1985">{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=Louis C. |title=A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 2: Steam Power |year=1985 |publisher=University Press of Virginia |location=Charlottesville, Virginia}}</ref>
<ref name="wetlands expansion">{{cite news|last1=Friedlander|first1=Blaine|title=As sea level rises, Hudson River wetlands may expand|url=http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2016/06/sea-level-rises-hudson-river-wetlands-may-expand|access-date=December 8, 2017|newspaper=Cornell Chronicle|date=June 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208122503/http://news.cornell.edu/stories/2016/06/sea-level-rises-hudson-river-wetlands-may-expand|archive-date=December 8, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Battery Park and Ellis Island">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Directions: Directions to Statue Cruises|url=https://www.statuecruises.com/faq/directions-faq|publisher=Statue Cruises|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704184457/https://www.statuecruises.com/faq/directions-faq|archive-date=July 4, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Riverside Park">{{cite web|title=Riverside Park|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/riverside-park|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|access-date=March 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050402/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/riverside-park|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Bear Mountain State Park">{{cite web|title=Bear Mountain State Park|url=https://parks.ny.gov/parks/13/details.aspx|publisher=New York State Office of Parks and Historic Preservation|access-date=March 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421102311/https://parks.ny.gov/parks/13/details.aspx|archive-date=April 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Storm King Mt">{{cite news|last1=Revkin|first1=Andrew C.|title=How a Hudson Highlands Mountain Shaped Tussles Over Energy and the Environment|url=https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/how-a-hudson-highlands-mountain-shaped-tussles-over-energy-and-the-environment/|access-date=March 24, 2018|date=April 14, 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050102/https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/04/14/how-a-hudson-highlands-mountain-shaped-tussles-over-energy-and-the-environment/|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Moreau Lake State Park">{{cite web|title=Moreau Lake State Park|url=https://parks.ny.gov/parks/150/hunting.aspx|publisher=New York State Office of Parks and Historic Preservation|access-date=March 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045958/https://parks.ny.gov/parks/150/hunting.aspx|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="High Peaks">{{cite web|last1=Shapley|first1=Dan|title=Protecting Hudson River headwaters in the High Peaks|date=December 23, 2016|url=https://www.riverkeeper.org/blogs/docket/protecting-hudson-river-headwaters-high-peaks/|publisher=Riverkeeper|access-date=March 23, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231160419/http://www.riverkeeper.org/blogs/docket/protecting-hudson-river-headwaters-high-peaks/|archive-date=December 31, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Croton Point Park">{{cite web|title=Croton Point Park|url=http://parks.westchestergov.com/croton-point-park|publisher=Westchester County|access-date=March 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045503/http://parks.westchestergov.com/croton-point-park|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Fishing1">{{cite news|title=Hudson River & Tributaries Region Fish Advisories|publisher=New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/fish/health_advisories/regional/hudson_river_and_tributaries.htm#table|date=April 2017|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913124719/https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/fish/health_advisories/regional/hudson_river_and_tributaries.htm#table|archive-date=September 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Fishing2">{{cite news|title=Hudson River: Health Advice on Eating Fish You Catch|publisher=NYSDOH |url=https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2794.pdf|date=February 2017|access-date=October 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005051303/https://www.health.ny.gov/publications/2794.pdf|archive-date=October 5, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
{{Library resources box|by=no|onlinebooksabout=yes|others=yes|about=yes|label=Hudson River|viaf=|lccn= |lcheading=|wikititle=Hudson River}}
* {{cite book|last=Adams|first=Arthur G.|title=The Hudson River Guidebook|publisher=[[Fordham University Press]]|location=New York|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIkHuzvZTGYC|date=1996|isbn=0-8232-1679-9|lccn=96-1894}} For a comprehensive guide to aspects of the river.

==External links==
{{Attached KML|from=Hudson River}}
{{Sister project links|wikt=Hudson River|commons=Hudson River|q=no|s=Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Hudson River|v=no|n=Hudson River|voy=Hudson River|d=Q3140|display=Hudson River}}
* [http://www.hrmm.org/ Hudson River Maritime Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100617031537/http://www.beczak.org/ Beczak Environmental Education Center]
* [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/87372-1 Tocqueville in Newburgh] – an ''[[Alexis de Tocqueville Tour]]'' segment on Hudson River steamship travel in the 1830s

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[[Category:Hudson River| ]]
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