Editing Howard, Kansas

{{Short description|City in Elk County, Kansas}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name                     = Howard, Kansas
|settlement_type          = [[City]] and [[County seat]]

<!-- Images -->
|image_skyline            =
|image_caption            =
|image_flag               =
|image_seal               =

<!-- Maps -->
|image_map                = Elk_County_Kansas_Incorporated_and_Unincorporated_areas_Howard_Highlighted.svg
|map_caption              = Location within [[Elk County, Kansas|Elk County]] and [[Kansas]]
|image_map1               = Map of Elk Co, Ks, USA.png
|map_caption1             = [[Kansas Department of Transportation|KDOT]] map of [[Elk County, Kansas|Elk County]] ([[:File:Kansas official transportation map legend.png|legend]])

<!-- Location -->
|coordinates_footnotes    = <ref name="GNIS"/>
|coordinates              = {{coord|37|28|10|N|96|15|47|W|region:US-KS_type:city_source:GNIS|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type         = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
|subdivision_name         = United States
|subdivision_type1        = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_name1        = [[Kansas]]
|subdivision_type2        = [[List of counties in Kansas|County]]
|subdivision_name2        = [[Elk County, Kansas|Elk]]
|subdivision_type3        = [[List of townships in Kansas|Township]]
|subdivision_name3        =

<!-- Established -->
|established_title        = Founded
|established_date         = 1870
|established_title1       = [[Platted]]
|established_date1        =
|established_title2       = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date2        = 1877
|named_for                = [[Oliver O. Howard]]

<!-- Government -->
|government_footnotes     = <ref name="gov1">{{cite web |title=City of Howard |url=https://www.lkm.org/members/?id=41260774 |website=The League of Kansas Municipalities |date=May 29, 2019}}</ref>
|government_type          = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
|leader_title             = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name              = Richard Clark<ref name=mayor>{{cite web |title=City Council |url=https://cityofhoward.org/City-Council |website=City of Howard, Kansas |publisher=City of Howard, Kansas |access-date=29 August 2024}}</ref>

<!-- Area -->
|area_footnotes           = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_20.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref>
|area_total_sq_mi         = 0.69
|area_land_sq_mi          = 0.69
|area_water_sq_mi         = 0.00
|area_total_km2           = 1.80
|area_land_km2            = 1.80
|area_water_km2           = 0.00
|unit_pref                = Imperial

<!-- Elevation -->
|elevation_footnotes      = <ref name="GNIS"/>
|elevation_ft             = 1040

<!-- Population -->
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="Census-2020-Profile"/>
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
|population_total         = 570
|pop_est_footnotes        =
|pop_est_as_of            =
|population_est           =
|population_density_sq_mi = auto
|population_density_km2   = auto

<!-- General information -->
|timezone                 = [[Central Time Zone|CST]]
|utc_offset               = -6
|timezone_DST             = CDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -5
|postal_code_type         = [[ZIP code]]
|postal_code              = 67349
|area_code_type           = [[North American Numbering Plan|Area code]]
|area_code                = [[Area code 620|620]]
|blank_name               = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
|blank_info               = {{FIPS|20|33250}}
|blank1_name              = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS ID]]
|blank1_info              = 2394429<ref name="GNIS">{{GNIS|2394429}}</ref>
|website                  = {{URL|https://cityofhoward.org/|cityofhoward.org}}
}}


'''Howard''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Elk County, Kansas|Elk County]], [[Kansas]], United States.<ref name="GNIS" />  As of the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]], the population of the city was 570.<ref name="Census-2020-Profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Howard, Kansas in 2020 |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2033250 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504101409/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2033250 |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |access-date=May 4, 2022 |publisher=United States Census Bureau}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|History of Kansas}}
Howard was founded in 1870, and it was incorporated as a city in 1877.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blackmar, Frank Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8X5krq3fP8C&pg=PA876 |title=Kansas: A Cyclopedia of State History, Embracing Events, Institutions, Industries, Counties, Cities, Towns, Prominent Persons, Etc. |publisher=Standard Publishing Company |year=1912 |isbn=9780722249055 |pages=876}}</ref> Howard was named after [[Oliver O. Howard]], a Union Army general during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and founder of [[Howard University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rydjord |first=John |title=Kansas Place-Names |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1972 |isbn=0-8061-0994-7 |location=Norman |page=202}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile for Howard, Kansas |url=http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=4727 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153538/http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=4727 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |access-date=9 June 2014 |publisher=[[ePodunk]]}}</ref>  The first post office in Howard was established in February, 1870.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961 (archived) |url=http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county:EK |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131009134609/http://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_postoffices/search/county%3AEK |archive-date=9 October 2013 |access-date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Kansas Historical Society}}</ref> As of 1901, Howard was a [[sundown town]] where African Americans were not allowed to live.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 9, 1901 |title=Kansas Items |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29070815/ |work=[[Fairview Enterprise]] |location=Fairview, Kansas |page=3 |via=Newspapers.com |quote=[[Nortonville, Kansas|Nortonville]] and Howard are two Kansas towns where negroes are not allowed to live.}}</ref>

==Geography==
According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|0.70|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, all  land.<ref name="Gazetteer files">{{Cite web |title=US Gazetteer files 2010 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt |archive-date=2012-01-25 |access-date=2012-07-06 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref>

===Climate===
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.  According to the [[Köppen Climate Classification]] system, Howard has a [[humid subtropical climate]], abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howard, Kansas Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=228341&cityname=Howard,+Kansas,+United+States+of+America&units= |website=Weatherbase}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Howard, Kansas, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1907–present
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes

|Jan record high F = 79
|Feb record high F = 88
|Mar record high F = 94
|Apr record high F = 97
|May record high F = 99
|Jun record high F = 108
|Jul record high F = 115
|Aug record high F = 111
|Sep record high F = 109
|Oct record high F = 98
|Nov record high F = 90
|Dec record high F = 80

|Jan avg record high F = 67.1
|Feb avg record high F = 71.9
|Mar avg record high F = 79.7
|Apr avg record high F = 85.8
|May avg record high F = 89.3
|Jun avg record high F = 93.7
|Jul avg record high F = 99.8
|Aug avg record high F = 100.3
|Sep avg record high F = 95.9
|Oct avg record high F = 87.1
|Nov avg record high F = 76.2
|Dec avg record high F = 67.4
|year avg record high F = 101.9

|Jan high F = 43.5
|Feb high F = 48.5
|Mar high F = 58.6
|Apr high F = 68.2
|May high F = 76.2
|Jun high F = 85.0
|Jul high F = 90.4
|Aug high F = 90.0
|Sep high F = 82.4
|Oct high F = 70.7
|Nov high F = 57.3
|Dec high F = 46.0
|year high F = 

|Jan mean F = 31.7
|Feb mean F = 35.9
|Mar mean F = 45.4
|Apr mean F = 55.4
|May mean F = 64.9
|Jun mean F = 74.1
|Jul mean F = 78.9
|Aug mean F = 77.7
|Sep mean F = 69.4
|Oct mean F = 57.4
|Nov mean F = 44.7
|Dec mean F = 34.6
|year mean F = 

|Jan low F = 19.9
|Feb low F = 23.3
|Mar low F = 32.3
|Apr low F = 42.5
|May low F = 53.5
|Jun low F = 63.1
|Jul low F = 67.5
|Aug low F = 65.4
|Sep low F = 56.5
|Oct low F = 44.1
|Nov low F = 32.1
|Dec low F = 23.3
|year low F = 

|Jan avg record low F = 2.4
|Feb avg record low F = 8.0
|Mar avg record low F = 14.9
|Apr avg record low F = 27.8
|May avg record low F = 38.9
|Jun avg record low F = 52.1
|Jul avg record low F = 58.7
|Aug avg record low F = 55.6
|Sep avg record low F = 41.6
|Oct avg record low F = 27.8
|Nov avg record low F = 16.1
|Dec avg record low F = 6.7
|year avg record low F = -1.1

|Jan record low F = -17
|Feb record low F = -18
|Mar record low F = -2
|Apr record low F = 15
|May record low F = 27
|Jun record low F = 42
|Jul record low F = 47
|Aug record low F = 43
|Sep record low F = 27
|Oct record low F = 12
|Nov record low F = -3
|Dec record low F = -17

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 1.03
|Feb precipitation inch = 1.73
|Mar precipitation inch = 2.75
|Apr precipitation inch = 3.63
|May precipitation inch = 5.09
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.69
|Jul precipitation inch = 4.01
|Aug precipitation inch = 3.59
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.54
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.52
|Nov precipitation inch = 2.23
|Dec precipitation inch = 1.77
|year precipitation inch = 

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 4.1
|Feb precipitation days = 4.8
|Mar precipitation days = 6.8
|Apr precipitation days = 7.9
|May precipitation days = 9.6
|Jun precipitation days = 8.6
|Jul precipitation days = 7.6
|Aug precipitation days = 6.4
|Sep precipitation days = 6.7
|Oct precipitation days = 6.3
|Nov precipitation days = 5.1
|Dec precipitation days = 4.9

|Jan snow inch = 2.2
|Feb snow inch = 0.8
|Mar snow inch = 0.9
|Apr snow inch = 0.1
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.0
|Nov snow inch = 0.9
|Dec snow inch = 1.5
|year snow inch = 

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 1.6
|Feb snow days = 1.2
|Mar snow days = 0.6
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.3
|Dec snow days = 1.4

|Jan snow depth inch = 
|Feb snow depth inch = 
|Mar snow depth inch = 
|Apr snow depth inch = 
|May snow depth inch = 
|Jun snow depth inch = 
|Jul snow depth inch = 
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|Dec snow depth inch = 
|year snow depth inch = 

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name="NOAA">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Howard, KS |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00143822&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL |access-date=November 21, 2023 |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref>
|source 2 = National Weather Service<ref name="NOWData">{{Cite web |title=NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Wichita |url=https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=ict |access-date=November 21, 2023 |publisher=National Weather Service}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|align=left
|1880= 683
|1890= 1015
|1900= 1207
|1910= 1163
|1920= 1060
|1930= 1069
|1940= 1170
|1950= 1149
|1960= 1017
|1970= 918
|1980= 965
|1990= 815
|2000= 808
|2010= 687
|2020= 570
|estyear=
|estimate=
|estref=
|align-fn=center
|footnote=[https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html U.S. Decennial Census]
}}

===2020 census===
The [[2020 United States census]] counted 570 people, 268 households, and 148 families in Howard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P16: HOUSEHOLD TYPE |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20p16&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The population density was 808.5 per square mile (312.2/km{{sup|2}}). There were 347 housing units at an average density of 492.2 per square mile (190.0/km{{sup|2}}).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table DP1: PROFILE OF GENERAL POPULATION AND HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDP2020.DP1?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20dp1 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/2020/geo/gazetter-file.html |access-date=2023-12-30 |website=Census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> The racial makeup was 90.88% (518) [[White (U.S. Census)|white]] or [[European American]] (89.12% [[Non-Hispanic White|non-Hispanic white]]), 0.35% (2) [[African American (U.S. Census)|black]] or [[African American|African-American]], 1.23% (7) [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]] or [[Alaska Native]], 0.18% (1) [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.0% (0) [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]] or [[Native Hawaiian]], 1.05% (6) from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 6.32% (36) from [[Multiracial Americans|two or more races]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P1: RACE |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P1?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20p1&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race was 4.56% (26) of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table P2: HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE |url=https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALPL2020.P2?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20p2&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

Of the 268 households, 20.1% had children under the age of 18; 44.8% were married couples living together; 35.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 39.9% of households consisted of individuals and 28.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.<ref name=":0" /> The average household size was 2.1 and the average family size was 2.8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1101: HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1101?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s1101%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher was estimated to be 21.2% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1501: EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1501?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s1501%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

23.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 3.3% from 18 to 24, 17.7% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 29.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.7 males.<ref name=":0" /> For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 123.1 males.<ref name=":0" />

The 2016-2020 5-year [[American Community Survey]] estimates show that the median household income was $39,750 (with a margin of error of +/- $14,890) and the median family income was $61,167 (+/- $6,692).<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1903: MEDIAN INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1903?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s1903%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Males had a median income of $38,750 (+/- $13,936) versus $13,500 (+/- $9,870) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $26,944 (+/- $7,633).<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S2001: EARNINGS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS (IN 2020 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS) |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S2001?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s2001%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref> Approximately, 11.4% of families and 23.7% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 26.8% of those under the age of 18 and 14.4% of those ages 65 or over.<ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1701: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1701?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s1701%20&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US Census Bureau, Table S1702: POVERTY STATUS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS OF FAMILIES |url=https://data.census.gov/table/ACSST5Y2020.S1702?q=Howard%20city,%20Kansas%20s1702&y=2020 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=data.census.gov}}</ref>

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2010, there were 687 people, 318 households, and 176 families residing in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|981.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 415 housing units at an average density of {{convert|592.9|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 95.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 1.6% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.4% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.6% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 2.3% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 318 households, of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.1% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 44.7% were non-families. 41.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.74.

The median age in the city was 49.6 years. 19.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.6% were from 25 to 44; 27.3% were from 45 to 64; and 28.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.3% male and 52.7% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Census website |url=https://www.census.gov |access-date=2008-01-31 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]}}</ref> of 2000, there were 808 people, 350 households, and 215 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|1,154.6|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 452 housing units at an average density of {{convert|645.9|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 94.93% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.25% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 1.24% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.62% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.62% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.35% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 1.98% of the population.

There were 350 households, out of which 24.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 6.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.3% were non-families. 37.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 23.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.16 and the average family size was 2.83.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 19.2% from 25 to 44, 22.8% from 45 to 64, and 30.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 81.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 78.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $25,822, and the median income for a family was $28,365. Males had a median income of $24,886 versus $16,354 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $15,441. About 11.9% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 17.2% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

==Education==
The community is served by [[West Elk USD 282]] public school district.  School unification consolidated [[Moline, Kansas|Moline]], Howard and [[Severy, Kansas|Severy]] schools forming USD 282. West Elk High School is located in Howard. The West Elk High School mascot is Patriots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Elk Schools |url=http://westelk.us/ |access-date=4 January 2017 |publisher=USD 282}}</ref>

Prior to school unification, the Howard High School mascot was Pirates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Howard High School - Scraps Yearbook (Howard, KS) - Class of 1959 |url=http://www.e-yearbook.com/yearbooks/Howard_High_School_Scraps_Yearbook/1959/Page_42.html |access-date=7 January 2017 |website=E-YEARBOOK.COM}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Kansas}}
* [[List of sundown towns in the United States]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in Kansas#Elk County|National Register of Historic Places listings in Elk County, Kansas]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Kansas books}}
{{See also|Elk County, Kansas#Further reading|l1=List of books about Elk County, Kansas}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Howard, Kansas}}
* [https://cityofhoward.org/ City of Howard]
* [https://www.lkm.org/members/?id=41260774 Howard - Directory of Public Officials]
* [https://www.ksdot.org/Assets/wwwksdotorg/bureaus/burTransPlan/maps/city-pdf/howard.pdf Howard city map], KDOT

{{Elk County, Kansas}}
{{Kansas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Kansas]]
[[Category:County seats in Kansas]]
[[Category:Cities in Elk County, Kansas]]
[[Category:Sundown towns in Kansas]]